This document discusses blood grouping and cross matching. It describes the ABO blood group system and the antigens associated with each group. It also discusses other blood group systems like Lewis, P, KELL, Duffy, and MNS. The Bombay blood group is described as lacking the H antigen. Methods for blood grouping include slide, tube, microplate, and newer techniques. Forward and reverse typing is used to identify a person's blood group. The purpose of cross matching is to prevent transfusion reactions by testing a recipient's serum against a donor's red blood cells.

1. BLOOD GROUPING AND
CROSS MATCHING

2. BLOOD GROUPING

3. BASIS
• Antigens of the ABO system are: A (A1, A2), B, and H

4. • Karl landsteiners law : Anti-A and/or anti-B
antibodies are always present in plasma of
individuals who lack corresponding antigen(s) on
their red cells

5.  Bombay Blood group – Lacks H, A & B antigens; Rare; Discovered by- Dr.
Y.M Bhende.
• Some persons do not inherit the H gene (genotype hh) and thus cannot
synthesise H substance.
• They inherit the A or B gene but cannot express it.
• Bombay phenotype or Bombay blood group (Oh).
• Their red cells type as group O; however, unlike group O individuals, Oh
persons have no H antigen on their red cells and their plasma contains
strong anti-H in addition to anti-A and anti-B.
• Therefore, Bombay group persons should be transfused only with Oh
blood.

6. Antigens secreted by different ABO blood groups are:
• • Group A: A, H
• • Group B: B, H
• • Group AB: A, B, H
• • Group O: H

7. OTHER BLOOD GROUPING SYSTEMS
• Lewis system
• P system
• KELL system
• Duffy system
• Kidd system
• Lutheran system
• MNS system
• Diego system
• Yt system
• Colton system

8. Different methods
• Traditional methods -Slide/tile method
Tube method
Microplate method
Newer methods- Micro-typing method (Gel technology)
Glass microbeads technology
Erythrocytes magnetized technology

9. Forward and reverse typing
• The process of identifying an individual’s blood group involving
testing of red cells with known anti sera (Forward typing ) and plasma
with known group red cells (reverse typing )

10. Anti-D
Slide Test (Forward grouping or cell grouping)
Anti-B
Anti-A
This technique is mostly used for emergency ABO grouping tests
or for preliminary grouping particularly outdoor camps

11. • Method:
• 1. Divide a clean and dry glass slide into two sections with a glass
marking pencil. Label the sections as anti-A and anti-B
• 2. Place one drop of anti-A and one drop of anti-B antiserum in the
center of the corresponding section of the slide.
• 3. Add one drop of blood sample to be tested to each drop of
antiserum.
• 4. Mix antiserum and blood by using a separate stick for each section.
• 5. By tilting the slide from side to side, observe for agglutination after
exactly two minutes.
• Result:
• Positive (+): small clumps of red cells are seen floating in a clear liquid.
Negative (-): Uniform suspension of red cells.

12. • Disadvantages
Less sensitive than tube test
Drying up of the reaction mixture can cause aggregation of cells,
giving false positive results
Weaker reactions are difficult to interpret

16. Tube Method
• Positive (+) test: Clumps of red cells suspended in a clear fluid
Negative (-) test: Uniform suspension of red cells

17. • Advantages
Allows for fairly long incubation without drying up of the tube
contents
Centrifugation involved enhances the reaction allowing weaker
antigens and antibodies to be detected
Simplicity of grading
Requires smaller volume of reagents

18. Microplate
method

19. Micro-typing
method (Gel
technology)

22. Answer
• A positive
• Group A(subgroup A1 and A2)• Group B• Group AB• Group O
• Lewis system, P system, KELL system, Duffy system, MNS system etc

24. Answers
1.Bombay blood group (Oh),Rh positive
2.Bombay blood group
3.No H antigen

26. Answers
• Yes
• Major cross matching
(Spin Cross-match)

27. CROSS MATCHING
Purpose-to prevent the transfusion of incompatible red cell units and
avoiding hemolytic transfusion reaction in the recipient.
2 types of cross-match:
*Major cross-match (testing recipient’s serum against donor’s red cells)
*Minor cross-match (testing donor’s serum against recipient’s red cells).

31. Answers
1.Indirect comb’s test positive.
There are incomplete antibodies present in the patient’s serum directed
against red cell antigens.(anti-D antibodies)
2.Complication: Hemolytic disease of newborn.
3. Indications:
• Cross matching
• Hemolytic disease of newborn.