Introduction, Objective of Bioinformatics, Bioinformatics Databases, Concept of Bioinformatics, Impact of Bioinformatics in `Vaccine Discovery.

1. Bioinformatics
Introduction, Objective of Bioinformatics,
Bioinformatics Databases, Concept of
Bioinformatics, Impact of Bioinformatics in
`Vaccine Discovery.
Hemant Alhat
Asst. Professor ,
PES MODERN COLLEGE OF PHARMACY (FOR LADIES)

2. Bioinformatics
•It is science of collecting and organizing
Biological data
•It is an interdisciplinary field.
•It is branch of computer science that
develops methods and software tools to
understand and analyze biological data.
•It combines BIOLOGY, computer science,
information engineering, mathematics and
statistics to analyze and interpret
biological data, Molecular data, and
Genetic data.
•Bioinformatics used for in silico analyses
of biological queries using mathematical
and statistical techniques (CADD)
•Mainly helps in studying carried forms of
DNA str and compositions
•Main Aim to solve Biological problems
using DNA and amino acid sequences and
related information's.
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3. •Bioinformatics includes biological studies
that use computer programming as part of
their methodology, as well as a specific
analysis "Pipelines" that are repeatedly used,
particularly in the field of Genomics
.
•Common uses of bioinformatics include the
identification of candidates genes and single
nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).
•Often, such identification is made with the
AIM of better understanding the genetic
basis of disease, unique adaptations,
desirable properties (esp. in agricultural
species), or differences between populations.
•In a less formal way, bioinformatics also
tries to understand the organisational
principles within nucleic acid and protein
sequences, called proteomics.[1]
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4. •Objectives of Bioinformatics
•The field of bioinformatics has three main
objectives: : ODI
1. To organize vast amounts of molecular
biology data in an efficient manner;
2. To develop tools that aid in the analysis of
such data; and
3. To interpret the results accurately and
meaningfully.
•The advent and rapid rise of bioinformatics
due to the massive increases in computing
power and laboratory technology in recent
years. These advances have made it possible to
process and analyze the digital information –
DNA, genes and genomes – at the heart of life
itself.
•As bioinformatics can be used in any system
where information can be represented
digitally, it can be applied across the entire
spectrum of living organisms, from single cells
to complex ecosystems.
•Helps in developing New target drugs for fatal
diseases.
•Enables study and research on development of
preventive medicines for life threating disease
like cancers, etc. 4
Bioinformatics

5. •To get an idea of the staggering amounts of
data and information that bioinformatics
has to deal with, consider the human
genome.
•A genome is an organism’s complete set of
DNA. DNA molecules are made of two
twisting, paired strands, and each strand is
made of nucleotide bases –
•adenine (A),
•thymine (T),
•guanine (G), and
•cytosine (C).
•The human genome contains about 3 billion
of these base pairs. Genome sequencing
involved figuring out the exact order of all 3
billion of these DNA nucleotides, a feat
which would not have been possible without
massive amounts of computing power.
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6. • Bioinformatics Databases
• It is often focused on obtaining biologically oriented data,
organizing this information into databases, developing
methods to get useful information from such databases, and
devising methods to integrate related data from disparate
sources. The computer databases and algorithms are
developed to speed up and enhance biological research.
• Bioinformatics helps to answer such questions as whether
a newly analyzed gene is similar to any previously known
gene, whether a protein's sequence suggest how the protein
functions, and whether the genes turned on in a cancer cell
are different from those turned on in a healthy cell.
• Some of database are as follows
• Genbank uniprot : used in biological sequences analysis
• InterPro, Pfam used in finding protein families
• GenoAD used in design of synthetic genetic circuits
• PreDDICTA calculates drug DNA interaction
• Sanjeevani complies drug design software
• Classifications of Bioinformatics database (D-TSDS)
• Data Type
• Data Source
• Data Design
• Data special categories
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7. • Bioinformatics is applied to at least five major types of
activities:
I. Data Acquisition: primarily concerned with accessing and storing
data generated directly off of laboratory instruments
II.Database Development: Many laboratories generate large volumes
of such data as DNA sequences, gene expression information, 3D
molecular structure, and high-throughput screening.
Consequently, they must develop effective databases for storing
and quickly accessing data.
III.Data Analysis: To analyze data efficiently requires having a
good database design, allowing researchers to query the database
effectively and letting them quickly obtain the types of
information they need to begin their data analysis. They may
write specific algorithms to analyze data, or expert users of
analysis tools, helping scientists understand how the tools
analyze the data and how to interpret results
IV.Data Integration: Once information analyzed, a researcher often
needs to associate or integrate it with related data from other
databases. For example, a scientist run a series of gene
expression analysis experiments and observe that a particular set
of 100 genes is more highly expressed in cancerous lung tissue
than in normal lung tissue.
V. Analysis Of Integrated Data: Once data are integrated, users need
a good way to present these various pieces of data so they can be
interpreted and analyzed. The information should be capable of
being stored and retrieved so that, over time, various pieces of
information combined to form a "knowledge base" that extended
as more experiments are run and additional data are integrated
from other sources.
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8. Concept of Bioinformatics
• Refers to its approach towards balancing biology,
mathematics and computer programming in order to ensure
availability of tools to compute and analyze biological data
in the best possible manner.
• It provides better understanding molecular biology,
software programs, program coding and decoding, genetic
data analysis and study of DNA structure and composition.
• Bioinformatics involves integration of computers, software
tools and database that are used to address various
biological queries.
• It involves with two major activities
• Study of genomics (refers to analysis of genomes i.e DNA
sequences)
• Study of proteomics (refers to study and analysis of
complete sets of proteins)
• popular becoz it applies knowledge from both biology and
computer science and this knowledge is further used to find
new techniques of biological development for better human
health and society.
• It is very challenging task for its researchers as it usually
converts biological observations into digital format or
computer language. This techniques of digitalizing each
and every biological reaction or behavior into computer
readable format is known as bioinformatics
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9. Bioinformatics
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Chemistr
y
Physic
s
Enginee
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Biology
Informatics
Bioinform
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Mathemati
cs and
statistics
Concept of bioinformatics
Medicine
s

10. Impact of Bioinformatics in Vaccine Discovery
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11. •Knowing that no one method alone can identify
all of the proteins of interest, researchers are
combining all three disciplines of genomics,
transcription profiling, and proteomics. Whether
this will be the future for vaccine discovery
programs remains to be seen. The next key level of
importance for bacterial vaccine discovery is to be
able to determine what proteins are made during
infection, in vivo, as it is already known that type
III effector proteins and virulence factors are
only expressed during eukaryotic cell contact.
•The questions now being asked are:
•“Are we missing good vaccine candidates by
focusing our study of laboratory-grown bacteria?”
and
•“How do we identify these vaccine targets induced
in vivo?”
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Impact of Bioinformatics in Vaccine Discovery

12. BioinformaticsFlowdiagramofvaccinediscovery
Starting at the top, ORFs are predicted from genomic DNA
and further analyzed using various algorithms to Qhelp
define function and location. Predicted surface-localized
candidates are combined with experimentally determined
surface proteins identified using proteomics, which results
in a preliminary vaccine target list. From this list, the genes
are then fed into the next phase of laboratory cloning,
expression, and antibody generation. Successful gene
candidates that make it through this phase are then tested in
various pre-clinical immunological assays and animal model
studies. Only those candidates that show positive results are
further analyzed before going into clinical studies. Other
research disciplines, such as transcriptional profiling, may
contribute to this flow pathway.
Flow diagram of vaccine discovery research
involving bioinformatics
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