Tundra is the coldest of all the biomes. Tundra comes from the Finnish word tunturia, meaning treeless plain. It is noted for its frost-molded landscapes, extremely low temperatures, little precipitation, poor nutrients, and short growing seasons. Dead organic material functions as a nutrient pool. The two major nutrients are nitrogen and phosphorus. Nitrogen is created by biological fixation, and phosphorus is created by precipitation. Tundra is separated into two types: arctic tundra and alpine tundra. Characteristics of Tundra Extremely cold climate Low biotic diversity Simple vegetation structure Limitation of drainage Short season of growth and reproduction Energy and nutrients in the form of dead organic material Large population oscillations

1. Bio107 – Ll Mm Nn
March 30, 2016
TUNDRAAGADOR, SITTIE AINA

2.  It is noted for its frost-molded landscapes,
 extremely low temperatures,
 little
precipitation, poor
nutrients, and short growing
seasons.
 Tundra is the coldest of all the
biomes

5. South America
North America
Europe
Asia
Australia
Africa
Antarctica

6. ANTARCTIC

7. ANTARCTIC
 South Georgia and the South Sandwich
Islands and the Kerguelen Islands.
 Most of Antarctica is too cold and dry to
support vegetation
 most of the continent is covered by ice
fields
 "opposite to the Arctic", "opposite to
the north".

8.  100 mosses,
 25 liverworts, and around 700 terrestrial
and aquatic algae species
 The flora presently consists of around
300–400 lichens
 annual precipitation of only 2 cm along
the coast and far less inland
 The temperature in Antarctica has reached
−89.2 °C (−128.6 °F)

9. DISCOVERY AND EXPLORATION
 Antarctica was imagined by the ancient Greeks, but not even seen until
1820.
 The first time anyone set foot on Antarctica was in 1821.
 The first year-round occupation - overwintering - was in 1898.

10. CLIMATE AND DAY AND NIGHT
• Winter (March–September) - South Pole receives no
sunlight at all
• May to July, between extended periods of twilight,
it is completely dark (apart from moonlight)
• Summer (September–March), the sun is
continuously above the horizon and appears to
move in a counter-clockwise circle
• And reaching a maximum of 23.5° in
December

11. In midsummer, as the sun reaches its maximum elevation
of about 23.5 degrees, high temperatures at the South Pole
in January average at −25.9 °C (−15 °F
In midwinter, the average temperature remains steady at
around −58 °C (−72 °F)
The highest temperature ever recorded at the Amundsen-Scott South
Pole Station was −12.3 °C (9.9 °F) on Christmas Day, 2011,
though −93.2 °C (−135.8 °F) was measured indirectly by satellite in
East Antarctica

12. POPULATION
About 4,000 on scientific bases in the short summer 1,000
total in winter, around 30,000-40,000 summer tourists - and
this place is 1.4 x bigger than the USA! There are NO
permanent residents and NEVER has been a native
population

13. ANTARCTICA'S TWO
FLOWERING PLANT

14. 1.Antarctic hair grass (Deschampsia antarctica)

15. 2. Antarctic pearlwort (Colobanthus quitensis)

16. MOUNTAINS IN ANTARCTICA

17. MOUNT VINSON
- is the highest
peak in
Antarctica, at
4,892 metres
(16,050 ft)- It was first
climbed in 1966
- As of February
2010, 1,400
climbers have
attempted to reach
the top of Mount
Vinson

18. MOUNT TYREE
- Tyree, 4852m,
Antarctica's 2nd highest
mountain,

19. MOUNT EREBUS
• is the second highest volcano in
Antarctica
• the southernmost active volcano
on earth
• With a summit elevation of 3,794
metres (12,448 ft.)
• Volcano Observatory run by the
New Mexico Institute of Mining and
Technology.

20. The volcano has been active since c.
1.3 million years ago

21. ANIMALS
SURVIVED

22.  Pika is a hamster type animal
PIKA
It survives by living in holes in
the ground and storing grass,
flowers, and herbs.
 Many carnivores feed upon the
pika.

23. Polar Bear
The Arctic is home to the
world’s biggest bear, the
polar bear. Polar bears are
the only bears that spend a
lot of time in the water.

24.  Harp seals are born with
silky white fur. The fur
helps them blend in
with the snow and ice of
the Arctic and hide from
predators like foxes and
polar bears.

25.  Baby penguins, known
as chicks, cannot keep
themselves warm when
they are very young.
The parents use their
bodies to keep the
 Penguins are birds that can’t fly. They spend
most of their lives in water and only come on
land to mate and raise their young. Adult
penguins have short, stiff feathers and a
layer of blubber that help them survive in
very cold temperatures. Young penguins are
unable to stay warm on their own—they
must cuddle with their parents to share body
heat.

26. Himalayan tahr
Norway
lemming

27. Antarctic Treaty – a treaty that the flora and fauna
of Antarctica and the Antarctic Islands south of 60°
south latitude are protected.

28.  In 1909, American explorer
Robert Edwin Peary led the
first successful expedition to
the North Pole.

29. People have lived in the Arctic for
thousands of years. The Inuit
people live in northern Alaska and
northern Canada.

31.  Alpine tundra is located on mountains
throughout the world at high altitude where
trees cannot grow.
 The growing season is approximately 180
days.
 Alpine soils are generally better drained
than arctic soils.

32. CLIMATE
- the average weather (climate) for the alpine
tundra. The climate becomes colder at
high elevations.
- Typical high-elevation growing seasons
range from 45 to 90 days with 10 °C (50 °F).
- The dry adiabatic lapse rate is 10 °C per km
(5.5 °F per 1000 ft.) of elevation or altitude.

33. PLAN
TS

34. tussock grasses

35. small-leafed shrubs,

36. Heathers

37. ANIMALS

38.  Red squirrels are small tree
squirrels with bushy tails. They
are very noisy, chattering loudly
to warn other squirrels about
strangers in their territory.

39.  Wolves are wild animals that
are closely related to dogs.
They live in North America,
Europe, and Asia. This photo
shows a gray wolf.

40.  Caribou are members of
the deer family that live
in the tundra regions of
northern Canada,
Greenland, and Alaska.
Unlike other members
of the deer family, both
male and female caribou
have antlers.

41. SHEEP
Mountain Goat

42. MARMOT
SEAL

43. Insects: springtails, beetles, grasshoppers, butterflies

44. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN ARCTIC, ANTARCTIC AND
ALPINE TUNDRA?
 Arctic is located in North Pole, Antarctic is in South Pole
and the Alpine is on top the mountains with high latitude.

45. WHICH IS MORE COLD ARCTIC OR
ANTARCTIC?
 Antarctic
South pole is located at altitude in the middle of a
continent land mass, while North Pole is at ocean level
in the middle of an ocean ( which acts as reservoir of
heat)

46. Resources:
http//Wikipedia/the free encyclopedia
http//explorepark/htm
http//tundra/htm
Encarta
Mason Raven and Johnson Biology Book 9th
Edition

47. THE END
  