Organic chemistry involves the study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation of carbon-containing compounds, which include not only hydrocarbons but also compounds with any number of other elements, including hydrogen (most compounds contain at least one carbon–hydrogen bond), nitrogen, oxygen, halogens, phosphorus, silicon, and sulfur. This branch of chemistry was originally limited to compounds produced by living organisms but has been broadened to include human-made substances such as plastics. The range of application of organic compounds is enormous and also includes, but is not limited to, pharmaceuticals, petrochemicals, food, explosives, paints, and cosmetics.

1. Organic Chemistry Functional Groups
Structures and Characteristics
By Prof. Liwayway Memije-Cruz

2. Organic Chemistry
 The study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions,
and preparation of carbon-containing compounds, which
include not only hydrocarbons but also compounds with any
number of other elements, including hydrogen (most
compounds contain at least one carbon–hydrogen bond),
nitrogen, oxygen, halogens, phosphorus, silicon, and sulfur.
 This branch of chemistry was originally limited to compounds
produced by living organisms but has been broadened to
include human-made substances such as plastics. The range of
application of organic compounds is enormous and also
includes, but is not limited to, pharmaceuticals, petrochemicals,
food, explosives, paints, and cosmetics.

3. Functional Groups
• are specific group of atoms within molecules that
are responsible for the characteristic chemical
reactions of those molecules.
• are attached to the carbon backbone of organic
molecules.
• determine the characteristics and chemical reactivity
of molecules.
• collections of atoms in organic chemistry molecules
that contribute to the chemical characteristics of the
molecule and participate in predictable reactions.

4. Most Common Organic Functional
Groups

5. Alcohol (Hydroxyl Functional Group)
• any organic compound in which a hydroxyl group
(-OH) is bound to a carbon atom of an alkyl or
substituted alkyl group. The general formula for a
simple acyclic alcohol is CnH2n+1OH.
• is an oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom.
• Hydroxyls are often written as OH on structures
and chemical formulas.

6. Ether Functional Group
• group consists of an
oxygen atom
forming a bridge
between two
different parts of a
molecule.
• Ethers have formula
ROR.

7. Aldehyde Functional Group
• made up of carbon
and oxygen double-
bonded together and
hydrogen bonded to
the carbon.
• Aldehydes have
formula R-CHO.

8. Ketone Functional Group
• a carbon atom double
bonded to an oxygen
atom that appears as a
bridge between two
other parts of a
molecule.
• Another name for this
group is the carbonyl
functional group.

9. Carboxylic Acid Functional
Group
• Also known as the
carboxyl functional group.
• The carboxyl group is an
ester where one
substituent R is a
hydrogen atom.
• The carboxyl group is
usually denoted by -
COOH

10. Ester Functional Group
• The ester group is
another bridge group
consisting of a
carbonyl group
connected to an ether
group.
• Esters have formula
RCO2R.

11. Amine Functional Group
• derivatives of
ammonia (NH3)
where one or
more of the
hydrogen atoms
are replaced by an
alkyl or aryl
functional group.

12. Amide Functional Group
• combination of a carbonyl group and an
amine functional group.

13. Thiol Functional Group
• similar to the hydroxyl group except the oxygen atom
in the hydroxyl group is a sulfur atom in the thiol
group.
• Thiol functional group is also known as a sulfhydryl
functional group.
• Thiol functional groups have formula -SH.

14. Phenyl Functional Group
• This group is a common ring
group. It is a benzene ring where
one hydrogen atom is replaced by
the R substituent group.
• Phenyl groups are often denoted
by the abbreviation Ph in
structures and formulas.
• Phenyl groups have formula
C6H5.

15. Reference
• https://www.thoughtco.com/most-
common-organic-functional-groups-
608700