Bioelectrodes are designed to interface between biological structures and electronic systems by either sensing electrical activity or stimulating biological structures. They can range in size from microscopic to large defibrillation paddles. Electrocardiography uses metallic electrodes placed on the skin to record the electrical activity of the heart over time. Contact impedance at the electrode-skin junction needs to be minimized and electrolytic gels are used to reduce impedance. Common reusable and disposable electrodes include plate electrodes, clamp electrodes, and Welsh cup electrodes.
The human body and Cell structure, Electrical Activity of Excitable Cells, The action, and Resting potentials. Introduction of Bio-potentials related to the human body.
ECG, EMG, EEG, ERG etc.
MEASUREMENT OF BIO POTENTIAL USING TWO ELECTRODES AND RECORDING PROBLEMSBharathasreejaG
YOU CAN LEARN ABOUT MEASUREMENT USING TWO ELECTRODES & RECORDING PROBLEMS# NEED OF MEDICAL RECORDING # ELECTRODE TO SKIN INTERFACE # NERNST EQUATION # NOISE DURING RECORDING# MOTION ARTIFACT# ELECTRODE TO ELECTROLYTE NOISE # ELECTROLYTE TO SKIN NOISE# THERMAL NOISE# AMPLIFICATION NOISE# CABLE MOVEMENT# OTHER NOISES # CODING FOR GENERATING NOISE
The human body and Cell structure, Electrical Activity of Excitable Cells, The action, and Resting potentials. Introduction of Bio-potentials related to the human body.
ECG, EMG, EEG, ERG etc.
MEASUREMENT OF BIO POTENTIAL USING TWO ELECTRODES AND RECORDING PROBLEMSBharathasreejaG
YOU CAN LEARN ABOUT MEASUREMENT USING TWO ELECTRODES & RECORDING PROBLEMS# NEED OF MEDICAL RECORDING # ELECTRODE TO SKIN INTERFACE # NERNST EQUATION # NOISE DURING RECORDING# MOTION ARTIFACT# ELECTRODE TO ELECTROLYTE NOISE # ELECTROLYTE TO SKIN NOISE# THERMAL NOISE# AMPLIFICATION NOISE# CABLE MOVEMENT# OTHER NOISES # CODING FOR GENERATING NOISE
This presentation summarize the analysis that how the differentiate the normal(healthy) and unhealthy(abnormal) bio-medical signal.This presentation includes ecg,emg and eeg analysis. For sound files, follow the link mentioned at the reference slide and you can download them easily.
Discussion of Bioelectrodes, types of electrodes, their materials, bio potentials and their electrodes used. Special electrodes and their designs are discussed.
A Bioamplifier is an electrophysiological device, a variation of the instrumentation amplifier, used to gather and increase the signal integrity of physiologic electrical activity for output to various sources. It may be an independent unit, or integrated into the electrodes.
1.Bioelectric signals and their characteristics
2.Structure of heart
3.ECG Lead System Configuration
4.ECG Waveform
5.ECG Recording system – Block diagram
6.Analysis of ECG waveform
Topic 1 introduction of biomedical instrumentationGhansyam Rathod
Basic Description of the Biomedical Instrumentation subject and basics of the physiological system of human body discussed as per the syllabus of 2EC42 subject offered at Birla Vishvakarma Mahavidyalaya, Engineering Autonomous Institution.
This presentation summarize the analysis that how the differentiate the normal(healthy) and unhealthy(abnormal) bio-medical signal.This presentation includes ecg,emg and eeg analysis. For sound files, follow the link mentioned at the reference slide and you can download them easily.
Discussion of Bioelectrodes, types of electrodes, their materials, bio potentials and their electrodes used. Special electrodes and their designs are discussed.
A Bioamplifier is an electrophysiological device, a variation of the instrumentation amplifier, used to gather and increase the signal integrity of physiologic electrical activity for output to various sources. It may be an independent unit, or integrated into the electrodes.
1.Bioelectric signals and their characteristics
2.Structure of heart
3.ECG Lead System Configuration
4.ECG Waveform
5.ECG Recording system – Block diagram
6.Analysis of ECG waveform
Topic 1 introduction of biomedical instrumentationGhansyam Rathod
Basic Description of the Biomedical Instrumentation subject and basics of the physiological system of human body discussed as per the syllabus of 2EC42 subject offered at Birla Vishvakarma Mahavidyalaya, Engineering Autonomous Institution.
Textile application in bio-potential recording used for medicinal purposes: a...ijceronline
Bio-potential signals in the form of eeg and ecg are the two critical health indicators that are directly suited for long-term monitoring using bio-sensors. The conventional wet adhesive ag/agcl electrodes are the most commonly and commercially used in clinical applications today for these purposes. They provide an excellent signal but are cumbersome and irritating while operated with gels, adhesives and even causes certain skin problems when come in direct contact with the outer dry layer of skin. Invention of textile electrode is the outcome of the search for suitable option for this classical technique. Various textile structured electrodes developed in the course have shown a bright sign of improvement in work practices. Successful development and commercialization of an interactive textile based bio-potential device can leave a profound influence on health monitoring system in the society. This paper extends platform for the critical theoretical review of overall developments took place in textile structured electrodes used for long term monitoring of cardiac issues.
Learn about the three most widely used electronic componentsexpess-technology
Electronic components come in different types of shapes and designs. All of these components have a unique and specific functionality. Each of them has their own importance and without even one of them, a circuit won’t function in a proper manner.
PRINCIPLES OF Electrosurgery
Electrosurgery is the application of a high- frequency electric current to biological tissue to cut, coagulate, desiccate, or fulgurate tissue.
PRINCIPLE
• Understanding the principles of electricity is a strong foundation for best practices in electro surgical patient care.
• Electrosurgical equipment and accessories facilitate the passage of high frequency oscillating electric currents through tissue between two electrodes to fulgurate desiccate or cut tissue.
MONOPOLAR
Active electrode at surgical site.
Return electrode at another site.
Current flows through the body.
Tissue effect takes place at a single active electrode and is dispersed (circuit completed) by a patient return electrode.
BIPOLAR
Active and return electrodes within the instrument.
Current flows confined to tissue between electrodes.
Current flows are limited and contained in the vicinity of the two electrodes.
As current passes through the tissue from one electrode to the other the tissue is desiccated and the resistance increases, as resistance increases current flow decreases.
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Le nuove frontiere dell'AI nell'RPA con UiPath Autopilot™UiPathCommunity
In questo evento online gratuito, organizzato dalla Community Italiana di UiPath, potrai esplorare le nuove funzionalità di Autopilot, il tool che integra l'Intelligenza Artificiale nei processi di sviluppo e utilizzo delle Automazioni.
📕 Vedremo insieme alcuni esempi dell'utilizzo di Autopilot in diversi tool della Suite UiPath:
Autopilot per Studio Web
Autopilot per Studio
Autopilot per Apps
Clipboard AI
GenAI applicata alla Document Understanding
👨🏫👨💻 Speakers:
Stefano Negro, UiPath MVPx3, RPA Tech Lead @ BSP Consultant
Flavio Martinelli, UiPath MVP 2023, Technical Account Manager @UiPath
Andrei Tasca, RPA Solutions Team Lead @NTT Data
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
2. Purpose of a bioelectrode
A bioelectrode is a conductor that is designed to serve as an interface
between biological structures and electronic systems.
Its function is to either sense and measure (passive) the electrical activity
within the biological structure or stimulate (active) it by inducing external
electrical potential.
Depending upon the purpose, the same electrode may perform either the
passive or active function
03-12-2020 2
3. Principal
The size of bioelectrodes generally ranges from microscopic intracellular
research electrodes (microelectrodes) to large (8–12 cm) defibrillation
paddles.
Electrocardiography is the process of recording the electrical activity of
the heart over a period of time using metallic electrodes placed on a
patient’s body. The electrical activity generated by the heart within the
body is conducted to the surface of the body through the body tissues,
reaches the electrodes through the skin electrode transition, and is then
conducted by direct wire connection to the input circuit of the recording
machine.
03-12-2020 3
4. Contact Impendence
The impedance at the electrode–skin junction comes in the overall
circuitry of the recording machine and, therefore, has significant effect on
the final record.
Skin electrode impedance is known as the contact impedance.
So we need to minimize this contact impendence.
Electrolytic gels are used to minimize this
03-12-2020 4
5. The most commonly used electrodes in patient monitoring and routine
recording of ECG are surface electrodes.
The surface electrodes are available both as reusable and disposable
electrodes.
Important Characteristic: These electrodes should not polarize.
To overcome this polarization problem Silver/Silver Chloride are used to
make the electrodes.
Another problem to overcame: half-cell potential.
03-12-2020 5
Types of ECG Electrodes
6. Reusable ECG Electrodes
Properties
1. Can be used for several years
2. Can be used multiple times
3. Made of German silver
4. Takes about 5-10 minutes for recording ECG
5. Requires up to 10 electrodes
03-12-2020 6
7. 1. Plate Electrode
03-12-2020 7
• Used for routinely recording ECG.
• They can be rectangular or circular.
• They are used on the limbs only and are placed on all the four limbs.
• A conductive gel is required for them to work properly by reducing the
contact impendence.
• They show a contact impendence of 2-5 kΩ when measured at 10 Hz.
• Also called limb electrodes.
• Usually they have a size of 3 x 5 cm
• These are preferred for use during surgery.
8. 2. Clamp Electrodes
•They are the modern version of
the limb plate electrode.
•They have a continent spring
clip mechanism.
•They have a dimension of 3cm x
8cm which provide 24 cm2 area
to maximize the contact.
•They also require electrode gel.
03-12-2020 8
9. 3. Welsh Electrode
Also known as the cup electrode.
Used for recording ECG from various position on the chest.
Commonly used to record the unipolar chest leads.
Consists of a hollow, metallic, cylindrical electrode that makes contact with the
skin at its base.
It has a high contact impedance.
Can be used anywhere on the chest even on hairy subjects.
The cup electrode has been popular for its practicality, being easily attachable
to fleshy parts of the body.
03-12-2020 9
10. Disposable ECG Electrodes
Designed to overcome the problems during prolonged application.
They are flexible and more comfortable to wear.
They have integrated gel
They have Ag-/AgCl-plated plastic eyelets, and the leads are connected to the
electrodes via snap fastener studs.
high-absorbency buffer layer with isotonic electrolyte.
03-12-2020 10
Various biological structures generate electrical currents that give rise to potential differences. These potentials can be measured using bioelectrodes that can give an insight in the functioning of the biological structure.
Electrocardiograph (ECG) electrodes are one type of bioelectrodes that are used to pick up electrical potentials generated by the pumping action of the heart from the surface of the skin.
ECG electrodes are available in different shapes and sizes and are made up of different materials depending upon the different clinical applications such as routine ECG recording, ambulatory ECG, intensive care units (ICUs), etc.
Electrodes make a transfer from the ionic conduction in the tissue to the electronic conduction, which is necessary for making measurements. Therefore, a bioelectrode
is generally considered as a transducer that converts ionic current into electronic current or vice versa.
When the surface electrode pick up the potential difference from the tissue surface placed over it without damaging.
and is of a value much greater than the electrical impedance of the body tissue as measured beneath the skin.
The outer horny layer (Stratum corneum) of the skin is responsible for the bulk of the skin contact impedance and, therefore, a careful skin preparation is essential in order to obtain best results when using ECG electrodes
This gel contains Ca+ ions which increases the conductivity
This means that the electrode potential must not vary considerably even when current is passed through them.
By properly preparing and selecting the electrodes, pairs have been produced with potential differences between them of only fractions of a millivolt.
In addition, there is an uneven distribution of cations and anions at the electrodes, which gives rise to a small voltage called half-cell potential associated with the current. The difference between the half-cell potential and the zero potential is known as the DC offset, which is an undesirable characteristic
German Silver: which is an alloy of zinc, copper, and nickel
An elastic rubber strap is used to hold the electrode in position
Limb electrodes are generally preferred for use during surgery because the patient’s- limbs are relatively immobile. Moreover, chest electrodes cannot be used as they would interfere with the surgery.
have a convenient spring clip mechanism, which dispenses wit the need for the rubber strap.
It has a high contact impedance as only the rim of the electrode is in contact with the skin
A single electrode can, if necessary, be used to take a measurement at a given location and then moved to another site.
However, the weight and bulk of the electrode generally rules out its use on upright, ambulatory, or clothed subjects. They are, therefore, now being gradually replaced with disposal electrodes, as they are liable to infection due to inadequate cleaning procedures
Electrodes, which are employed in stress testing or long-term monitoring, present additional problems because of the severe stresses, perspiration, and major body movement
encountered in such studies. This necessitates both design considerations and application techniques of electrodes to prevent random noise on the baseline and baseline wandering
on the ECG record.
They are very handy because of integrated gel and adhere very well to the contours of the skin.
The main design feature of these electrodes, which helps in reducing the possibility of artefacts, drift, and baseline wandering is the provision of a high-absorbency buffer layer with isotonic electrolyte.
In construction, the electrode has a small retaining ring or plastic cup that is held in place by means of a surrounding disk of adhesive foam as shown in Figure 33.4. The plastic cup holds the gel-impregnated sponge in place and stops the gel from spreading beyond the defined boundary during storage or use on the patient. The plastic eyelet has a diameter of 0.5–1.5 cm and is electroplated with silver up to a thickness of 10 mm. The rigid retaining ring is, however, uncomfortable as it does not allow the electrode to conform optimally to body contours. The rigid ring is now removed in many modern disposable electrodes and replaced with a recess formed by a hole in the adhesive foam layer. The backing label serves to hold the snap and eyelet in place as well as to present the company’s logo. The main design feature of these electrodes, which helps in reducing the possibility of artefacts, drift, and baseline wandering is the provision of a high-absorbency buffer layer with isotonic electrolyte. This layer absorbs the effects of movement of the electrode in relationship to the skin and attempts to maintain the polarization associated with the half-cell potential constant.