Biological hazards refer to biological substances that pose a threat to human health. These hazards include bacteria, viruses, and fungi and can enter the body through inhalation, absorption, ingestion, or injection. They are spread through human-to-human contact or contaminated food or water. Exposure is controlled through engineering controls, administrative controls like training and hygiene practices, and personal protective equipment. The health and safety representative educates workers and ensures proper controls are in place. Ebola virus is a severe and often fatal disease spread through contact with body fluids that has varied fatality rates.
Biological hazards (biohazards) present the Occupational Health and Safety (OHS)
professional with complex challenges. Many and varied biohazards may result from
workplace exposure to organisms, or substances produced by organisms, that threaten
human health. Although workers in health and community care, and agricultural and
fishing occupations are at particular risk of exposure to hazardous biological agents, all
workplaces harbour the potential for various forms of biohazard exposure, including
person-to-person transmission of infectious disease. While prevention and management of
biohazards is often the responsibility of occupational or public health personnel, the
generalist OHS professional should have an understanding of biohazards and their
mechanisms of action, and the importance of vigilance and standard control measures.
Armed with this knowledge, the generalist OHS professional can work with occupational
health personnel to develop and implement bio hazard prevention and mitigation strategies.
Biological hazards (biohazards) present the Occupational Health and Safety (OHS)
professional with complex challenges. Many and varied biohazards may result from
workplace exposure to organisms, or substances produced by organisms, that threaten
human health. Although workers in health and community care, and agricultural and
fishing occupations are at particular risk of exposure to hazardous biological agents, all
workplaces harbour the potential for various forms of biohazard exposure, including
person-to-person transmission of infectious disease. While prevention and management of
biohazards is often the responsibility of occupational or public health personnel, the
generalist OHS professional should have an understanding of biohazards and their
mechanisms of action, and the importance of vigilance and standard control measures.
Armed with this knowledge, the generalist OHS professional can work with occupational
health personnel to develop and implement bio hazard prevention and mitigation strategies.
The meaning of the word hazard can be confusing. Often dictionaries do not give specific definitions or combine it with the term "risk". For example, one dictionary defines hazard as "a danger or risk" which helps explain why many people use the terms interchangeably.
Occupational hazards, occupational health
Occupational safety and health should not be sidelined as a service delivery issue. Health worker health and well-being is an important aspect of workers’ motivation and job satisfaction, which influence productivity as well as retention. Health worker safety also affects the quality of care; caring for the caregiver should be a priority area of concern for the health system’s performance.
presentation about elements of biohazards. the various types of biohazards and how to handle them are discussed in the presentation. How to management emergency
The meaning of the word hazard can be confusing. Often dictionaries do not give specific definitions or combine it with the term "risk". For example, one dictionary defines hazard as "a danger or risk" which helps explain why many people use the terms interchangeably.
Occupational hazards, occupational health
Occupational safety and health should not be sidelined as a service delivery issue. Health worker health and well-being is an important aspect of workers’ motivation and job satisfaction, which influence productivity as well as retention. Health worker safety also affects the quality of care; caring for the caregiver should be a priority area of concern for the health system’s performance.
presentation about elements of biohazards. the various types of biohazards and how to handle them are discussed in the presentation. How to management emergency
Biosaftey means the needs to protect human and animal health along with the environment from the possible adverse effects of the products of modern biotechnology. Biosafety defines the containment conditions under which infectious agents can be safely manipulated. Biosafety word is used to reduce and eliminate the potential risk regulating from the modern biotechnology and its products.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
2. CONTENTS
o Introduction
o Types of Biological Hazards
o How Biological Hazards Enter the Body
o How Biological Hazards are Spread
o Level of biological hazard
o Controlling Exposure to Biological Hazards
o Role of the Health and Safety Representative
o Some occupation and diseases
o Ebola virus
o Conclusion
3. INTODUCTION
Biological hazards, also known as biohazards, refer
to biological substances that pose a threat to the health
of living organism, especially that of humans. These
hazards can be encountered anywhere in the environment,
including home, school or work.The biohazard symbol was
developed in 1966 by Charles Baldwin, an environmental-health
engineer.
4. Types of Biological Hazards
Biological hazards can be put into different categories:-
o Bacteria :- microscopic organisms that live in soil, water or the
bodies of plants and animals and are characterized by lack of distinct
nucleus and the inability to photosynthesize. Examples are E Coli, TB,
and Tetanus.
o Viruses :- are a group of pathogens that consist mostly of nucleic
acids and that lack cellular structure. Viruses are totally dependent on
their hosts for replication. Examples are common cold, influenza,
measles, SARS, Hantavirus, and rabies
o Fungi :- any major group of lower plants that lack chlorophyll and
live on dead or other living organisms. Examples are mould, rust,
mildew, smut, yeast, and mushrooms.
5. How Do Biological Hazards Enter the
Body?
Biological hazards can enter the body in many ways. When
determining appropriate protective measures, measures are
clear understanding of how it can enter the body.
o Inhalation through breathing.
o Absorption direct contact through breaks in the skin, even
chapped skin, or through mucous membranes/contact with
eyes, nose, mouth.
o Ingestion through swallowing.
o Injection through a puncture.
6. How Biological Hazard spread?
Biohazard Disease Spread Precaution/Control
Bacteria Pink eye Human to
human contact
Do not share eye makeup; wash
hands
Virus Hepatitis A Human to
human contact
Do not ingest contaminated
water or food; avoid direct
contact with infected person
Virus Hepatitis B Human to
human contact
Immunization; avoid contact
with infected people; avoid
tattooing and body piercing
dispose of sharps in disposal
container.
Virus Hepatitis C Human to
human contact
Avoid direct contact with infected
person; avoid tattooing and body
piercing; follow standard
precautions
Virus Measles Human to human
contact spread by cough
and nasal droplets
Immunization; avoid direct
contact with infected people
8. OCCUPATIONS AND DISEASES
Occupation Contact Source Disease
Dentist, nurses, volunteers
In hospital or health care
Patient’s blood,
Body fluids
Hepatitis, cold, flu
Child care worker,
Babysitter
Children’s body fluids,
such as runny nose,
dirty diapers, cuts
Colds, flu, eye
infections,
Head lice, meningitis
Food service industry Undercooked food Salmonella, e coli
Caretaking/cleaning/
Waste disposal personnel
Used needles, broken
glass
Hepatitis B,C, HIV
11. Controlling Exposure to Biological
Hazards
There are three approaches to control hazards. The first
consideration for controlling biological hazards is to look at
engineering controls. If a hazard cannot be eliminated
through engineering methods a second approach to
controlling hazards is administrative. Then, if exposure to a
hazard cannot be prevented with either engineering or
administrative controls then PPE is necessary.
12. Engineering Controls:-
These controls are the first line of defense and include built in
protection in building, work areas, equipment or supplies.
Examples are:-
o Ventilation systems and construction seals to create negative
pressure rooms
o Bio-safety hoods, with specific ventilation systems
Administrative Controls:-
These controls are steps in work procedures or work processes that
minimize the risk of exposure to a hazard. This type if control does
not eliminate a hazard but can significantly reduces the risk of
injury. Examples are:-
o Worker training
o Rules that require regular hand washing
13. Personal Protective Equipment:-
o When a hazard poses a threat, even after engineering and administrative
controls have been implemented, then PPE is necessary. Then PPE
methods can protect you from biohazard.
o Some PPE measure that can protect you are
o a proper mask and latex gloves for biohazards
o eye protection
o For PPE to be effective it must be worn correctly and must be
comfortable and fitted for each person. Workers must be trained
properly so that it is worn when needed.
15. Role of the Health and Safety
Representative
o Your role is to work proactively to eliminate biological
hazards from the workplace as much as possible and to
educate workers about occupational hazards.
o Eliminating hazards from the work environment is always
first choice for preventing disease.
o When hazards cannot be eliminated, they should be
controlled. Workers should press management to introduce
effective controls in the workplace such as engineering
controls, administrative controls
o Pay attention to new workers and visitors. They are “newly
exposed” to a workplace and can tell you if they have health
problems only when they come into the workplace.
16. EBOLA VIRUS
o Ebola virus is a disease of
humans and other primates
caused by Ebola viruses.
o Ebola virus disease (EVD),
formerly known as Ebola
haemorrhagic fever, is a
severe, often fatal illness in
humans.
o The average EVD case fatality
rate is around 50%. Case
fatality rates have varied from
25% to 90% in past outbreaks.
17. SYMPTOMS
o The incubation period, that is, the
time interval from infection with the
virus to onset of symptoms is 2 to 21
days
o First symptoms are the sudden onset
of fever fatigue, muscle pain,
headache and sore throat.
o This is followed by vomiting,
diarrhoea, rash, symptoms of
impaired kidney and liver function,
and in some cases, both internal and
external bleeding
22. Conclusion
Biological hazards are organisms or groups of organisms
that may cause health issues to humans. These hazards
are very dangerous and have to be taken seriously by
employees and employers. There are many ways we can
reduce our risk to these contaminants. Engineering
controls, administrative controls, personal protective
equipment, workplace hazardous materials information
system and standard precautions are all ways to avoid
risk to all levels of bio hazardous materials.