The document discusses biological hazards, which are organisms such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi that pose health risks to humans. It outlines how these hazards can enter the body through inhalation, absorption, ingestion, and injection, and emphasizes the importance of risk assessment and control measures in the workplace. Engineering controls, administrative controls, and personal protective equipment (PPE) are highlighted as key strategies for managing these risks.

1. OCCUPATIONAL AND INDUSTRIAL TOXICOLOGY

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By. Sachin kashanwal

3. Biological hazards, also known as biohazards, refer to
biological substances that pose a threat to the health of living
organism, especially that of humans. These hazards can be
encountered anywhere in the environment, including home,
school or work. The biohazard symbol was developed in 1966
by Charles Baldwin, an environmental health engineer.
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By. Sachin kashanwal

4. Biological hazards can be put into different
categories:-
Bacteria :- microscopic organisms that live in soil, water
or the bodies of plants and animals and are
characterized by lack of distinct nucleus and the
inability to photosynthesize. Examples are E Coli, TB,
and Tetanus.
Viruses :- are a group of pathogens that consist mostly
of nucleic acids and that lack cellular structure.
Viruses are totally dependent on their hosts for
replication. Examples are common cold, influenza,
measles, SARS, Hantavirus, and rabies
Fungi :- any major group of lower plants that lack
chlorophyll and live on dead or other living organisms.
Examples are mould, rust, mildew, smut, yeast, and
mushrooms.
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By. Sachin kashanwal

5. Biological hazards can enter the body in many
ways. When determining appropriate protective
measures, measures are clear understanding of
how it can enter the body.
 Inhalation through breathing.
 Absorption direct contact
through breaks in the skin,
even chapped skin, or through
mucous membranes/ contact
with eyes, nose, mouth.
 Ingestion through swallowing.
 Injection through a puncture.
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By. Sachin kashanwal

6. Biohazard Disease Spread Controls
Bacteria Pink Eye Human To Human Do not share eye makeup;
Hands wash
Virus Hepatitis A Human To Human Do not ingest contaminated
water or food; avoid direct
contact with infected person
Virus Hepatitis B Human To Human Immunization; avoid contact with
infected people; avoid tattooing and
body piercing dispose of sharps in
disposal container.
Virus Hepatitis C Human To Human Avoid direct contact with infected
person; avoid tattooing and body
piercing; follow standard
precautions
Virus Measles Human to human
Contact spread by
cough and nasal
droplets
Immunization; avoid direct
contact with infected people
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By. Sachin kashanwal

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8. Patient’s blood,
Body fluids
Undercooked food
Used needles, broken
glass
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CONTACT SOURCE DISEASE

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 Risk assessment is the process of evaluating risks to workers’
safety and health from workplace hazards. A risk assessment is a
systematic examination of all aspects of the work undertaken to
consider what could cause injury or harm, whether the hazards
could be eliminated, and if not what preventive or protective
measures are, or should be, in place to control the risks. For
most businesses, especially small and medium-sized enterprises,
a straightforward five-step approach (incorporating elements of
risk management) such as the one presented below should work
well.

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11.  There are three approaches to control hazards. The
first consideration for controlling biological
hazards is to look at engineering controls. If a
hazard cannot be eliminated through engineering
methods a second approach to controlling hazards
is administrative. Then, if exposure to a hazard
cannot be prevented with either engineering or
administrative controls then PPE is necessary.
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13. These controls are the first line of defense
and include built in protection in building,
work areas, equipment or supplies.
Examples are:-
 Ventilation systems and construction seals to
create negative pressure rooms
 Bio-safety hoods, with specific ventilation
systems
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14. These controls are steps in work procedures
or work processes that minimize the risk of
exposure to a hazard. This type if control
does not eliminate a hazard but can
significantly reduces the risk of injury.
Examples are:-
 Worker training
 Rules that require regular hand washing
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15.  When a hazard poses a threat, even after engineering and administrative controls have
been implemented, then PPE is necessary. Then PPE methods can protect you from
biohazard.
 PPE to be effective it must be worn correctly and must be comfortable and fitted for each
person. Workers must be trained properly so that it is worn when needed.
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16. Biological hazards are organisms or groups of
organisms that may cause health issues to
humans. These hazards are very dangerous and
have to be taken seriously by employees and
employers. There are three types of biological
hazards including bacteria, viruses and fungi.
All three types can cause illnesses such as
hepatitis (virus), tuberculosis (bacteria) and
athlete's foot (fungi). Inhalation, absorption,
ingestion, and injection are ways these types of
hazards can enter the body.
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17.  http://www.osha.mddsz.gov.si/resources/file
s/pdf/53_risk-assessment-biological-
agents.pdf
 http://www.oshc.org.hk/oshc_data/files/Hot
Topic/CB959E.pdf
 Enviromental Pollution-Health and Toxicology
by Rana , S.V.S Narosa Publishing
House,delhi.
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18. By. Sachin kashanwal
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