Blockchain is a distributed ledger that operates on consensus among parties who have access to validate transactions that are recorded in blocks and added to a chain, preventing changes once created. It could be used for banking, markets, healthcare, smart contracts, and property records. Fog computing distributes computing resources closer to where data is created and needed, keeping sensitive data local to reduce latency and bandwidth usage while still enabling real-time analytics. Both technologies face challenges around their newness, integration, security, and cultural adoption that must be addressed for their benefits of transparency, trust, and efficiency to be fully realized.

1. Blockchain
1

2. What is Blockchain?
 A distributed ledger that operates on consensus
 Parties involved have access to ledger, no single entity controls it
 Each transaction is put in a block
 Each party validates the block
 Once validated, added to a chain. No changes can be made after
creation
 After transactions are complete, all parties get a copy of transaction
(Wadhwa & Bobkoff, 2016).
2

3. Possible uses for Blockchain
• Banking
• Markets
• Healthcare
• Smart Contracts
• Property Records
(Wadhwa & Bobkoff, 2016).
3

4. How Blockchain works
• Controls information
• Avoids duplication
(Crowe, 2016).
• Provides ability to record and track events
• No one party can change transactions without consent from others
• Transparency reduces fraud and errors
• Parties must contact each other to view policy, payment data, and
status
(Mearian, 2017).
4

5. Benefits of Blockchain
• Disintermediation & trustless exchange
• Empowers users
• High quality data
• Process integrity
• Transparency and immutability
• Faster transactions
• Lower transaction costs
(Deloitte, 2017).
5

6. Challenges of Blockchain
• Nascent technology
• Uncertain regulatory status
• Large energy consumption
• Control, security, and privacy
• Integration concerns
• Cultural adaptation
• Cost
(Deloitte, 2017).
6

7. Fog Computing
7

8. What is Fog Computing and How It Works?
• System level horizontal architecture
• Distributes computing resources and services
(OpenFog, n.d.)
• Keeps data closer to ‘ground’, at local user points
(Marr, 2016)
• Fog extends cloud closer to device producing data
• Analyze data at lower level reduces latency
• Sensitive data stays in network
(CISCO, 2015)
8

9. Advantages of Fog Computing
• Distributes computing closer to end user
• Real time processing
• Bridges Internet of Things (IoT) with current internet infrastructure
(Chang, Zhang, & Shi, 2017)
• Low latency, less network bandwidth
• Reduced costs
• Real-time analytics
(OpenFog, n.d.)
• Business agility
• Security
(CISCO, 2015)
9

10. Challenges of Fog Computing
• Security and privacy
• Programming
• Architecture
• Support
• Network
• Resource management
(OpenFog, n.d.)
10

11. Conclusion
Blockchain could be a beneficial and reliable source of
implementing a transparent and secure platform to allow decision
makers across the chain to make better decisions, thereby reducing costs
and errors.
Fog computing could assist in preparing information nearer to
where it is created and required. It appears to reduce the need to
continually venture to the cloud, thereby potentially decreasing cost of
bandwidth from network traffic and protecting data by keeping it closer
to end user.
11

12. References
Chen, S., Zhang, T., & Shi, W. (2017). Fog computing. IEEE Internet Computing, 21(2). Retrieved
July 19, 2017 from http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7867739/.
CISCO. (2015). Fog computing and the internet of things: extend the cloud to where things are
[White Paper]. CISCO. Retrieved July 19, 2017 from
http://www.cisco.com/c/dam/en_us/solutions/trends/iot/docs/computing-overview.pdf.
Crowe, P. (2016). There is a 'game changer' technology on Wall Street and people keep confusing it
with bitcoin. Business Insider. Retrieved July 18, 2017 from
http://www.businessinsider.com/what-is-blockchain-2016-3/#blockchains-are-ledgers-like-excel-
spreadsheets-but-they-accept-inputs-from-lots-of-different-parties-the-ledger-can-only-be-
changed-when-there-is-a-consensus-among-the-group-that-makes-them-more-secure-and-it-
means-theres-no-need-for-a-central-authority-to-approve-transactions-1.
Deloitte. (2017). Blockchain technology: 9 benefits & 7 challenges. Deloitte. Retrieved July 18, 2017
from https://www2.deloitte.com/nl/nl/pages/innovatie/artikelen/blockchain-technology-9-benefits-
and-7-challenges.html.
12

13. References
Marr, B. (2016). What is fog computing? And why it matters in our big data and IoT world. Forbes.
Retrieved July 19, 2017 from https://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2016/10/14/what-is-fog-
computing-and-why-it-matters-in-our-big-data-and-iot-world/#3a2d048964ef.
Mearian, L. (2017). 4 ways blockchain is the new business collaboration tool. COMPUTERWORLD.
Retrieved July 18, 2017 from http://www.computerworld.com/article/3197695/emerging-
technology/4-ways-blockchain-is-the-new-business-collaboration-tool.html.
OpenFog. (n.d.) Definition of fog computing. OpenFog. Retrieved July 19, 2017 from
https://www.openfogconsortium.org/resources/.
Tyle, S. & Kaushal, M. (2015). The Blockchain: What It Is and Why It Matters. Brookings. Retrieved
July 18, 2017 from https://www.brookings.edu/blog/techtank/2015/01/13/the-blockchain-what-it-
is-and-why-it-matters/.
Wadhwa, T. & Bobkoff, D. (2016). Blockchain could soon power stock markets, music sales, and
even prevent child labor — here's how it works. Business Insider. Retrieved July 18, 2017 from
http://www.businessinsider.com/what-is-blockchain-2016-10.
13