Nucleotide metabolism (purine and pyrimidine synthesis)Areeba Ghayas
NUCLEOTIDE METABOLISM,DE NOVO SYNTHESIS OF PURINE, SALVAGE PATHWAY OF PURINE, DE-NOVO SYNTHESIS OF PYRIMIDINE, SALVAGE PATHWAY OF PYRIMIDINE, GOUT, HYPERURICEMIA, LESCH-NYAN SYNDROME, OROTIC ACIDURIA
Nucleotide Biosynthesis involves 2 processes. one is Denovo synthesis and other is Salvage pathway. An outline of both the processes has given in this presentation.
Nucleotide metabolism (purine and pyrimidine synthesis)Areeba Ghayas
NUCLEOTIDE METABOLISM,DE NOVO SYNTHESIS OF PURINE, SALVAGE PATHWAY OF PURINE, DE-NOVO SYNTHESIS OF PYRIMIDINE, SALVAGE PATHWAY OF PYRIMIDINE, GOUT, HYPERURICEMIA, LESCH-NYAN SYNDROME, OROTIC ACIDURIA
Nucleotide Biosynthesis involves 2 processes. one is Denovo synthesis and other is Salvage pathway. An outline of both the processes has given in this presentation.
explains the breakdown of purine. source and excretion of purine is explained. hyperuricemia and hypouricemia is discussed. types of Gout, clinical features and treatment is included.
De novo and salvage pathway of nucleotides synthesis.pptx✨M.A kawish Ⓜ️
This slides explains Metabolism topic "De novo and salvage pathway of nucleotides synthesis. In which synthesis of Purines and pyrimidines synthesis has been occurred. In last there is a difference between these two pathways.
Biosynthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides can occur by a de novo pathway or by the reutilization of preformed pyrimidine bases or ribonucleosides (salvage pathway).
The pyrimidine synthesis is a similar process than that of purines. In the de novo synthesis of pyrimidines, the ring is synthesized first and then it is attached to a ribose-phosphate to for a pyrimidine nucleotide.
explains the breakdown of purine. source and excretion of purine is explained. hyperuricemia and hypouricemia is discussed. types of Gout, clinical features and treatment is included.
De novo and salvage pathway of nucleotides synthesis.pptx✨M.A kawish Ⓜ️
This slides explains Metabolism topic "De novo and salvage pathway of nucleotides synthesis. In which synthesis of Purines and pyrimidines synthesis has been occurred. In last there is a difference between these two pathways.
Biosynthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides can occur by a de novo pathway or by the reutilization of preformed pyrimidine bases or ribonucleosides (salvage pathway).
The pyrimidine synthesis is a similar process than that of purines. In the de novo synthesis of pyrimidines, the ring is synthesized first and then it is attached to a ribose-phosphate to for a pyrimidine nucleotide.
Disorders of purine and pyrimidine metabolismAzeem Aslam
Disorders that involve abnormalities of nucleotide metabolism range from relatively common diseases such as hyperuricemia and gout, in which there is increased production or impaired excretion of a metabolic end product of purine metabolism (uric acid), to rare enzyme deficiencies that affect purine and pyrimidine.
DISORDER OF URIC METABOLISM -GOUT-INVESTIGATIONS AND DIAGNOSIS.pdfMoses Dumbuya
Basic Chemical pathology review
Gouty arthritis and other uric acid metabolic disorders, gout , hyperuricemia,hypouricemia , Xanthinuria and lesch- Nyhan syndrome
Uric acid metabolism for medical students
Ureases (EC 3.5.1.5), functionally, belong to the superfamily of amidohydrolases and phosphodiesterase.
Nickel containing metalloenzyme.
Ureases are found in numerous bacteria, fungi, algae, plants, and some invertebrates, as well as in soils, as a soil enzyme.
Not synthesized by animals.
James B. Sumner in 1926, Noble Prize in Chemistry in 1946.
Urease catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea to from ammonia and
Carbon dioxide
NUCLEIC ACID METABOLISM AND DISORDERS CBME 6.1-6.4 DJT 22.pptxDhiraj Trivedi
Lecture presentation for medical student to under stand nucleic acid metabolism over view. Clinical conditions associated with metabolism of nucleic acid.
Pharmacokinetics involves absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. Metabolism involves a huge range of chemical reactions which occur at body temperature with the help of enzymes
Similar to Biosynthesis of purines and pyrimidines new (20)
This is the information about biostatistics and there are various test which are performed in the laboratory to the field. these tests are f test chi square test etc. on the basis of these data we confirmed probability and calculation of variability. here is the whole information about the chi square test
this is the overall information about the bacterial cell organization and ultra structure of bacteria and types of bacteria on the basis of cell wall. structure of bacterial plasmid and types of bacterial plasmid
Biosenser are now a days a very helpful device which have various application in the field of medical in this presentation i described about biosensors and their types major application of biosensors
this presentation is based on bacterial recombination and how bacteria recombine with different techniques like conjugation transduction and transformation what are the various techniques which are used for transformation what are experimental methods which are used like electroportation. i also described about the dna repair system DNA repair system is well decscribed in the molecular biology of the gene written by JAMES D. WATSON you can get the complete knowledge with the help of this book.Here i shortly summarize the repair mechanism like nucleotide base excision repair mismatch repair sos repair. i also give some information about disease associated with defective DNA repair system
this is presentation on vitamin a production by the microorganism various microorganism produced vitamin a commercially by which we can obtain it easily and produced industrial application. what are the vitamin a classification and production
This presentation emphasize about drugs. Drugs which are made up of Recombinant DNA technology and how it produce and various types of drugs which are industrially important and commercially produced by the help of some microorganism like e.coli .How these drugs are classified within the ACT system what are the biosafety assessment of these durgs and pharmaceutical companies to provide guidelines for the drugs production various ethical issues related to the drugs like justice ,honest etc. I gave information about the top 10 pharmaceutical companies associated in the world and India also. What is drug abusement and what are the drugs pollution you can also found in this presentation
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
2. Brief history
• 1869: isolated DNA from salmon sperm (Friedrich Miescher)
• 1944: proved DNA is genetic materials (Avery et al.)
• 1953: discovered DNA double helix (Watson and Crick)
• 1968: decoded the genetic codes (Nirenberg)
• 1981: invented DNA sequencing method (Gilbert and Sanger)
• 1987: launched the human genome project
• 2001: accomplished the draft map of human genome
4. •DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotide
units.
• DNA (RNA) consists of 4 kinds of
ribonucleotide units linked together through
covalent bonds.
• Each nucleotide unit is composed of
a nitrogenous base
a pentose sugar
a phosphate group
1. The components of DNA and RNA
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41. Purine Catabolism and Salvage
• All purine degradation leads to uric acid (but it might not stop
there)
• Ingested nucleic acids are degraded to nucleotides by
pancreatic nucleases, and intestinal phosphodiesterases in
the intestine
• Group-specific nucleotidases and non-specific phosphatases
degrade nucleotides into nucleosides
– Direct absorption of nucleosides
– Further degradation
Nucleoside + H2O base + ribose (nucleosidase)
Nucleoside + Pi base + r-1-phosphate (n. phosphorylase)
NOTE: MOST INGESTED NUCLEIC ACIDS ARE DEGRADED AND EXCRETED.
42. Intracellular Purine Catabolism
• Nucleotides broken into nucleosides by action of 5’-
nucleotidase (hydrolysis reactions)
• Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP)
– Inosine Hypoxanthine
– Xanthosine Xanthine
– Guanosine Guanine
– Ribose-1-phosphate splits off
• Can be isomerized to ribose-5-phosphate
• Adenosine is deaminated to Inosine (ADA)
43. Intracellular Purine Catabolism
• Xanthine is the point of convergence for the
metabolism of the purine bases
• Xanthine Uric acid
– Xanthine oxidase catalyzes two reactions
• Purine ribonucleotide degradation pathway is
same for purine deoxyribonucleotides
45. Xanthosine Degradation
• Ribose sugar gets recycled (Ribose-1-Phosphate R-5-P )
– can be incorporated into PRPP (efficiency)
• Hypoxanthine is converted to Xanthine by Xanthine Oxidase
• Guanine is converted to Xanthine by Guanine Deaminase
• Xanthine gets converted to Uric Acid by Xanthine Oxidase
46. A CASE STUDY : GOUT
• A 45 YEAR OLD MAN AWOKE FROM SLEEP WITH A PAINFUL AND SWOLLEN
RIGHT GREAT TOE. ON THE PREVIOUS NIGHT HE HAD EATEN A MEAL OF
FRIED LIVER AND ONIONS, AFTER WHICH HE MET WITH HIS POKER GROUP
AND DRANK A NUMBER OF BEERS.
• HE SAW HIS DOCTOR THAT MORNING, “GOUTY ARTHRITIS” WAS
DIAGNOSED, AND SOME TESTS WERE ORDERED. HIS SERUM URIC ACID
LEVEL WAS ELEVATED AT 8.0 mg/dL (NL < 7.0 mg/dL).
• THE MAN RECALLED THAT HIS FATHER AND HIS GRANDFATHER, BOTH OF
WHOM WERE ALCOHOLICS, OFTEN COMPLAINED OF JOINT PAIN AND
SWELLING IN THEIR FEET.
47. A CASE STUDY : GOUT
• THE DOCTOR RECOMMENDED THAT THE MAN USE NSAIDS
FOR PAIN AND SWELLING, INCREASE HIS FLUID INTAKE (BUT
NOT WITH ALCOHOL) AND REST AND ELEVATE HIS FOOT. HE
ALSO PRESCRIBED ALLOPURINOL.
• A FEW DAYS LATER THE CONDITION HAD RESOLVED AND
ALLOPURINOL HAD BEEN STOPPED. A REPEAT URIC ACID
LEVEL WAS OBTAINED (7.1 mg/dL). THE DOCTOR GAVE THE
MAN SOME ADVICE REGARDING LIFE STYLE CHANGES.
48. Gout
• Impaired excretion or overproduction of uric
acid
• Uric acid crystals precipitate into joints (Gouty
Arthritis), kidneys, ureters (stones)
• Lead impairs uric acid excretion – lead
poisoning from pewter drinking goblets
– Fall of Roman Empire?
• Xanthine oxidase inhibitors inhibit production
of uric acid, and treat gout
• Allopurinol treatment – hypoxanthine analog
that binds to Xanthine Oxidase to decrease uric
acid production
49. ALLOPURINOL IS A XANTHINE OXIDASE INHIBITOR
A SUBSTRATE ANALOG IS CONVERTED TO AN INHIBITOR, IN THIS CASE
A “SUICIDE-INHIBITOR”
50. Degradation of Pyrimidines
• CMP and UMP degraded to bases similarly to
purines
– Dephosphorylation
– Deamination
– Glycosidic bond cleavage
• Uracil reduced in liver, forming b-alanine
– Converted to malonyl-CoA fatty acid synthesis
for energy metabolism
51. Pyrimidine nucleotides are converted to nucleosides by nonspecific phosphatases.
Cytidine and deoxycytidine are deaminated to uridine and deoxyuridine, respectively, by
Pyridimine Nucleoside deaminase.
Uridine phophorylase catalyzes phosphorolysis of uridine, deoxyuridine, and
deoxythymidine to uracil and thymine.
