This document provides an overview of inorganic and organic chemistry concepts relevant to human anatomy and physiology. It begins with atomic structure, chemical bonds, and the building blocks of matter. It then discusses the four most abundant elements in the human body, organic compounds like carbohydrates and lipids, and how they are broken down and used to provide energy and structure. Key topics covered include atomic structure, chemical bonds, organic functional groups, carbohydrates and their roles as an energy source and structural component, and lipids and their functions in protection, insulation, and energy storage.

1. 1
The
Chemical
Level
of
Organiza4on
BIOL
121:
A&P
I
Chapter
2
Rob
Swatski
Associate
Professor
of
Biology
HACC
–
York
Campus
Part
1:
Inorganic
Chemistry
Textbook images - Copyright © 2014 John
Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

2. 2

3. 3
Contains
Mass
Occupies
Space
MaKer

4. 4
How
is
MaKer
Organized?
Elements
Trace
Elements

5. 5
The
4
Most
Abundant
Elements
of
Life
O
C
H
N

6. 6
The
Next
4
Most
Abundant
Elements
of
Life
Ca
P
K
S

7. MAJOR ELEMENTS
(about 96% of total)
LESSER ELEMENTS
(about 3.6% of total)
TRACE ELEMENTS
(about 0.4% of total)

8. 8

9. 9

10. 10
Atomic
Structure
Nucleus
Protons
(+)
Neutrons
(0)
Electron
Cloud
Electrons
(-­‐)

11. 11

12. How
Are
an
Atom’s
Electrons
Organized?
3rd
Shell
2nd
Shell
1st
Shell
Nucleus
12

13. 13
#
of
Protons
#
of
Electrons
Electrically
Neutral
Atom

14. 14
Atomic
Number
#
of
Protons

15. 15
#
of
Neutrons
#
of
Protons
Atomic
Mass

16. 16

17. 17

18. 18
Isotopes
Same
#
of
protons
Different
#
of
neutrons

19. 19
Radioisotopes
(tracers)
I-­‐131
thyroid
study

20. 20
Ions
Anions
(-­‐)
Ca4ons
(+)
Gain
e-­‐
Lose
e-­‐

21. 21

22. Free
Radicals
22

23. 23

24. 24
Stable
Atoms
8
valence
e-­‐
Unstable
Atoms
<
8
valence
e-­‐

25. 25

26. 26

27. 27

28. 28

29. 29
Ionic
Bonds

30. 30
dissocia4on
à
electrolytes

31. 31
Covalent
Bonds
Single
Double
Triple

32. 32
Types
of
Covalent
Bonds
Nonpolar
Polar

33. Molecules
33

34. Nonpolar
Covalent
Bonds
34

35. 35

36. Polar
Covalent
Bonds
36

37. 37

38. 38
Chemical
Reac4ons
Metabolism
Physiology

39. 39
Chemical
Equa4ons

40. 40
Total
Mass
of
Reactants
Total
Mass
of
Products
Law
of
Conserva4on
of
Mass

41. 41
Total
Energy
of
Reactants
Total
Energy
of
Products
Law
of
Conserva4on
of
Energy

42. 42
Energy
Poten4al
Chemical
Kine4c

43. 43

44. 44

45. 45

46. 46

47. 47
Energy
Energy
Exergonic
Reac4on

48. 48
Energy
Energy
Endergonic
Reac4on

49. Coupled
Reac4ons
49

50. 50
Ac4va4on
Energy

51. 51
Increase
Reac4on
Rate
Decrease
Ac4va4on
Energy
Catalysts

52. Enzymes
as
Catalysts
52

53. 53

54. 54

55. 55
Types
of
Chemical
Reac4ons
Synthesis
Decomposi4on
Exchange
Reversible

56. A
B
AB
Synthesis
(Anabolism)
56

57. 57

58. Two hydrogen
molecules
One oxygen
molecule
Two water
molecules
Combine to form
Synthesis
(Anabolism)

59. AB
A
B
Decomposi4on
(Catabolism)
59

60. Breaks down into
One methane
molecule
One carbon atom Two hydrogen
molecules
Decomposi4on
(Catabolism)

61. AB
CD
AC
BD
Exchange
HCl
+
NaHCO3
H2CO3
+
Na+Cl-­‐
61

62. Hydrochloric
acid
Sodium
bicarbonate
Carbonic acid Sodium
chloride
Exchange

63. A
B
AB
Reversible
63

64. 64
Oxida4on
e-­‐
e-­‐
e-­‐
HIGH
low

65. 65
Reduc4on
e-­‐
e-­‐
e-­‐
HIGH
low

66. 66

67. Compounds
Inorganic
No
Carbon
Small
Simple
Ionic
bonds
Organic
Carbon-­‐
based
Large
Complex
Covalent
bonds
67

68. 68
Water

69. 69
Dehydra4on
Synthesis

70. 70
Hydrolysis

71. 71
Solute
Solvent
Solu4on

72. 72
Hydrophilic
Polar
covalent
Water-­‐
soluble
Hydrophobic
Nonpolar
covalent
Water-­‐
insoluble

73. 73

74. Proper4es
of
Water
74
High
Heat
Capacity
High
Heat
of
Vaporiza4on
How
do
they
benefit
the
human
body?

75. 75
Cohesion
How?

76. 76
Surface
Tension
How?

77. 77
Mixtures
Solu4on
Colloid
Suspension

78. 78

79. 79

80. 80

81. 81
anions
ca4ons
both

82. pH
82

83. Acidic
[H+]
>
[OH–]
Neutral
[H+]
=
[OH–]
Basic
[H+]
<
[OH–]
7
0
14
83

84. 84

85. 85

86. 86
Buffering
Systems

87. 87
Carbonic
Acid
H2CO3
Bicarbonate
ion
HCO3
-­‐
Carbonic
acid-­‐Bicarbonate
buffer
system
H+
OH+

88. 88
The
Chemical
Level
of
Organiza4on
BIOL
121:
A&P
I
Chapter
2
Rob
Swatski
Associate
Professor
of
Biology
HACC
–
York
Campus
Part
2:
Organic
Chemistry
Textbook images - Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

89. 89

90. 90
Bonds
with
variety
of
elements
Diverse
sizes
&
shapes
More
insoluble
in
water
Many
covalent
bonds
Organic
molecules
Monomers
à
Macromolecules
Proper4es
of
Carbon-­‐Based
Molecules

91. 91

92. Func4onal
Groups
92
Estradiol
Testosterone

93. 93

94. Carbon
Molecules
94

95. 95
Carbohydrates:
Func4ons
Energy
Structure
Storage

96. 96
Structure
C,
H,
O
C-­‐H2O
Size
Simple:
glucose
Complex:
starch

97. 97
3
Major
Groups
of
Carbohydrates
Mono-­‐
saccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides

98. Monosaccharides
98
C6H12O6

99. Glucose
(C6H12O6)
Sucrose
(C12H22O11)
Dehydra4on
synthesis
and
hydrolysis
of
sucrose
Dehydration
synthesis
Fructose
(C6H12O6)
Hydrolysis
Water
Disaccharides

100. Lactose
Intolerance
100

101. 101
Polysaccharides
largest
carb
100’s
of
mono’s
glycogen

102. 102
C,
H,
O
hydrophobic
few
polar
covalent
bonds
insoluble
in
water
glycerol
&
1-­‐3
faZy
acids
fats
&
oils
Lipids
–
General
Characteris4cs

103. 103
Lipid
Structure

104. 104
Triglyceride
Structure

105. 105
Func4ons
of
Triglycerides
Protec4on
Insula4on
Energy
source
short-­‐
or
long-­‐term

106. 106

107. 107
Phospholipids
Cell
structure
&
func[on
Plasma
membrane
Amphipathic

108. 108
Head
Polar
Hydrophilic
Glycerol
&
phosphate
Tails
Nonpolar
Hydrophobic
2
FaZy
acids
Phospholipid
Structure

109. 109

110. 110

111. Steroids
111

112. 112

113. 113
Proteins
C,
H,
O,
N
Diverse
shapes
&
sizes
Amino
acids

114. 114
Func4ons
of
Proteins
Structure
&
protec[on
Regulate
metabolism
Muscle
contrac[on
Chemical
&
organelle
transport

115. 115
Amino
Acids
Amino
group
-­‐
NH2
Carboxyl
group
-­‐
COOH
R
group

116. 116

117. 117

118. 118

119. 119
Primary
Secondary
Ter4ary
Quaternary
Levels
of
Protein
Structure

120. 120
Primary
Structure

121. 121
Secondary
Structure

122. 122
Ter4ary
Structure

123. 123
Quaternary
Structure

124. 124

125. 125
Denatura4on

126. Enzymes
=
Catalysts
126

127. Substrates
Ac4ve
Site
Enzyme
127
Enzymes
=
Catalysts

128. 128
How
do
Enzymes
Increase
Reac4on
Rate?
Increase
collision
frequency
Lower
ac[va[on
energy
Properly
orient
molecules

129. 129

130. 130
C,
H,
O,
N,
P
Nucleo[des
DNA
RNA
Regulates
cell
ac[vi[es
Guides
protein
synthesis
Nucleic
Acids

131. 131
Nucleo4des
Nitrogenous
Base
Pentose
Sugar
Phosphate
Group

132. 132

133. 133

134. 134
RNA
Single
stranded
Ribose
=
sugar
Uracil
=
base

135. 135
3
Types
of
RNA
mRNA
rRNA
tRNA

136. 136
Adenosine
Triphosphate
(ATP)
Primary
source
of
chemical
poten[al
energy
Powers
muscle
contrac[on,
chemical
transport,
organelle
movement
Adenine,
ribose,
and
3
phosphate
groups

137. 137

138. 138

139. Energy
P
P
P
P
i
P
P
Adenosine
Adenosine
ADP
ATP
Reacts
with
H2O
Energy
139

140. ATP
Cycle
P
i
ADP
+
H2O
ATP
+
ATP
ATP
hydrolysis
ATP
synthesis
140