Biostat 8th semester B.Pharm-Introduction Ravinandan A P.pdfRavinandan A P
This document discusses biostatistics and its applications. It begins by providing examples of class averages, disease rates, medication adherence rates, and comparing drug efficacies that demonstrate the need for biostatistics. It then defines biostatistics as the application of statistical methods to biological and medical data. The document outlines the history of biostatistics and discusses its uses in areas like public health, clinical trials, and medicine. It also covers descriptive and inferential statistics, limitations of statistics, and emphasizes that biostatistics provides an important tool for evidence-based decision making in fields involving human health and biology.
This document discusses the changing concepts of health over time. It begins by defining health according to the World Health Organization as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being. It then outlines 4 changing concepts of health: 1) the biomedical concept which views health as the absence of disease, 2) the ecological concept which sees health as a dynamic equilibrium between humans and their environment, 3) the psychosocial concept which recognizes social, psychological and other non-biological influences on health, and 4) the holistic concept which synthesizes all previous concepts and views health as involving overall wellbeing.
BP801T. BIOSTATISITCS AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY (Theory), Unit-II, Regression: Curve fitting by the method of least squares, fitting the lines y= a + bx and x
= a + by, Multiple regression, standard error of regression– Pharmaceutical Examples, • Regression: how well a certain independent variable
predict dependent variable?
• Regression: a measure of the relation between
the mean value of one variable (e.g. output) and
corresponding values of other variables (e.g.
time and cost).
This slide contains B.Pharm 8th Sem Biostatistics and research methodology, Unit-3.
Topic covered: Designing the methodology, Sample size determination and Power of a study, Report writing
and presentation of data, Protocol, Cohorts studies, Observational studies, Experimental studies,
Designing clinical trial, various phases.
This document provides an overview of different types of graphs that can be used to present statistical data, including histograms, pie charts, bar charts, line charts, cubic graphs, response surface plots, and contour plots. It discusses the purpose and construction of each graph type, advantages and disadvantages, and provides examples of how and when each type of graph might be used. The overall goal is to help students identify, construct, and properly label different graphs to effectively communicate statistical data.
This document provides an overview of marketing concepts including defining marketing, distinguishing it from selling, and outlining marketing environments. It discusses the microenvironment factors that directly influence marketing like suppliers, customers, and competitors. It also examines the macroenvironment including economic, political/legal, sociocultural, technological, and natural factors. Models for industry and competitive analysis are introduced, including Porter's Five Forces. Consumer buying behavior and factors influencing it both internally and externally are explained. The importance of motivation, ability, and opportunity in consumer behavior is also covered.
Biostat 8th semester B.Pharm-Introduction Ravinandan A P.pdfRavinandan A P
This document discusses biostatistics and its applications. It begins by providing examples of class averages, disease rates, medication adherence rates, and comparing drug efficacies that demonstrate the need for biostatistics. It then defines biostatistics as the application of statistical methods to biological and medical data. The document outlines the history of biostatistics and discusses its uses in areas like public health, clinical trials, and medicine. It also covers descriptive and inferential statistics, limitations of statistics, and emphasizes that biostatistics provides an important tool for evidence-based decision making in fields involving human health and biology.
This document discusses the changing concepts of health over time. It begins by defining health according to the World Health Organization as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being. It then outlines 4 changing concepts of health: 1) the biomedical concept which views health as the absence of disease, 2) the ecological concept which sees health as a dynamic equilibrium between humans and their environment, 3) the psychosocial concept which recognizes social, psychological and other non-biological influences on health, and 4) the holistic concept which synthesizes all previous concepts and views health as involving overall wellbeing.
BP801T. BIOSTATISITCS AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY (Theory), Unit-II, Regression: Curve fitting by the method of least squares, fitting the lines y= a + bx and x
= a + by, Multiple regression, standard error of regression– Pharmaceutical Examples, • Regression: how well a certain independent variable
predict dependent variable?
• Regression: a measure of the relation between
the mean value of one variable (e.g. output) and
corresponding values of other variables (e.g.
time and cost).
This slide contains B.Pharm 8th Sem Biostatistics and research methodology, Unit-3.
Topic covered: Designing the methodology, Sample size determination and Power of a study, Report writing
and presentation of data, Protocol, Cohorts studies, Observational studies, Experimental studies,
Designing clinical trial, various phases.
This document provides an overview of different types of graphs that can be used to present statistical data, including histograms, pie charts, bar charts, line charts, cubic graphs, response surface plots, and contour plots. It discusses the purpose and construction of each graph type, advantages and disadvantages, and provides examples of how and when each type of graph might be used. The overall goal is to help students identify, construct, and properly label different graphs to effectively communicate statistical data.
This document provides an overview of marketing concepts including defining marketing, distinguishing it from selling, and outlining marketing environments. It discusses the microenvironment factors that directly influence marketing like suppliers, customers, and competitors. It also examines the macroenvironment including economic, political/legal, sociocultural, technological, and natural factors. Models for industry and competitive analysis are introduced, including Porter's Five Forces. Consumer buying behavior and factors influencing it both internally and externally are explained. The importance of motivation, ability, and opportunity in consumer behavior is also covered.
Social health program; role of world health organization in Indian national p...Dr. Sharad Chand
This topic explains the Social health program; the role of the world health organization in the Indian national program. This is useful for understanding the importance of social health and the role of WHO.
This document provides an overview of statistics concepts for a pharmacy course. It discusses topics like variables, populations and samples, levels of measurement for data, types of studies like randomized controlled trials, and key steps to planning a study. The document is intended to cover fundamental statistical concepts and their applications in pharmaceutical research and clinical trials.
Pharmaceutical market:
Quantitative and qualitative aspects; size and composition of the market; demographic
descriptions and socio-psychological characteristics of the consumer; market segmentation &
targeting. Consumer profile; Motivation and prescribing habits of the physician; patient's choice
of physician and retail pharmacist. Analysing the Market; Role of market research.
This document discusses concepts of health and disease, determinants of health, dimensions of good health, and concepts of health including biomedical, ecological, psychological, and holistic concepts. It also discusses preventive medicine, levels of prevention including primary, secondary and tertiary, and principles of prevention. Finally, it provides information on cholera including causative agent Vibrio cholerae, epidemiology, modes of transmission, signs and symptoms, diagnosis and evaluation, treatment, prevention and the role of diarrhoeal disease control programs.
Transfer from R & D to production.pptxDipeshGamare
Transfer from R & D to production :
(Process, packaging and cleaning)
Granularity of TT Process :
(API, excipients, finished products, packaging materials)
Graphs(Biostatistics and Research Methodology) B.pharmacy(8th sem.)Pranjal Saxena
This slides contains the description about the Graphs(Histograms, Pie-Chart, Cubic Graph, Response surface Plot, Counter surface plot ) mainly Histograms with advantages, disadvantages and examples, Pie-chart with advantages, disadvantages and examples, Cubic Graph with examples, Response surface plot and Counter plot with examples and uses.
Introduction to Research - Biostatistics and Research methodology 8th Sem Uni...Himanshu Sharma
This slide contains B.Pharm Biostatistics and Research methodology 8th Sem. Unit-3 L2 topic- "Introduction to Research"
It contains topics:
1. Introduction to Research
2. Need for Research
3. Need for Design Experiments
4. Experimental Design Techniques
5. Plagiarism
Unit 1 Chp 2 Motivation and prescribing habites.pptxRoshanKumarDubey2
Pharmaceutical market:
Quantitative and qualitative aspects; size and composition of the market; demographic
descriptions and socio-psychological characteristics of the consumer; market segmentation &
targeting. Consumer profile; Motivation and prescribing habits of the physician; patient's choice
of physician and retail pharmacist. Analysing the Market; Role of market research.
SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINATION
Sample size determination is the essential step of research methodology. It is an act of choosing the number of observers or replicates to include in a statistical sample.
Sample size determination is the act of choosing the number of observations or replicates to include in a statistical sample. The sample size is an important feature of any empirical study in which the goal is to make inferences about a population from a sample.
Precision
A measure of how close an estimate is to the true value of a population parameter. Or it can be thought of as the amount of fluctuation from the population parameter that we can expect by chance alone in sample estimates.
Degree of Precision
This is presented in the form of a confidence interval (Range of values within which confidence lies).
RESEARCH REPORT
A research report is considered a major component of any research study as the research remains incomplete till the report has been presented or written. No matter how good a research study, and how meticulously the research study has been conducted, the findings of the research are of little value unless they are effectively documented and communicated to others.
TYPES OF RESEARCH REPORT
The research report is classified based on 2 things; Nature of research and Target audience.
COHORT STUDIES
A research study that compares a particular outcome in groups of individuals who are alike in many ways but differ by a certain characteristic is called as Cohort study.
Cohort studies are a type of research design that follow groups of people over time. Researchers use data from cohort studies to understand human health and the environmental and social factors that influence it.
CLINICAL TRIALS
A clinical trial, also known as a clinical research study, is a protocol to evaluate the effects and efficacy of experimental medical treatments or behavioral interventions on health outcomes. This type of study gathers data from volunteer human subjects and is typically funded by a medical institution, university or nonprofit group, or by pharmaceutical companies and government agencies.
Clinical trial vs. clinical study
A clinical study is research conducted with the intent of gaining medical knowledge. Observational and interventional are the two main types of clinical studies. A clinical trial is an interventional study.
Daily Define Dose (DDD) is assumed to be the average maintenance dose per day for a drug used for its main indication in adults. It was first established in 1970 and is a statistical measurement of drug consumption that considers cost, number of units, number of prescriptions, and physical quantity of drug. DDD is issued by the World Health Organization for measuring and comparing volumes of drug use globally, though it does not correspond to an individual's prescribed or recommended daily dose, as dosing is affected by factors like age, weight, disease type and severity. DDD provides a rough estimate of drug consumption trends over time and between regions to evaluate the impact of interventions on prescribing practices.
Applications of sas and minitab in data analysisVeenaV29
SAS and Minitab are statistical software packages used for data analysis. SAS is used to process raw data, perform a variety of analyses, and generate insights to help organizations make better decisions. It has functions to manipulate text and works through data and procedure steps. Minitab is designed for teaching introductory statistics and solving problems in six sigma projects. It allows users to input, manipulate, visualize, and find patterns in data through various statistical tests and quality control charts. Both SAS and Minitab are widely applied in industry, research, and education.
Introduction to Research, Biostatistics, Introduction to Research: Need for research, Need for design of Experiments,
Experiential Design Technique, plagiarism
Mr. Sanket Chordiya presented on optimization techniques like factorial design and fractional factorial design. He introduced key terminology used in design of experiments like factors, levels, responses, effects and interactions. Full factorial design involves studying all possible factors and levels, while fractional factorial design is used when there are many factors to reduce the number of experiments. Software like Design-Expert can be used to design factorial experiments and analyze results. Factorial designs find applications in formulation, processing, and studying pharmacokinetic parameters. A case study on sustained release metformin tablets was presented to illustrate a 23 factorial design.
What are the applications of Biostatistics in Pharmacy?pharmacampus
Biostatistics broadly deals with statistical applications in the context of biological problems, including medicine, pharmacy, and public health. Government organizations, research institutes and industry have been extensively using statistics and biostatistics
Social and preventive Pharmacy UNIT 4.pptxManojKumbhare2
The document discusses India's Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health framework and related programs and initiatives. It aims to provide continuum of care across life stages with a focus on reducing preventable maternal and newborn deaths. Key programs mentioned include SUMAN (for quality maternal and newborn healthcare), Maternal Death Surveillance and Response, and the Reproductive and Child Health Portal for tracking pregnant women and children. The National Family Planning Program and Mission Pariwar Vikas initiative aim to increase access to family planning services and choices. The National Tobacco Control Program also aims to reduce tobacco use through awareness, enforcement of laws, and cessation facilities.
Pharmacogenomics deals with how genetic variations influence individual responses to drugs in terms of efficacy and toxicity. It aims to identify those more or less likely to respond to a drug or require altered dosing based on their genes. For example, the enzyme CYP2C19 metabolizes the blood thinner Clopidogrel, and genetic variations in this enzyme affect how well individuals respond. Implementing pharmacogenomics into medical practice could help personalize treatment by selecting optimal drugs and doses for each patient based on their genetic profile. However, barriers include the complexity of genetic variations, identifying which genes affect drugs, and educating physicians.
This document provides an overview of biostatistics. It defines biostatistics as the branch of statistics dealing with biological and medical data, especially relating to humans. Some key points covered include:
- Descriptive statistics are used to describe data through methods like graphs and quantitative measures. Inferential statistics are used to characterize populations based on sample results.
- Biostatistics applies statistical techniques to collect, analyze, and interpret data from biological studies and health/medical research. It is used for tasks like evaluating vaccine effectiveness and informing public health priorities.
- Common analyses in biostatistics include measures of central tendency like the mean, median, and mode to summarize data, and measures of dispersion to quantify variation. Frequency distributions are
Social health program; role of world health organization in Indian national p...Dr. Sharad Chand
This topic explains the Social health program; the role of the world health organization in the Indian national program. This is useful for understanding the importance of social health and the role of WHO.
This document provides an overview of statistics concepts for a pharmacy course. It discusses topics like variables, populations and samples, levels of measurement for data, types of studies like randomized controlled trials, and key steps to planning a study. The document is intended to cover fundamental statistical concepts and their applications in pharmaceutical research and clinical trials.
Pharmaceutical market:
Quantitative and qualitative aspects; size and composition of the market; demographic
descriptions and socio-psychological characteristics of the consumer; market segmentation &
targeting. Consumer profile; Motivation and prescribing habits of the physician; patient's choice
of physician and retail pharmacist. Analysing the Market; Role of market research.
This document discusses concepts of health and disease, determinants of health, dimensions of good health, and concepts of health including biomedical, ecological, psychological, and holistic concepts. It also discusses preventive medicine, levels of prevention including primary, secondary and tertiary, and principles of prevention. Finally, it provides information on cholera including causative agent Vibrio cholerae, epidemiology, modes of transmission, signs and symptoms, diagnosis and evaluation, treatment, prevention and the role of diarrhoeal disease control programs.
Transfer from R & D to production.pptxDipeshGamare
Transfer from R & D to production :
(Process, packaging and cleaning)
Granularity of TT Process :
(API, excipients, finished products, packaging materials)
Graphs(Biostatistics and Research Methodology) B.pharmacy(8th sem.)Pranjal Saxena
This slides contains the description about the Graphs(Histograms, Pie-Chart, Cubic Graph, Response surface Plot, Counter surface plot ) mainly Histograms with advantages, disadvantages and examples, Pie-chart with advantages, disadvantages and examples, Cubic Graph with examples, Response surface plot and Counter plot with examples and uses.
Introduction to Research - Biostatistics and Research methodology 8th Sem Uni...Himanshu Sharma
This slide contains B.Pharm Biostatistics and Research methodology 8th Sem. Unit-3 L2 topic- "Introduction to Research"
It contains topics:
1. Introduction to Research
2. Need for Research
3. Need for Design Experiments
4. Experimental Design Techniques
5. Plagiarism
Unit 1 Chp 2 Motivation and prescribing habites.pptxRoshanKumarDubey2
Pharmaceutical market:
Quantitative and qualitative aspects; size and composition of the market; demographic
descriptions and socio-psychological characteristics of the consumer; market segmentation &
targeting. Consumer profile; Motivation and prescribing habits of the physician; patient's choice
of physician and retail pharmacist. Analysing the Market; Role of market research.
SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINATION
Sample size determination is the essential step of research methodology. It is an act of choosing the number of observers or replicates to include in a statistical sample.
Sample size determination is the act of choosing the number of observations or replicates to include in a statistical sample. The sample size is an important feature of any empirical study in which the goal is to make inferences about a population from a sample.
Precision
A measure of how close an estimate is to the true value of a population parameter. Or it can be thought of as the amount of fluctuation from the population parameter that we can expect by chance alone in sample estimates.
Degree of Precision
This is presented in the form of a confidence interval (Range of values within which confidence lies).
RESEARCH REPORT
A research report is considered a major component of any research study as the research remains incomplete till the report has been presented or written. No matter how good a research study, and how meticulously the research study has been conducted, the findings of the research are of little value unless they are effectively documented and communicated to others.
TYPES OF RESEARCH REPORT
The research report is classified based on 2 things; Nature of research and Target audience.
COHORT STUDIES
A research study that compares a particular outcome in groups of individuals who are alike in many ways but differ by a certain characteristic is called as Cohort study.
Cohort studies are a type of research design that follow groups of people over time. Researchers use data from cohort studies to understand human health and the environmental and social factors that influence it.
CLINICAL TRIALS
A clinical trial, also known as a clinical research study, is a protocol to evaluate the effects and efficacy of experimental medical treatments or behavioral interventions on health outcomes. This type of study gathers data from volunteer human subjects and is typically funded by a medical institution, university or nonprofit group, or by pharmaceutical companies and government agencies.
Clinical trial vs. clinical study
A clinical study is research conducted with the intent of gaining medical knowledge. Observational and interventional are the two main types of clinical studies. A clinical trial is an interventional study.
Daily Define Dose (DDD) is assumed to be the average maintenance dose per day for a drug used for its main indication in adults. It was first established in 1970 and is a statistical measurement of drug consumption that considers cost, number of units, number of prescriptions, and physical quantity of drug. DDD is issued by the World Health Organization for measuring and comparing volumes of drug use globally, though it does not correspond to an individual's prescribed or recommended daily dose, as dosing is affected by factors like age, weight, disease type and severity. DDD provides a rough estimate of drug consumption trends over time and between regions to evaluate the impact of interventions on prescribing practices.
Applications of sas and minitab in data analysisVeenaV29
SAS and Minitab are statistical software packages used for data analysis. SAS is used to process raw data, perform a variety of analyses, and generate insights to help organizations make better decisions. It has functions to manipulate text and works through data and procedure steps. Minitab is designed for teaching introductory statistics and solving problems in six sigma projects. It allows users to input, manipulate, visualize, and find patterns in data through various statistical tests and quality control charts. Both SAS and Minitab are widely applied in industry, research, and education.
Introduction to Research, Biostatistics, Introduction to Research: Need for research, Need for design of Experiments,
Experiential Design Technique, plagiarism
Mr. Sanket Chordiya presented on optimization techniques like factorial design and fractional factorial design. He introduced key terminology used in design of experiments like factors, levels, responses, effects and interactions. Full factorial design involves studying all possible factors and levels, while fractional factorial design is used when there are many factors to reduce the number of experiments. Software like Design-Expert can be used to design factorial experiments and analyze results. Factorial designs find applications in formulation, processing, and studying pharmacokinetic parameters. A case study on sustained release metformin tablets was presented to illustrate a 23 factorial design.
What are the applications of Biostatistics in Pharmacy?pharmacampus
Biostatistics broadly deals with statistical applications in the context of biological problems, including medicine, pharmacy, and public health. Government organizations, research institutes and industry have been extensively using statistics and biostatistics
Social and preventive Pharmacy UNIT 4.pptxManojKumbhare2
The document discusses India's Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health framework and related programs and initiatives. It aims to provide continuum of care across life stages with a focus on reducing preventable maternal and newborn deaths. Key programs mentioned include SUMAN (for quality maternal and newborn healthcare), Maternal Death Surveillance and Response, and the Reproductive and Child Health Portal for tracking pregnant women and children. The National Family Planning Program and Mission Pariwar Vikas initiative aim to increase access to family planning services and choices. The National Tobacco Control Program also aims to reduce tobacco use through awareness, enforcement of laws, and cessation facilities.
Pharmacogenomics deals with how genetic variations influence individual responses to drugs in terms of efficacy and toxicity. It aims to identify those more or less likely to respond to a drug or require altered dosing based on their genes. For example, the enzyme CYP2C19 metabolizes the blood thinner Clopidogrel, and genetic variations in this enzyme affect how well individuals respond. Implementing pharmacogenomics into medical practice could help personalize treatment by selecting optimal drugs and doses for each patient based on their genetic profile. However, barriers include the complexity of genetic variations, identifying which genes affect drugs, and educating physicians.
This document provides an overview of biostatistics. It defines biostatistics as the branch of statistics dealing with biological and medical data, especially relating to humans. Some key points covered include:
- Descriptive statistics are used to describe data through methods like graphs and quantitative measures. Inferential statistics are used to characterize populations based on sample results.
- Biostatistics applies statistical techniques to collect, analyze, and interpret data from biological studies and health/medical research. It is used for tasks like evaluating vaccine effectiveness and informing public health priorities.
- Common analyses in biostatistics include measures of central tendency like the mean, median, and mode to summarize data, and measures of dispersion to quantify variation. Frequency distributions are
This document provides an overview of biostatistics in orthodontics. It discusses topics like introduction to biostatistics, application and uses of statistics in orthodontics, methods of collecting and presenting data, measures of central tendency and dispersion, sampling techniques, and types of statistical tests. The key applications of statistics in orthodontics are to evaluate literature and prepare residents for lifelong learning by enabling them to understand statistical methodology used in research publications. It also describes various methods of presenting collected quantitative and qualitative data through tables, graphs, diagrams, and charts.
This document provides an introduction to statistics and biostatistics. It discusses what statistics and biostatistics are, their uses, and what they cover. Specifically, it explains that biostatistics applies statistical methods to biological and medical data. It also discusses different types of data, variables, coding data, and strategies for describing data, including tables, diagrams, frequency distributions, and numerical measures. Graphs and charts discussed include bar charts, pie charts, histograms, scatter plots, box plots, and stem-and-leaf plots. The document provides examples and illustrations of these concepts and techniques.
The document provides an introduction to statistics and statistical inference. It discusses key definitions such as variables, parameters, populations, samples, and descriptive and inferential statistics. It also covers common measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode), measures of variability, and levels of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio). Examples of descriptive and inferential statistics are given.
1. The document discusses a lecture on biostatistics including topics like introduction to statistics, exploratory tools for univariate data, probabilities and distribution curves, and sampling distribution of estimates.
2. It provides examples of different types of data like qualitative vs quantitative and discrete vs continuous data. It also discusses different scales of measurement.
3. Biostatistics is defined as the application of statistical methods to biological and health-related studies and it is widely used in areas like epidemiology, public health, and clinical research.
This document provides an overview of descriptive statistics. It defines descriptive statistics as quantitatively describing the main features of data using tables, graphs, and summary measures. Descriptive statistics are widely used because tables and graphs are easy to understand. The document discusses different types of data collections like census, sample surveys, and experiments. It also defines qualitative and quantitative data. It describes how to organize data by forming frequency tables which include classes, frequencies, tally marks, frequency distributions, and percentages. Finally, it provides an example of a frequency distribution and defines related terms like class boundaries, class limits, and class width.
This document provides information about medical statistics including what statistics are, how they are used in medicine, and some key statistical concepts. It discusses that statistics is the study of collecting, organizing, summarizing, presenting, and analyzing data. Medical statistics specifically deals with applying these statistical methods to medicine and health sciences areas like epidemiology, public health, and clinical research. It also overview some common statistical analyses like descriptive versus inferential statistics, populations and samples, variables and data types, and some statistical notations.
This document provides an introduction to medical statistics and presenting data in tables and graphs. It discusses the main methods of data presentation including tabular, graphical, and mathematical presentation. For tabular presentation, it describes the characteristics and types of tables including simple, frequency distribution, and cumulative frequency tables. The main types of graphs covered are bar charts, histograms, frequency polygons, line diagrams, and pie charts. It also discusses measures of central tendency including mean, median and mode, as well as measures of dispersion like range, mean deviation, variance and standard deviation.
This document provides an overview of chapter 2 from an elementary statistics textbook. It covers exploring and organizing data using frequency distributions, histograms, graphs, scatterplots, and other methods. The objectives are to organize data using frequency distributions and represent data graphically. It defines key terms like population, sample, parameter, and statistic. It also describes procedures for constructing frequency distributions and calculating cumulative frequencies. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to organize various data sets into frequency distributions.
Principlles of statistics [amar mamusta amir]Rebin Daho
This document discusses key concepts in statistics including descriptive and inferential statistics, populations and samples, variables, levels of measurement, and frequency distributions. It defines statistics as obtaining, organizing, analyzing, and drawing conclusions from data. Descriptive statistics summarize and descriptive data while inferential statistics make conclusions beyond the data. It also outlines different types of variables, levels of measurement for variables, and methods for constructing frequency distributions for qualitative and quantitative data. Frequency distributions organize raw data into classes and frequencies to facilitate analysis and interpretation.
Classify data into Qualitative and Quantitative data.
Scales of Measurement in Statistics.
Nominal, Ordinal, Ratio and Interval
Prepare table or continuous frequency distribution.
This document provides an overview of how to use SPSS to conduct basic statistical analysis and present results. It outlines expectations for the workshop, including learning how to prepare an SPSS file, display and summarize data, and create graphical presentations. The document then covers key SPSS concepts like variables, data types, and examples. It also demonstrates how to perform descriptive statistics, frequency tables, crosstabs, measures of central tendency and dispersion. Finally, it discusses different methods of graphical presentation in SPSS like bar charts, histograms, box plots and more.
This document discusses key concepts in statistics including descriptive and inferential statistics, populations and samples, variables, and methods of collecting and presenting data. Specifically, it defines statistics, the two main types (descriptive and inferential), populations as all elements studied and samples as subsets of populations. It also outlines common variable types, methods of collecting data, different sampling techniques, how to construct frequency distributions and cumulative frequency distributions for qualitative and quantitative variables, and how to present data using bar charts and histograms.
This document discusses various methods of presenting statistical data, including tabulation, graphs, and diagrams. It describes frequency distribution tables, histograms, frequency polygons, frequency curves, cumulative frequency diagrams, line charts, scatter diagrams, bar diagrams, pie charts, pictograms, and map diagrams. The key methods are:
1. Tabulation involves organizing data into frequency distribution tables to group observations.
2. Graphs such as histograms, frequency polygons, and frequency curves can be used to present quantitative continuous data visually.
3. Diagrams including bar diagrams, pie charts, and pictograms present qualitative discrete data. Map diagrams show geographic distributions.
General statistics, emphasis of statistics with regards to healthcare, types of stats, methods of sampling, errors in sampling, different types of tests, measures of dispersion, correlation, types of correlation
1. The document introduces basic concepts in medical statistics including variables, frequency tables, measures of central tendency and variation.
2. It describes using histograms and frequency tables to summarize sample data and calculates measures like the mean, median, and standard deviation.
3. The document also covers relative measures such as rates and ratios, and methods for standardizing crude rates like direct standardization and indirect standardization to allow comparison between populations.
INTRODUCTION TOSTATISTICS
Session 1.2
TEACHING BASIC STATISTICS
Realities about Statistics
◼
The man in the street distrusts statistics and despises [his image of] statisticians, those who diligently collect irrelevant facts and figures and use them to manipulate society.
“There are three kinds of lies: lies, damned lies, and statistics”–Mark Twaine
◼
One can not go about without statistics.
“Statistics are like bikinis. What they reveal is suggestive, but what they conceal is vital.”–Aaron Levenstein
Session 1.3
TEACHING BASIC STATISTICS
Florence Nightingale on Statistics
◼
“...the most important science in the whole world: for upon it depends the practical application of every other science and of every art: the one science essential to all political and social administration, all education, all organization based on experience, for it only gives results of our experience.”
◼
“To understand God's thoughts, we must study statistics, for these are the measures of His purpose.”
Session 1.4
TEACHING BASIC STATISTICS
Session 1.5
TEACHING BASIC STATISTICS
Definition of Statistics
plural sense:numerical facts, e.g. CPI, peso-dollar exchange rate
singular sense:scientific discipline consisting of theory and methods for processing numerical information that one can use when making decisions in the face of uncertainty.
Session 1.6
TEACHING BASIC STATISTICS
History of Statistics
◼
The term statisticscame from the Latin phrase “ratio status”which means study of practical politics or the statesman’s art.
◼
In the middle of 18thcentury, the term statistik(a term due to Achenwall) was used, a German term defined as “the political science of several countries”
◼
From statistikit became statisticsdefined as a statement in figures and facts of the present condition of a state.
Session 1.7
TEACHING BASIC STATISTICS
Application of Statistics
◼ Diverse applications
“During the 20th Century statistical thinking
and methodology have become the
scientific framework for literally dozens of
fields including education, agriculture,
economics, biology, and medicine, and with
increasing influence recently on the hard
sciences such as astronomy, geology, and
physics. In other words, we have grown
from a small obscure field into a big
obscure field.” – Brad Efron
Session 1.8
TEACHING BASIC STATISTICS
Application of Statistics
◼
Comparing the effects of five kinds of fertilizers on the yield of a particular variety of corn
◼
Determining the income distribution of UPLB students under STFAP
◼
Comparing the effectiveness of two diet programs
◼
Prediction of daily temperatures
◼
Evaluation of student performance
Session 1.9
TEACHING BASIC STATISTICS
Two Aims of Statistics
Statistics aims to uncover structure in data, to explain variation…
◼
Descriptive
◼
Inferential
Session 1.10
TEACHING BASIC STATISTICS
Areas of Statistics
Descriptive statistics
◼
methods concerned w/ collecting, describing, and analyzing a set of data without drawing conclusions(or inferences) about a large g
This document provides an overview of descriptive statistics and statistical concepts. It discusses topics such as data collection, organization, analysis, interpretation and presentation. It also covers frequency distributions, measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode), measures of variability (range, variance, standard deviation), and hypothesis testing. Hypothesis testing involves forming a null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis, and using statistical tests to either reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis based on sample data. Common statistical tests include ones for comparing means, variances or proportions.
Similar to Biostatistics Lecture 1 8th Sem B.Pharm AKTU (20)
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
1. Branch – PHARMACY
Biostatistics And Research Methodology (BP801T)
DR. APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
By
Dr. MANOJ KUMAR SHARMA
Associate Professor
I.T.S College of Pharmacy, MURADNAGAR
Lecture – 1
Introduction
3. Introduction
The word statistics conveys a variety of
meaning to people in different walks of life.
The word statistics comes from the Italian
words Statista
( Statement).
4. CONT…INTRODUCTION
The German word Statistik
Political state
The word Statistics today refers to either
quantitative information or a method of
delaling with quantitative or qualitative
information.
5. DEFINITION
“Statistics is defined as collection,
Presentation, analysis and interpretation of
numerical data”.Acc. Croxton & cowden
Statistics is the sciences and art of dealing with
figure and facts.
6. WHAT IS STATISTICS?
• Statistics is a field of mathematical
sciences that deals with data.
• The word statistics is used both to
refer to a set of data and to a field of
study.
• It is concerned with making
decisions under uncertainties that
occur when the data are subjected to
variation.
8. Biostatistics cont…
Biostatistics is the branch of statistics
applied to biological or medical
sciences.
Biostatistics is the methods used in dealing
with statistics in the field of health
sciences such as biology, medicine,
nursing, public health etc
9. Biostatistics
It is the science which deals with
development and application of the most
appropriate methods for the:
Collection of data.
Presentation of the collected data.
Analysis and interpretation of the results.
Making decisions on the basis of such
analysis
10. Frequency Distribution
• It is a statistical method for summarizing
the data.
• A statistical data consist of a list of numbers
related to a research, among those numbers ,
few may be repeated twice and more than
twice.
• The repeating numbers in a data set is
termed as ‘frequency’; that frequencies are
listed in a table is known as ‘frequency
distribution/table’.
11. Objectives of Frequency Distribution
1-To estimate the frequencies of
the population .
2-To facilitate the analysis of
data.
3-To facilitate computation of
various statistical measures.
12. Components of Frequency Distribution
1-Class
Groups according to size of data.
2-Class limit
The smallest and largest possible
measurements in each classes.
*lower limit
*upper limit
13. Cont…..
3. Class mark- It is also known as middle
value.
Class mark = ½(Lower limit+ Upper
limit)
4. Class interval = (Upper limit- Lower
limit)
5. Class Frequency -The number
observations falling in each class.
6. Tally mark-Strokes against each frequency
observed.
14. x Frequency Tally
Marks
10-20 2 11
20-30 5 1111
30-40 5 1111
40-50 4 1111
Classes Class limit
Lower limit 40
Upper limit 50
Class mark
½(lower +upper)
½(40+50)
0.5*90=45
15. Frequency distribution types
1.Ungrouped
Frequency distribution These
data’s not arranged in group,
these are individual series and
arranging in ascending order.
Example:
From the following ,make a ungrouped
frequency distribution.
11,12,5,3,11,13,17,13,5,5,11,5
17. Frequency Distribution types cont…
2. Grouped frequency
distribution- It is based on
classes, forming frequency
distribution table.
Example:
From the following data
construct agrouped
frequency distribution.
3,8,5,2,15,16,13,12,10,19,18,11
19. Uses of frequency distribution
Managing and operating on
frequency tabulated data is much
simpler than operation on raw data.
There are simple algorithms to
calculate median, mean, standard
deviation etc. from these tables.
Statistical hypothesis testing is
founded on the assessment of
differences and similarities between
frequency distributions.
20. Cont….
Some of the graphs that can be
used with frequency distributions
are histograms, line charts, bar
charts and pie charts.
Frequency distributions are used
for both qualitative and
quantitative data.