This document discusses the importance of biosecurity in primary poultry breeders. It outlines that diseases can cause significant production losses and costs, so prevention through biosecurity is crucial. It describes the industry structure from genetic improvement to broilers and consumers. The focus of prevention in primary breeding is on vertical disease transmission. Potential disease sources include other poultry/livestock, feed, housing, people, rodents, wild birds, and equipment. Components of biosecurity discussed include physical barriers, vaccines, pharmaceutical controls, feed/water safety, rodent prevention, and monitoring. Strict protocols around people, clothing, footwear and vehicle movement are emphasized to control disease spread.

1. Bio security -
A Foundational Principle
to Poultry Primary Breeders
Tilapia Workshop
18 June 2009
Bill Stanley
Veterinary Health Director
DVM, MAM, MRCVS
Diplomate ACPV

2. Disease: Clear and Present
Danger!

5. BBC Focus
December 2005

6. Primary Breeders

7. Current Global Market Shares
Other 3%
Hybro 3%
Hubbard 10%
Cobb-Tyson 6%
Cobb 26%
Aviagen 52%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
Total World PS Market- 379 million

8. Markets in the Future……
Growing to Meet Your Needs

9. Future Consumers
362 POPULATION Per Capita
4,500 m
(m illions)
50
Consumption
46.3
4,000 45 43.5
3,500 40
3,000 35
28.0
kilograms
30
2,500
352 25
24.9
2,000
m 20 16.4
1,500 14.6
15
1,000
10 7.3
5.5 6.4 7.5
500
5
0 0
2004
2013
2004
2013
2004
2013
2004
2013
2004
2013
2004
2013
2004
2013
2004
2013
2004
2013
2004
2013
Asia & Latin USA & Europe Middle Asia & Latin USA & Europe Middle
OceanicAm erica Canada East & OceanicAm erica Canada East &
Africa
Africa
“The USA, EU, and Brazil account for only 38% of the world’s population,
but account for 63% of global chicken consumption”

10. Main Growth in per capita consumption
2005 2013 Increase Human Increased
Population Chickenmeat
(2007) required
USA 43 kg 47 kg 4kg 303m 1.2m tonnes
Brazil 32 kg 38 kg 6kg 191m 1.1m tonnes
Mexico 22 kg 28 kg 6kg 109m 0.6m tonnes
China 7.8 kg 10.8 kg 3kg 1.3bn 3.9m tonnes
India 1.5 kg 3.5 kg 2kg 1.1bn 2.2m tonnes

11. Future Regional Production
• Asia is by far the greatest
PRODUCTION opportunity for volume growth
(m illion m etric tons)
30.0
8.4m 4.1m 2.8m 1.4m 2.3m – China – 3.8 mmt (38%)
45% 26% 17% 13% 43% – India – 2.5 mmt (154%)
25.0
• Latin America
20.0 – Brazil – 2.2 mmt (25%)
15.0
– Mexico – 0.7 mmt (34%)
• Europe
10.0
– Western Europe – steady or declining
5.0 – Russia – 0.7 mmt (68%)
• MEA
0.0
– MEA high production costs,
2004
2013
2004
2013
2004
2013
2004
2013
2004
2013
vulnerable to meat imports
Asia & Latin USA & Europe Middle – Africa, high potential - one day!
Oceanic Am erica Canada East &
Africa

12. Why is biosecurity important?
• Disease prevention
• Why prevention vs reaction?
– Culling
– Production losses
– Costly medication
– Broilers may not be marketable
– Product quality suffers
– Poultry companies may suffer
• Responsibility to supply chain
• Loss of income

13. Biosecurity - Production costs
Effect of Disease on Breeder Performance (20k Breeders)
%Production Consequences
Disease Example Pathogenicity Mortality Egg Hatch
Category Prod.
A ILT Severe +10 -30 -10
B IB Intermediate +5 -15 -5
C MG Mild +1 -5 -1
Adapted from Gifford et al. (1986)

14. Background
• Diseases to control/prevent
• Diseases of poultry
• Avian Influenza
• Newcastle Disease
• Mycoplasma
• Zoonoses of man
• Salmonellosis
• Avian Influenza
• Campylobacter
• E. coli
• Listeria

15. Industry Structure
Genetic Pedigree
Improvement Selection
GGP
Grandparent Stock
Parent Stock
Broilers
Processing
Consumers

16. The
Consumers
Production
Process Processing/Retailers/Food Service
Broilers
Parent Stock
Grandparent Stock
GGP
Improved stock
Breeding programme Health 4 years
&
Interest groups Pedigree Genetic Genes
Feedback
Selection Improvement
Science
Resources Control lines Development lines
Regulation Research and Development

17. Focus of Prevention
in Primary Breeding
Vertical Transmission of Diseases
GGPs Through Hatching Eggs
GPs
PS
Broilers

18. Potential Sources for Disease
Source flocks Other poultry
(vertical) & livestock
Feed
Housing
People
Rodents
Litter
Water
Insects
Wild birds Equipment Hatchery

19. Background
• Introduction of modern farming practice
– Increase / decrease disease risk by:
• All in / all out
• No multi-age sites
• Large numbers of birds in a small area.
• Day old chicks of a high health status
• Same Age and antibody status

20. In Practice
• Audit (HACCP)
– Critical points
• Day old chick quality
• People carry diseases.
• Equipment carries diseases.
• Nothing fully protects against a contaminated
environment.
• Biosecurity is only as strong as the weakest
point.

21. BACTERIOLOGY LIMITS
Hatcheries Limits Good Acceptable Unacceptable
Per metre cubed Per metre cubed Per metre cubed
Bacterial Air Counts 0-200 201-500 >501
Fungi 0 >1
Surface counts per 100cm^2 0-200 201-400 >401
Box rooms / wash rooms 0-300 301-500 >501
Setters
Surface counts per 100cm^2 0-100 101-200 >201
Water per ml tvc Good Acceptable Unacceptable
Mains 0-100 101-300 >301
After Uv must be<before UV 0-300 301-500 >501
Ecoli 0 1
Pseudomonas 0 1
Pedigree Cleanouts per 100cm^2
Petri films
Good Acceptable Unacceptable
Walls,stanchion fanshafts 0-1200 1201-2000 >2001
Floors 0-2000 2001-4000 >4001
Nestboxes 0-1000 1001-2000 >2001
Pedigree eggrooms Good Acceptable Unacceptable
Evaluate with previous sampling Achieved below previous 20% increase 40-100% increase
Petri control sterile >1
GP Cleanouts per 100cm^2 Good Acceptable Unacceptable
Hylite
Walls floors stanchions <3000 3001-5000 >5001
Fanshafts <5000 5001-10000 >10000
Nestboxes <1500 1501-3000 >3001
Swab control 0-100 >101
Gp Eggrooms per 100cm^2 Good Acceptable Unacceptable
HYLITE
Wall ground height <10000 10001-12000 >12001
Floor <10000 10001-12000 >12001
cooler fan <10000 10001-12000 >12001
swab control 0-100 >101

22. In Practice
• Components
– Physical Barriers
– Biological Barriers
• Vaccines
• Probiotics
– Pharmacological Controls
• Antibiotics
• Coccidiostats

23. In Practice
• Physical Barriers
– Farm location
– How isolated
– Local concentration poultry farms
– Fencing
– Internal organisation
– Controlled access
– Footwear/clothes

24. UK Facilities
Newbridge Office
Scotland DUNDEE
Veterinary Laboratory
PERTH
Elite Hatchery
Elite & Trials
GLASGOW EDINBURGH DUNBAR
Farming Sites
GP Farms
Egg Depot
DUMFRIES
England
CARLISLE

30. In Practice
• Physical Barriers
– Farm size – small farms / large farms
– barrier (showers, etc)
– House design
– Other farm livestock
– Insects
– Wild birds
– People

31. In Practice
• Biologicals (Vaccines)
– Not 100% protection
– Mistakes in storage/ administration
– Changes in challenge (IB variants)
– New or emerging diseases
– Immunosupressive effects of vaccine
– Vaccinal stress
– Reduced uniformity

32. In Practice
• Pharmaceuticals
• Antibiotics.
• Coccidiostats
– Limited by
• Resistance patterns
• Risks of residues
• Consumer concerns
• Legislation

33. In Practice
• Feed and Water
– Continual input
– Raw material selection, decontamination
– Some pathogens are difficult to kill
– Feed handling
– Drinking water
• 2ppm chlorine ( Cl- )
• UV treatment
• Chlorine dioxide ( ClO2)
– Drinking systems must be clean

34. Rodent Prevention
• Build rodent-proof houses
• Eliminate harborage
areas
• Dispose of mortality and
feed spills
• House management and
sanitation
• Inspection, baiting, and
trapping

35. Monitoring
– To ensure diseases are
not present
– To ensure vaccines
work
– Effectiveness of
Biosecurity
– To trigger an effective
investigation

36. Monitoring
– Biosecurity
– Monitoring system should
be more sensitive than the
diseases of concern.
– Good monitors are micro-
organisms that have no
effect on health status.
– REV seroconversion
– CAV seroconversion
– TVCs after clean out

37. Monitoring
• Effectiveness
– Mortality
– Production
– Processing plant
– Health Status
– Serology
– Bacteriology
– Virology
– Inputs
– Feed
– Water
– Staff

38. App B/Age GGP/GP Sample type Tests Performed
Cleanout Farm Cleanout check ( Farm general hygiene check) Hylite ( detects live or dead bacteria)
issued 15/05/06 Water taken from mains, before and after UV Total Viable Counts
walls/floors/weighing stations/stanchions Salmonella
At Hatch 5 merconium / 6chicks/ 1fluff per hatcher/ per code Salmonella
per supply premise
50 dead in shells per supply premise per week PFBHO 1993 DEFRA Salmonella
On Arrival chick box liners max 60 / dead on arrival max 60 Salmonella
1-4 days All mortalities Salmonella
60 vents per strain in 2 tubs/2 dust/6 drag in 2 tubs per house/boot
6w samples Salmonella
60 vents per strain in 2 tubs/2 dust/6 drag in 2 tubs per house/boot
14w samples Salmonella
90 BLOODS GGP / 60 BLOODS GP PER HOUSE MG/MS Elisa
20 per house CAV / IBV
18w 90 BLOODS GGP / 60 BLOODS GP PER HOUSE MG/MS Elisa
20 per house AE ( URGENT)
DEFRA PULLORUM TEST RSAT on farm
21w 90 BLOODS GGP / 60 BLOODS GP PER HOUSE MG/MS Elisa
16 dry throat swabs per house MG/MS PCR To be tested if suspects on serology
24w 2 dust/ in 2 tubs/5 paired boot swabs in 2 tubs Salmonella
eggroom Hylite ( detects live or dead bacteria)
water: mains and post UV Total Viable Count
90 BLOODS PER HOUSE MG/MS Elisa
16 dry throat swabs per house To be tested if suspects on serology
30 bloods per house AI/EDS Elisa
20 per house ART/IB/ND/IBD/REO
10 per house Adeno virus If not pos test every three weeks until pos
27w/33w/39w/45w/51w 90 BLOODS PER HOUSE MG/MS Elisa
16 dry throat swabs per house To be tested if suspects on serology
5 paired boot swabs in 2 tubs Salmonella
30w/36w/42w/48w/ 2 dusts in 2 tubs/ 5 paired boot swabs in two tubs Salmonella
eggroom Hylite ( detects live or dead bacteria)
90 BLOODS PER HOUSE MG/MS Elisa
16 dry throat swabs per house To be tested if suspects on serology
30 bloods per house AI/EDS Elisa
54w 2 dusts in 2 tubs/ 5 paired boot swabs in two tubs Salmonella
20 Bloods per house ART/IB/ND/IBD/REO
30 bloods per house AI/EDS Elisa
8-10 bloods per house REV/BLS
57w 90 BLOODS PER HOUSE MG/MS Elisa
2 dust/6 drags in two tubs Salmonella

39. In the majority of poultry disease outbreaks
people are the main culprits!

40. People
• All Employees
• Education and Discipline
• Part of the daily routine
• Control of movement

41. AVIAGEN LTD – BIOSECURITY MATRIX
All visits by all non-Aviagen Ltd employees must follow the visitor protocols. After contact with livestock, poultry or other potential sources of contamination,
all clothing and footwear must be cleaned before it is worn on or to an Aviagen Ltd site. Vehicles transporting people and equipment between facilities should
1
follow this schedule with appropriate cleaning and disinfection between visits. G Hogarth & B Thorp must be notified prior to visits , plus the following:-
Pedigree Facilities - A Thomson Grandparent Facilities - R Mackie Veterinary Laboratory - G Domingue
GGP/Trials Farms - T G Taylor Cupar Feed Mill - R. Sanderson (ABN) Hatcheries & Egg Depot - A Rushby
2 2
Pedigree Facilities Production Facilities Trials Broiler Farms Other
TO Feed Mill
(GGPS, GPS, PS)
FROM 4
Pedigree Farms Commercial Hatcheries Eaglesfield 4
3 Barnton
1 Vet Lab
Pedigree Hatchery Egg depot , Arbor France,
(See in red above) Cupar (Bio-secure Area) CE (Carcase) Unit
Cratewash Ross EPI
Avian Influenza areas 7 nights 7 nights 7 nights 7 nights
Non-Aviagen poultry, Asenby,
Barnton, BUT, Quarantine Farms,
Aviagen Trials Broiler Farms, CE 5 nights 3 nights Overnight Same Day
Unit
Aviagen owned chickens of known
high health status (GPs)
3 nights 2 nights Overnight Same Day
Feed Mills, Other Intensive
4
Livestock, Inside Vet Laboratory
Aviagen Ltd Farms (GGPS, GPS,
4 2 nights
PS), Commercial Hatcheries , Egg Overnight Overnight Same Day
3
Depot
2
Aviagen Ltd Pedigree Farms
Pedigree Hatchery, Overnight Overnight Overnight Same Day
Crate Wash
Feed delivery, egg collection, internal stock transfer vehicles plus, emergency maintenance, company and government veterinarians (LVIs and Veterinary Officers) are permitted multiple site contacts in strictly
managed and agreed sequence.
1
Visitors to Quarantine farms, Barnton Farm and Asenby Hatchery are only permitted only after special authorisation from GSH/BHT.
2
The sharing of transport to drop off and collect farm staff from more than a single Aviagen Ltd pedigree facility is forbidden
3
The Egg Depot may be visited after a farm visit provided that farm is in production and supplying the Depot routinely
4
After visiting a production site samples may be dropped off and collected at hatcheries and the vet lab. Visitors may enter reception and other designated areas but not the main part of facility.
A restriction notice from the vet department will take precedent over the above schedule.

42. PROTOCOLS FOR CONTACT WITH
CHICKENS
• Entry to Farms, Hatcheries, and facilities
restricted:
– Farm and Hatchery Staff
– Health Monitoring Team & Vets
– Genetic Selection Team
– Area Farms Managers
– Company Tradesmen
– Hatchery staff and sexers
– Approved Visitors

43. VISITOR ENTRY TO FARMS
• Advance approval from management
• Only one farm or hatchery visit per day
• Stool samples no Salmonella isolation
• No contact with livestock previous week
• Pre-visit questionnaire/ Passport system
• Shower, change into clothes, hat and shoes
provided
• Visitor Book
Farm managers turn away any visitor failing
to meet criteria.

44. PROTOCOLS FOR CONTACT WITH
CHICKENS: Essential Personnel
• Staff monitoring
– Weekly Samples
– Reporting Sickness
– Reporting Foreign Travel
• Restrictions on the ownership of birds

45. Salmonella philosophy
• No Salmonella sero-type tolerated
• Continual monitoring - legislation
• Additional monitoring to limit effects if a
breakdown in biosecurity
• No assumptions on status
– inputs
– barriers
• Everything and Everyone tested

46. Feed Processing

47. FEED DECONTAMINATION
• Heat Treatment
– Mixed feed: 85 C for 12 minutes
– Post pelleting oil: 90 C holding temp.
• Dedicated, enclosed production area

48. FEED BIOSECURITY - after production
• Enclosed dedicated production
and outloading area
• Dedicated transport vehicles and
drivers
• Agreed route planning
• Vehicle hygiene programme
• Staff training on biosecurity

49. FARM HYGIENE PROTOCOLS
• Cleanout
– Equipment removal
– Litter removal
• Washing – Pressure washing
• Disinfection- Government-approved disinfectants
• Fumigation - formaldehyde
– Building, equipment
– Water System - 140 ppm free Chlorine
– Feed Bins - dismantle/brush/fumigate

50. FARM HYGIENE PROTOCOLS
• Pre-placement Inspection
– Environmental Samples
• swabs
• feed bins
• personnel
• farm water samples
– Must conform to laid down targets
Floor 5000 - CFU/100 cm2 TVC
Walls 500 - CFU/100 cm2 TVC
• No Salmonella

51. Monitoring - Salmonella
• Hatchery
• Testing every placement/every order/
• every hatch/ every day/every farm
– Plenum
– Hatcher tray paper liners
– Cull chicks
• Sanitation Effectiveness Testing
– vaccine injectors, walls, floors, drains, air
handling units, incubators & water supply
• Personnel Monitoring

52. Salmonella monitoring - farm
• Legal requirements • Aviagen
– Dead on arrival – Cloacal swabbing
(Max.60)
every 3 weeks (5%-
– Box liners 100%)
( 10/500)
– Dust ( 2)
– First week
– Drag swab ( 6 in 2
mortality ( Max. 60)
tubs)
– 60 cloacal swabs
– Egg room hygiene
and 3 dust per
house every 6 • 50000
weeks to 22 weeks samples/month
15000 samples/month

53. Monitoring - Salmonella
• Results to date
• Consistently supply Salmonella free day old
chicks.
• Salmonella testing our biosecurity all the time.
• Assisting in investigating Salmonella monitoring
problems in customers.

54. Summary
• Set practical targets for biosecurity
– Decide what diseases to control
– Apply an audit
– Decide how
– Design effective Monitoring system
– Ensure Training
– Ensure Authority

55. Compartmentalization Initiative
• Aviagen Compartment
• Recognized by OIE
• Recognized by customers and country of
import officials
• Would allow shipments to go forward in the
face of a UK exotic disease challenge

56. Disease: Clear and Present
Danger!

57. Thank You!