1. Biological evolution can be examined through fossils and dating techniques like relative dating and absolute dating. 2. Early hominins like Australopithecus africanus had traits of both humans and apes and evidence shows they could walk upright but were also adapted for climbing. 3. Later species in the genus Homo include Homo habilis, Homo erectus, and Homo floresiensis and archaic humans like Neanderthals, Denisovans, and Cro-Magnon that were ancestral to modern humans.

1. BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION
By: Maricel B. Sinamban

2. FOSSILS

3. RELATIVE DATING
 Using relative dating the fossil is compared
to something for which the age is already
known
Stratigraphy- science that examines the way
by which each sediments are laid down in
successive layers or strata.
- Most commonly used dating technique.

4. ABSOLUTE DATING
 is used to determine a precise age of a fossil through
radiometric methods
The history of vertebrate life can be classified into three era:

5. MIOCENE EPOCH
Fossils of apelike humans were
discovered by
paleoanthropologist, Louis and
Mary Leakey in Africa.

6. HOMINIDSTO AUSTROLOPITHECINES

7. DRYOPITHS AND RAMAPITHS

8. AUSTRALOPITHECUS
africanus was anatomically similar to Au. afarensis,
with a combination of human-like and ape-like
features. Compared to Au. afarensis, Au. africanus
had a rounder cranium housing a larger brain and
smaller teeth, but it also had some ape-like features
including relatively long arms and a strongly sloping
face that juts out from underneath the braincase with
a pronounced jaw. Like Au. afarensis, the pelvis,
femur (upper leg), and foot bones of Au. africanus
indicate that it walked bipedally, but its shoulder and
hand bones indicate they were also adapted for
climbing,

9. AUSTRALOPITHECINE SPECIES

10. CONT..
 Australopithecus africanus – “Taung Child”

11. CONT..
Paranthropus
robustus (or Australopithecus
robustus) is an early hominin,
originally discovered in Southern
Africa in 1938. Particularly regarding
cranial features, the development of
P. robustus seemed to be in the
direction of a "heavy-chewing
complex"

12. CONT..
Paranthropus boisei or Australopithecus
boisei was an early hominin, described as the
largest of the
genusParanthropus (robust australopitheci
nes). It lived in Eastern Africa during the
Pleistocene epoch from about 2.4 until about
1.4 million years ago.

13. SPECIES OF HOMO
HOMO HABILIS:THE HANDY MAN
HOMO ERECTUS: UPRIGHT MAN
HOMO FLORESIENSIS:THE HOBBIT
NEANDERTHALS, DENISOVIANS,
CRO-MAGNON: ARCHAIC HUMAN

14. NEANDERTHALS, DENISOVIANS, CRO-
MAGNON

15. NEANDERTHALS
Neanderthals are an extinct species or
subspecies of archaic humans in the
genus Homo, who lived within Eurasia
from circa 400,000 until 40,000 years
ago
Named after NeanderValley in
Germany were it was discovered.

16. DENISOVIANS
The Denisovans or Denisova
hominins are an extinct species or
subspecies of archaic humans in the
genus Homo.
The Denisovan individuals found in
Siberia carried genetic data that
matches that of modern humans and
is associated with dark skin, brown
hair and brown eyes

17. CRO-MAGNON
 First fossil identified as
early modern human
Found in 1868 at old
cro-magnon rock
shelter site near the
village of Les Eyzies.

18. HOMO SAPIENS
 FOUND INTABON CAVE IN PALAWAN
 CALLEDTABON MAN
 Homo sapiens, (Latin: “wise man”)
 the species to which all modern
human beings belong.
Homo sapiens is one of several species
grouped into the genus Homo, but it is the
only one that is not extinct