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Biopotential electrodes

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Dr INBAMALAR T M
Dr INBAMALAR T M

Biopotential electrodes, Micro electrodes, Surface electrodes, Needle electrodes

Health & Medicine
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BIOPOTENTIAL ELECTRODESBIOPOTENTIAL ELECTRODESBIOPOTENTIAL ELECTRODESBIOPOTENTIAL ELECTRODES Dr T M INBAMALAR M.E. Ph DDr T M INBAMALAR M.E. Ph DDr T M INBAMALAR M.E. Ph DDr T M INBAMALAR M.E. Ph D PROFESSOR/ECEPROFESSOR/ECEPROFESSOR/ECEPROFESSOR/ECE RMK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGYRMK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGYRMK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGYRMK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
BiopotentialBiopotentialBiopotentialBiopotential ElectrodesElectrodesElectrodesElectrodes •BiopotentialBiopotentialBiopotentialBiopotential electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodes havehavehavehave thethethethe metalmetalmetalmetal – electrolyteelectrolyteelectrolyteelectrolyte interfaceinterfaceinterfaceinterface •AnAnAnAn electrodeelectrodeelectrodeelectrode potentialpotentialpotentialpotential isisisis developeddevelopeddevelopeddeveloped acrossacrossacrossacross thethethethe interfaceinterfaceinterfaceinterface proportionalproportionalproportionalproportional totototo thethethethe exchangeexchangeexchangeexchange ofofofof ionsionsionsions betweenbetweenbetweenbetween thethethethe metalmetalmetalmetal andandandand thethethethe electrolyteselectrolyteselectrolyteselectrolytes ofofofof thethethethe bodybodybodybody •MeasurementMeasurementMeasurementMeasurement ofofofof bioelectricbioelectricbioelectricbioelectric potentialspotentialspotentialspotentials requiresrequiresrequiresrequires twotwotwotwo electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodes •TheTheTheThe voltagevoltagevoltagevoltage measuredmeasuredmeasuredmeasured isisisis thethethethe differencedifferencedifferencedifference betweenbetweenbetweenbetween thethethethe instantaneousinstantaneousinstantaneousinstantaneous potentialspotentialspotentialspotentials ofofofof thethethethe twotwotwotwo electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodes
Equivalent Circuit for aEquivalent Circuit for aEquivalent Circuit for aEquivalent Circuit for a BiopotentialBiopotentialBiopotentialBiopotential ElectrodeElectrodeElectrodeElectrode
DrawbacksDrawbacksDrawbacksDrawbacks •ElectrodeElectrodeElectrodeElectrode offsetoffsetoffsetoffset voltagevoltagevoltagevoltage ---- DifferenceDifferenceDifferenceDifference inininin electrodeelectrodeelectrodeelectrode potentialpotentialpotentialpotential becausebecausebecausebecause ofofofof usingusingusingusing twotwotwotwo differentdifferentdifferentdifferent electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodes •NoiseNoiseNoiseNoise – VoltageVoltageVoltageVoltage fluctuationsfluctuationsfluctuationsfluctuations becausebecausebecausebecause ofofofof chemicalchemicalchemicalchemical activityactivityactivityactivity withinwithinwithinwithin anananan electrodeelectrodeelectrodeelectrode.... NoiseNoiseNoiseNoise cancancancan bebebebe minimizedminimizedminimizedminimized bybybyby usingusingusingusing Ag/Ag/Ag/Ag/AgClAgClAgClAgCl ElectrodeElectrodeElectrodeElectrode •ImpedanceImpedanceImpedanceImpedance notnotnotnot constantconstantconstantconstant ---- frequencyfrequencyfrequencyfrequency dependantdependantdependantdependant duedueduedue totototo effecteffecteffecteffect ofofofof capacitancecapacitancecapacitancecapacitance •PolarizationPolarizationPolarizationPolarization – ResultResultResultResult ofofofof directdirectdirectdirect currentcurrentcurrentcurrent passingpassingpassingpassing throughthroughthroughthrough metalmetalmetalmetal /electrolyte/electrolyte/electrolyte/electrolyte interfaceinterfaceinterfaceinterface
Electrodes TypesElectrodes TypesElectrodes TypesElectrodes Types • MicroelectrodesMicroelectrodesMicroelectrodesMicroelectrodes • Metal Micro electrodesMetal Micro electrodesMetal Micro electrodesMetal Micro electrodes • Non metallic or MicropipetteNon metallic or MicropipetteNon metallic or MicropipetteNon metallic or Micropipette • Surface Electrodes or Body surface Electrodes or skin surfaceSurface Electrodes or Body surface Electrodes or skin surfaceSurface Electrodes or Body surface Electrodes or skin surfaceSurface Electrodes or Body surface Electrodes or skin surface ElectrodesElectrodesElectrodesElectrodes • Immersion ElectrodesImmersion ElectrodesImmersion ElectrodesImmersion Electrodes• Immersion ElectrodesImmersion ElectrodesImmersion ElectrodesImmersion Electrodes • Plate Electrode or Metal Plate ElectrodesPlate Electrode or Metal Plate ElectrodesPlate Electrode or Metal Plate ElectrodesPlate Electrode or Metal Plate Electrodes • Suction cup ElectrodesSuction cup ElectrodesSuction cup ElectrodesSuction cup Electrodes • Floating ElectrodesFloating ElectrodesFloating ElectrodesFloating Electrodes • Spray on ElectrodesSpray on ElectrodesSpray on ElectrodesSpray on Electrodes • Disposable ElectrodesDisposable ElectrodesDisposable ElectrodesDisposable Electrodes • Special ElectrodesSpecial ElectrodesSpecial ElectrodesSpecial Electrodes – EarEarEarEar----clip Electrode, EEG scalp surfaceclip Electrode, EEG scalp surfaceclip Electrode, EEG scalp surfaceclip Electrode, EEG scalp surface ElectrodeElectrodeElectrodeElectrode • Needle ElectrodeNeedle ElectrodeNeedle ElectrodeNeedle Electrode
MicroelectrodesMicroelectrodesMicroelectrodesMicroelectrodes •MicroelectrodesMicroelectrodesMicroelectrodesMicroelectrodes areareareare electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodes withwithwithwith tipstipstipstips sufficientlysufficientlysufficientlysufficiently smallsmallsmallsmall totototo penetratepenetratepenetratepenetrate aaaa singlesinglesinglesingle cellcellcellcell inininin orderorderorderorder totototo obtainobtainobtainobtain readingsreadingsreadingsreadings fromfromfromfrom withinwithinwithinwithin thethethethe cellcellcellcell •TheTheTheThe tiptiptiptip mustmustmustmust bebebebe smallsmallsmallsmall enoughenoughenoughenough totototo permitpermitpermitpermit penetrationpenetrationpenetrationpenetration withoutwithoutwithoutwithout damagingdamagingdamagingdamaging thethethethe cellcellcellcell •ThisThisThisThis actionactionactionaction isisisis usuallyusuallyusuallyusually complicatedcomplicatedcomplicatedcomplicated bybybyby thethethethe difficultydifficultydifficultydifficulty ofofofof•ThisThisThisThis actionactionactionaction isisisis usuallyusuallyusuallyusually complicatedcomplicatedcomplicatedcomplicated bybybyby thethethethe difficultydifficultydifficultydifficulty ofofofof accuratelyaccuratelyaccuratelyaccurately positioningpositioningpositioningpositioning anananan electrodeelectrodeelectrodeelectrode withwithwithwith respectrespectrespectrespect totototo aaaa cellcellcellcell •TwoTwoTwoTwo typestypestypestypes •Metal Micro electrodesMetal Micro electrodesMetal Micro electrodesMetal Micro electrodes •MicropipetteMicropipetteMicropipetteMicropipette
Metal Micro electrodesMetal Micro electrodesMetal Micro electrodesMetal Micro electrodes
Metal Micro electrodesMetal Micro electrodesMetal Micro electrodesMetal Micro electrodes •TheTheTheThe tungstentungstentungstentungsten filamentfilamentfilamentfilament orororor stainlessstainlessstainlessstainless steelsteelsteelsteel wirewirewirewire mademademademade intointointointo minuteminuteminuteminute structurestructurestructurestructure formsformsformsforms thethethethe tiptiptiptip ofofofof thethethethe microelectrodemicroelectrodemicroelectrodemicroelectrode.... •ThisThisThisThis techniquetechniquetechniquetechnique isisisis electropointingelectropointingelectropointingelectropointing.... •TheTheTheThe insulatinginsulatinginsulatinginsulating materialmaterialmaterialmaterial coverscoverscoverscovers thethethethe entireentireentireentire electrodeelectrodeelectrodeelectrode forforforfor safetysafetysafetysafety purposepurposepurposepurpose.... •FewFewFewFew electrolyticelectrolyticelectrolyticelectrolytic processingprocessingprocessingprocessing isisisis donedonedonedone totototo reducereducereducereduce thethethethe•FewFewFewFew electrolyticelectrolyticelectrolyticelectrolytic processingprocessingprocessingprocessing isisisis donedonedonedone totototo reducereducereducereduce thethethethe impedanceimpedanceimpedanceimpedance.... •MeasurementMeasurementMeasurementMeasurement ofofofof bioelectricbioelectricbioelectricbioelectric potentialspotentialspotentialspotentials requiresrequiresrequiresrequires twotwotwotwo electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodes.... •ResultingResultingResultingResulting voltagevoltagevoltagevoltage potentialpotentialpotentialpotential isisisis thethethethe differencedifferencedifferencedifference betweenbetweenbetweenbetween potentialpotentialpotentialpotential ofofofof microelectrodemicroelectrodemicroelectrodemicroelectrode andandandand referencereferencereferencereference electrodeelectrodeelectrodeelectrode....
Metal Micro electrodesMetal Micro electrodesMetal Micro electrodesMetal Micro electrodes
Non metallic or MicropipetteNon metallic or MicropipetteNon metallic or MicropipetteNon metallic or Micropipette ElectrodeElectrodeElectrodeElectrode •TheTheTheThe micropipettemicropipettemicropipettemicropipette typetypetypetype ofofofof microelectrodemicroelectrodemicroelectrodemicroelectrode isisisis aaaa glassglassglassglass micropipettemicropipettemicropipettemicropipette withwithwithwith itsitsitsits tiptiptiptip drawndrawndrawndrawn outoutoutout totototo thethethethe desireddesireddesireddesired sizesizesizesize.... •ItItItIt consistsconsistsconsistsconsists ofofofof glassglassglassglass micropipettemicropipettemicropipettemicropipette ofofofof diameterdiameterdiameterdiameter 1111 micrometermicrometermicrometermicrometer.... •TheTheTheThe micropipettemicropipettemicropipettemicropipette isisisis filledfilledfilledfilled withwithwithwith anananan electrolyteelectrolyteelectrolyteelectrolyte whichwhichwhichwhich shouldshouldshouldshould bebebebe compatiblecompatiblecompatiblecompatible withwithwithwith thethethethe cellularcellularcellularcellular fluidsfluidsfluidsfluids.... •StemStemStemStem ofofofof MicropipetMicropipetMicropipetMicropipet hashashashas aaaa thinthinthinthin flexibleflexibleflexibleflexible wirewirewirewire mademademademade outoutoutout ofofofof•StemStemStemStem ofofofof MicropipetMicropipetMicropipetMicropipet hashashashas aaaa thinthinthinthin flexibleflexibleflexibleflexible wirewirewirewire mademademademade outoutoutout ofofofof chloridechloridechloridechloride silver,silver,silver,silver, stainlessstainlessstainlessstainless steelsteelsteelsteel orororor tungstentungstentungstentungsten.... •OneOneOneOne endendendend ofofofof thethethethe MicropipetMicropipetMicropipetMicropipet attachesattachesattachesattaches totototo thethethethe rigidrigidrigidrigid supportsupportsupportsupport andandandand otherotherotherother freefreefreefree endendendend restsrestsrestsrests onononon thethethethe cellcellcellcell.... •AAAA micropipettemicropipettemicropipettemicropipette isisisis aaaa smallsmallsmallsmall andandandand extremelyextremelyextremelyextremely finefinefinefine pointedpointedpointedpointed pipettepipettepipettepipette usedusedusedused inininin makingmakingmakingmaking microinjectionsmicroinjectionsmicroinjectionsmicroinjections....
Non metallic or Micropipette ElectrodeNon metallic or Micropipette ElectrodeNon metallic or Micropipette ElectrodeNon metallic or Micropipette Electrode
Surface Electrodes or Body surfaceSurface Electrodes or Body surfaceSurface Electrodes or Body surfaceSurface Electrodes or Body surface Electrodes or skin surface ElectrodesElectrodes or skin surface ElectrodesElectrodes or skin surface ElectrodesElectrodes or skin surface Electrodes •SurfaceSurfaceSurfaceSurface electrodeelectrodeelectrodeelectrode measuresmeasuresmeasuresmeasures thethethethe potentialpotentialpotentialpotential availableavailableavailableavailable fromfromfromfrom thethethethe surfacesurfacesurfacesurface ofofofof thethethethe skinskinskinskin.... •BodyBodyBodyBody surfacesurfacesurfacesurface electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodes areareareare ofofofof manymanymanymany sizessizessizessizes andandandand typestypestypestypes.... •ItItItIt sensessensessensessenses thethethethe signalsignalsignalsignal fromfromfromfrom heart,heart,heart,heart, brainbrainbrainbrain andandandand nervesnervesnervesnerves....•ItItItIt sensessensessensessenses thethethethe signalsignalsignalsignal fromfromfromfrom heart,heart,heart,heart, brainbrainbrainbrain andandandand nervesnervesnervesnerves.... •AnyAnyAnyAny surfacesurfacesurfacesurface electrodeelectrodeelectrodeelectrode cancancancan bebebebe usedusedusedused totototo sensesensesensesense ECG,ECG,ECG,ECG, EEG,EEG,EEG,EEG, EMGEMGEMGEMG etcetcetcetc.... •LargerLargerLargerLarger surfacesurfacesurfacesurface electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodes sensesensesensesense thethethethe ECGECGECGECG signalssignalssignalssignals.... •SmallerSmallerSmallerSmaller surfacesurfacesurfacesurface electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodes sensesensesensesense thethethethe EMGEMGEMGEMG andandandand EEGEEGEEGEEG signalssignalssignalssignals....
Types of surface electrodesTypes of surface electrodesTypes of surface electrodesTypes of surface electrodes •The types of surface electrodes are as followsThe types of surface electrodes are as followsThe types of surface electrodes are as followsThe types of surface electrodes are as follows •Immersion ElectrodesImmersion ElectrodesImmersion ElectrodesImmersion Electrodes •Plate Electrode or Metal Plate ElectrodesPlate Electrode or Metal Plate ElectrodesPlate Electrode or Metal Plate ElectrodesPlate Electrode or Metal Plate Electrodes •Suction cup ElectrodesSuction cup ElectrodesSuction cup ElectrodesSuction cup Electrodes •Floating ElectrodesFloating ElectrodesFloating ElectrodesFloating Electrodes •Spray on ElectrodesSpray on ElectrodesSpray on ElectrodesSpray on Electrodes •Disposable ElectrodesDisposable ElectrodesDisposable ElectrodesDisposable Electrodes •Special ElectrodesSpecial ElectrodesSpecial ElectrodesSpecial Electrodes – EarEarEarEar----clip Electrode, EEGclip Electrode, EEGclip Electrode, EEGclip Electrode, EEG scalp surface Electrodescalp surface Electrodescalp surface Electrodescalp surface Electrode
Immersion ElectrodesImmersion ElectrodesImmersion ElectrodesImmersion Electrodes •TheyTheyTheyThey areareareare oneoneoneone ofofofof thethethethe firstfirstfirstfirst typetypetypetype ofofofof bioelectricbioelectricbioelectricbioelectric measuringmeasuringmeasuringmeasuring electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodes.... •ImmersionImmersionImmersionImmersion electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodes werewerewerewere simplysimplysimplysimply bucketsbucketsbucketsbuckets ofofofof salinesalinesalinesaline solutionsolutionsolutionsolution inininin whichwhichwhichwhich thethethethe subjectsubjectsubjectsubject placedplacedplacedplaced hishishishis handshandshandshands andandandand feetfeetfeetfeet....hishishishis handshandshandshands andandandand feetfeetfeetfeet.... •SoSoSoSo itititit waswaswaswas notnotnotnot aaaa comfortablecomfortablecomfortablecomfortable typetypetypetype ofofofof measurementmeasurementmeasurementmeasurement andandandand hencehencehencehence itititit waswaswaswas replacedreplacedreplacedreplaced withwithwithwith plateplateplateplate electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodes....
Immersion ElectrodesImmersion ElectrodesImmersion ElectrodesImmersion Electrodes
Plate or Metal plate ElectrodesPlate or Metal plate ElectrodesPlate or Metal plate ElectrodesPlate or Metal plate Electrodes •TheseTheseTheseThese electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodes werewerewerewere separatedseparatedseparatedseparated fromfromfromfrom subjectsubjectsubjectsubject’ssss skinskinskinskin bybybyby cottoncottoncottoncotton padspadspadspads sockedsockedsockedsocked inininin aaaa strongstrongstrongstrong salinesalinesalinesaline solutionsolutionsolutionsolution.... •TheTheTheThe plateplateplateplate electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodes havehavehavehave generallygenerallygenerallygenerally smallersmallersmallersmaller contactcontactcontactcontact areaareaareaarea andandandand theytheytheythey dodododo notnotnotnot totallytotallytotallytotally sealsealsealseal onononon thethethethe patientpatientpatientpatient.... •TheTheTheThe electrodeelectrodeelectrodeelectrode slippageslippageslippageslippage andandandand displacementdisplacementdisplacementdisplacement ofofofof platesplatesplatesplates werewerewerewere thethethethe majormajormajormajor difficultiesdifficultiesdifficultiesdifficulties facedfacedfacedfaced bybybyby thesethesethesethese typetypetypetype ofofofof electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodesmajormajormajormajor difficultiesdifficultiesdifficultiesdifficulties facedfacedfacedfaced bybybyby thesethesethesethese typetypetypetype ofofofof electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodes becausebecausebecausebecause theytheytheythey havehavehavehave aaaa tendencytendencytendencytendency totototo loseloseloselose theirtheirtheirtheir adhesiveadhesiveadhesiveadhesive abilityabilityabilityability asasasas aaaa resultresultresultresult ofofofof contactcontactcontactcontact withwithwithwith fluidsfluidsfluidsfluids onononon orororor nearnearnearnear thethethethe patientpatientpatientpatient.... •SinceSinceSinceSince thesethesethesethese typestypestypestypes ofofofof electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodes werewerewerewere veryveryveryvery sensitive,sensitive,sensitive,sensitive, itititit ledledledled totototo measurementmeasurementmeasurementmeasurement errorserrorserrorserrors.
Metal plate ElectrodesMetal plate ElectrodesMetal plate ElectrodesMetal plate Electrodes
Suction Cup Electrodes or Welsh Cup ElectrodesSuction Cup Electrodes or Welsh Cup ElectrodesSuction Cup Electrodes or Welsh Cup ElectrodesSuction Cup Electrodes or Welsh Cup Electrodes • TheseTheseTheseThese typetypetypetype ofofofof electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodes areareareare wellwellwellwell suitedsuitedsuitedsuited forforforfor thethethethe attachmentattachmentattachmentattachment totototo flatflatflatflat surfacessurfacessurfacessurfaces ofofofof bodybodybodybody andandandand totototo regionsregionsregionsregions wherewherewherewhere thethethethe underlyingunderlyingunderlyingunderlying tissuetissuetissuetissue isisisis soft,soft,soft,soft, duedueduedue totototo thethethethe presencepresencepresencepresence ofofofof contactcontactcontactcontact surfacesurfacesurfacesurface.... • AnAnAnAn advantageadvantageadvantageadvantage ofofofof thesethesethesethese typetypetypetype ofofofof electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodes isisisis thatthatthatthat itititit hashashashas aaaa smallsmallsmallsmall surfacesurfacesurfacesurface areaareaareaarea.... • TheseTheseTheseThese typestypestypestypes ofofofof electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodes areareareare mainlymainlymainlymainly usedusedusedused forforforfor thethethethe measurementmeasurementmeasurementmeasurement ofofofof ECGECGECGECG fromfromfromfrom variousvariousvariousvarious positionspositionspositionspositions onononon thethethethe chestchestchestchest....ECGECGECGECG fromfromfromfrom variousvariousvariousvarious positionspositionspositionspositions onononon thethethethe chestchestchestchest.... • TheyTheyTheyThey havehavehavehave aaaa plasticplasticplasticplastic syringesyringesyringesyringe barrel,barrel,barrel,barrel, suctionsuctionsuctionsuction tubetubetubetube andandandand cablescablescablescables.... • TheyTheyTheyThey havehavehavehave aaaa goodgoodgoodgood contactcontactcontactcontact surfacesurfacesurfacesurface.... • PhysicallyPhysicallyPhysicallyPhysically theytheytheythey areareareare largelargelargelarge butbutbutbut thethethethe skinskinskinskin contactscontactscontactscontacts onlyonlyonlyonly thethethethe electrodeelectrodeelectrodeelectrode rimrimrimrim.... • ItItItIt hashashashas highhighhighhigh contactcontactcontactcontact impedanceimpedanceimpedanceimpedance.... • Recently,Recently,Recently,Recently, duedueduedue totototo infectioninfectioninfectioninfection andandandand cleaningcleaningcleaningcleaning procedures,procedures,procedures,procedures, thesethesethesethese electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodes areareareare notnotnotnot usedusedusedused....
Suction Cup Electrodes or Welsh Cup ElectrodesSuction Cup Electrodes or Welsh Cup ElectrodesSuction Cup Electrodes or Welsh Cup ElectrodesSuction Cup Electrodes or Welsh Cup Electrodes
Suction Cup Electrodes or Welsh CupSuction Cup Electrodes or Welsh CupSuction Cup Electrodes or Welsh CupSuction Cup Electrodes or Welsh Cup ElectrodesElectrodesElectrodesElectrodes
Floating electrodesFloating electrodesFloating electrodesFloating electrodes •MotionMotionMotionMotion artifactartifactartifactartifact occursoccursoccursoccurs duedueduedue totototo thethethethe motionmotionmotionmotion atatatat thethethethe interfaceinterfaceinterfaceinterface betweenbetweenbetweenbetween electrodeelectrodeelectrodeelectrode andandandand electrolyteelectrolyteelectrolyteelectrolyte.... •TheseTheseTheseThese typestypestypestypes ofofofof electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodes cancancancan eliminateeliminateeliminateeliminate thethethethe movementmovementmovementmovement errorserrorserrorserrors (called(called(called(called artifacts)artifacts)artifacts)artifacts) whichwhichwhichwhich isisisis aaaa mainmainmainmain problemproblemproblemproblem withwithwithwith plateplateplateplate electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodes.... •ThisThisThisThis isisisis donedonedonedone bybybyby avoidingavoidingavoidingavoiding anyanyanyany directdirectdirectdirect contactcontactcontactcontact ofofofof thethethethe metalmetalmetalmetal•ThisThisThisThis isisisis donedonedonedone bybybyby avoidingavoidingavoidingavoiding anyanyanyany directdirectdirectdirect contactcontactcontactcontact ofofofof thethethethe metalmetalmetalmetal withwithwithwith thethethethe skinskinskinskin.... •HereHereHereHere thethethethe conductiveconductiveconductiveconductive pathpathpathpath betweenbetweenbetweenbetween thethethethe metalmetalmetalmetal andandandand thethethethe skinskinskinskin isisisis thethethethe electrolyteelectrolyteelectrolyteelectrolyte pastepastepastepaste orororor jellyjellyjellyjelly.... •TheTheTheThe advantageadvantageadvantageadvantage ofofofof thisthisthisthis typetypetypetype isisisis thethethethe mechanicalmechanicalmechanicalmechanical stabilitystabilitystabilitystability.
Floating electrodesFloating electrodesFloating electrodesFloating electrodes
Floating electrodesFloating electrodesFloating electrodesFloating electrodes
Floating electrodesFloating electrodesFloating electrodesFloating electrodes
Spray on electrodesSpray on electrodesSpray on electrodesSpray on electrodes •ProblemsProblemsProblemsProblems encounteredencounteredencounteredencountered inininin ECGECGECGECG ofofofof astronautsastronautsastronautsastronauts duedueduedue totototo movementmovementmovementmovement •AAAA smallsmallsmallsmall spotspotspotspot ofofofof conductiveconductiveconductiveconductive adhesiveadhesiveadhesiveadhesive isisisis sprayedsprayedsprayedsprayed orororor paintedpaintedpaintedpainted overoveroverover thethethethe skinskinskinskin whichwhichwhichwhich hadhadhadhad previouslypreviouslypreviouslypreviously beenbeenbeenbeen treatedtreatedtreatedtreated withwithwithwith electrolyteelectrolyteelectrolyteelectrolytepreviouslypreviouslypreviouslypreviously beenbeenbeenbeen treatedtreatedtreatedtreated withwithwithwith electrolyteelectrolyteelectrolyteelectrolyte coatingcoatingcoatingcoating
Disposable electrodesDisposable electrodesDisposable electrodesDisposable electrodes •NormallyNormallyNormallyNormally plateplateplateplate electrodes,electrodes,electrodes,electrodes, floatingfloatingfloatingfloating electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodes etcetcetcetc cancancancan bebebebe usedusedusedused moremoremoremore thanthanthanthan oneoneoneone timetimetimetime.... •ThisThisThisThis requiresrequiresrequiresrequires thethethethe cleaningcleaningcleaningcleaning andandandand carescarescarescares afterafterafterafter eacheacheacheach useuseuseuse.... •WeWeWeWe cancancancan useuseuseuse disposabledisposabledisposabledisposable electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodes whichwhichwhichwhich cancancancan bebebebe usedusedusedused•WeWeWeWe cancancancan useuseuseuse disposabledisposabledisposabledisposable electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodes whichwhichwhichwhich cancancancan bebebebe usedusedusedused onlyonlyonlyonly onceonceonceonce andandandand bebebebe disposeddisposeddisposeddisposed afterafterafterafter thethethethe useuseuseuse.... •TheseTheseTheseThese typestypestypestypes ofofofof electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodes areareareare nownownownow widelywidelywidelywidely usedusedusedused....
Disposable electrodesDisposable electrodesDisposable electrodesDisposable electrodes
Special ElectrodesSpecial ElectrodesSpecial ElectrodesSpecial Electrodes – EarEarEarEar----clip Electrode,clip Electrode,clip Electrode,clip Electrode, EEG scalp surface ElectrodeEEG scalp surface ElectrodeEEG scalp surface ElectrodeEEG scalp surface Electrode •TheseTheseTheseThese typetypetypetype ofofofof electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodes areareareare widelywidelywidelywidely usedusedusedused inininin thethethethe measurementmeasurementmeasurementmeasurement ofofofof EEGEEGEEGEEG exclusivelyexclusivelyexclusivelyexclusively.... •ScalpScalpScalpScalp electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodes cancancancan provideprovideprovideprovide EEGEEGEEGEEG easilyeasilyeasilyeasily bybybyby placingplacingplacingplacing itititit overoveroverover barebarebarebare headheadheadhead.... •TheTheTheThe mostmostmostmost commoncommoncommoncommon methodmethodmethodmethod forforforfor EEGEEGEEGEEG measurementmeasurementmeasurementmeasurement isisisis 10101010 – 20202020 electrodeelectrodeelectrodeelectrode placementplacementplacementplacement systemsystemsystemsystem andandandand herehereherehere wewewewe useuseuseuse scalpscalpscalpscalp electrodeelectrodeelectrodeelectrodeelectrodeelectrodeelectrodeelectrode placementplacementplacementplacement systemsystemsystemsystem andandandand herehereherehere wewewewe useuseuseuse scalpscalpscalpscalp electrodeelectrodeelectrodeelectrode usuallyusuallyusuallyusually.... •TheyTheyTheyThey cancancancan avoidavoidavoidavoid measurementmeasurementmeasurementmeasurement errorserrorserrorserrors andandandand movementmovementmovementmovement errorserrorserrorserrors.... • DuringDuringDuringDuring labourlabourlabourlabour internalinternalinternalinternal monitoringmonitoringmonitoringmonitoring maymaymaymay bebebebe neededneededneededneeded andandandand isisisis usuallyusuallyusuallyusually inininin thethethethe formformformform ofofofof anananan electrodeelectrodeelectrodeelectrode placedplacedplacedplaced underunderunderunder thethethethe babybabybabybaby’ssss scalpscalpscalpscalp.... •ItItItIt isisisis calledcalledcalledcalled fetalfetalfetalfetal scalpscalpscalpscalp electrodeelectrodeelectrodeelectrode whichwhichwhichwhich isisisis usedusedusedused totototo monitormonitormonitormonitor babybabybabybaby’ssss heartbeatheartbeatheartbeatheartbeat whilewhilewhilewhile stillstillstillstill inininin uterusuterusuterusuterus....
Special ElectrodesSpecial ElectrodesSpecial ElectrodesSpecial Electrodes – EarEarEarEar----clip Electrode, EEG scalpclip Electrode, EEG scalpclip Electrode, EEG scalpclip Electrode, EEG scalp surface Electrodesurface Electrodesurface Electrodesurface Electrode
Ear Clip ElectrodesEar Clip ElectrodesEar Clip ElectrodesEar Clip Electrodes
Needle ElectrodesNeedle ElectrodesNeedle ElectrodesNeedle Electrodes • ToToToTo reducereducereducereduce thethethethe interfaceinterfaceinterfaceinterface andandandand noisenoisenoisenoise (artifact)(artifact)(artifact)(artifact) causedcausedcausedcaused duedueduedue totototo electrodeelectrodeelectrodeelectrode movement,movement,movement,movement, duringduringduringduring thethethethe measurementmeasurementmeasurementmeasurement ofofofof EEG,EEG,EEG,EEG, EMGEMGEMGEMG etcetcetcetc wewewewe cancancancan useuseuseuse smallsmallsmallsmall subsubsubsub----dermaldermaldermaldermal needleneedleneedleneedle electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodes whichwhichwhichwhich penetratepenetratepenetratepenetrate thethethethe scalpscalpscalpscalp.... • ActuallyActuallyActuallyActually thethethethe needleneedleneedleneedle electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodes areareareare notnotnotnot insertedinsertedinsertedinserted intointointointo thethethethe brainbrainbrainbrain.... • TheyTheyTheyThey nearlynearlynearlynearly penetratepenetratepenetratepenetrate thethethethe skinskinskinskin.... • GenerallyGenerallyGenerallyGenerally theytheytheythey areareareare simplysimplysimplysimply insertedinsertedinsertedinserted throughthroughthroughthrough aaaa smallsmallsmallsmall sectionsectionsectionsection ofofofof thethethethe skinskinskinskin justjustjustjust beneathbeneathbeneathbeneath thethethethe skinskinskinskin parallelparallelparallelparallel totototo itititit....skinskinskinskin justjustjustjust beneathbeneathbeneathbeneath thethethethe skinskinskinskin parallelparallelparallelparallel totototo itititit.... • TheTheTheThe needleneedleneedleneedle electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodes forforforfor EMGEMGEMGEMG measurementmeasurementmeasurementmeasurement consistconsistconsistconsist ofofofof finefinefinefine insulatedinsulatedinsulatedinsulated wireswireswireswires placedplacedplacedplaced inininin suchsuchsuchsuch aaaa waywaywayway thatthatthatthat theirtheirtheirtheir tipstipstipstips areareareare inininin contactcontactcontactcontact withwithwithwith thethethethe muscle,muscle,muscle,muscle, nervenervenervenerve orororor otherotherotherother tissuestissuestissuestissues fromfromfromfrom whichwhichwhichwhich thethethethe measurementmeasurementmeasurementmeasurement isisisis mademademademade.... • TheTheTheThe needleneedleneedleneedle createscreatescreatescreates thethethethe holeholeholehole necessarynecessarynecessarynecessary forforforfor insertioninsertioninsertioninsertion andandandand thethethethe wireswireswireswires formingformingformingforming thethethethe electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodes areareareare carriedcarriedcarriedcarried insideinsideinsideinside itititit....
Needle ElectrodesNeedle ElectrodesNeedle ElectrodesNeedle Electrodes ---- EEG needle electrodeEEG needle electrodeEEG needle electrodeEEG needle electrode
Needle ElectrodesNeedle ElectrodesNeedle ElectrodesNeedle Electrodes ---- EEG needle electrodeEEG needle electrodeEEG needle electrodeEEG needle electrode
Needle ElectrodesNeedle ElectrodesNeedle ElectrodesNeedle Electrodes ---- EMG needle electrodeEMG needle electrodeEMG needle electrodeEMG needle electrode
Needle ElectrodesNeedle ElectrodesNeedle ElectrodesNeedle Electrodes TypesTypesTypesTypes TwoTwoTwoTwo typetypetypetype ofofofof needleneedleneedleneedle electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodes namelynamelynamelynamely •MonoMonoMonoMono----polarpolarpolarpolar ElectrodeElectrodeElectrodeElectrode:::: ThisThisThisThis typetypetypetype usesusesusesuses singlesinglesinglesingle referencereferencereferencereference electrodeelectrodeelectrodeelectrode placedplacedplacedplaced onononon thethethethe skinskinskinskin.... •BiBiBiBi----polarpolarpolarpolar ElectrodeElectrodeElectrodeElectrode:::: ThisThisThisThis typetypetypetype hashashashas oneoneoneone referencereferencereferencereference electrodeelectrodeelectrodeelectrode andandandand oneoneoneone activeactiveactiveactive electrodeelectrodeelectrodeelectrode.... ApplicationsApplicationsApplicationsApplications ofofofof NeedleNeedleNeedleNeedle ElectrodesElectrodesElectrodesElectrodesApplicationsApplicationsApplicationsApplications ofofofof NeedleNeedleNeedleNeedle ElectrodesElectrodesElectrodesElectrodes •OneOneOneOne ofofofof thethethethe mainmainmainmain advantageadvantageadvantageadvantage ofofofof needleneedleneedleneedle electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodes isisisis thatthatthatthat theytheytheythey areareareare lesslesslessless susceptiblesusceptiblesusceptiblesusceptible totototo movementmovementmovementmovement errorserrorserrorserrors thanthanthanthan surfacesurfacesurfacesurface electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodes.... • AlsoAlsoAlsoAlso thethethethe needleneedleneedleneedle electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodes havehavehavehave lowerlowerlowerlower impedancesimpedancesimpedancesimpedances whenwhenwhenwhen comparedcomparedcomparedcompared totototo surfacesurfacesurfacesurface electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodes asasasas itititit makesmakesmakesmakes directdirectdirectdirect contactcontactcontactcontact withwithwithwith thethethethe subsubsubsub---- dermaldermaldermaldermal tissuestissuestissuestissues orororor intracellularintracellularintracellularintracellular fluidfluidfluidfluid.... • ....
Properties of Bio ElectrodesProperties of Bio ElectrodesProperties of Bio ElectrodesProperties of Bio Electrodes • GoodGoodGoodGood conductorsconductorsconductorsconductors • LowLowLowLow impedanceimpedanceimpedanceimpedance • ShouldShouldShouldShould notnotnotnot polarizepolarizepolarizepolarize whenwhenwhenwhen aaaa currentcurrentcurrentcurrent flowsflowsflowsflows throughthroughthroughthrough themthemthemthem • ShouldShouldShouldShould establishestablishestablishestablish aaaa goodgoodgoodgood contactcontactcontactcontact withwithwithwith thethethethe bodybodybodybody andandandand notnotnotnot causecausecausecause motionmotionmotionmotion • ShouldShouldShouldShould notnotnotnot causecausecausecause itchingitchingitchingitching swellingswellingswellingswelling orororor discomfortdiscomfortdiscomfortdiscomfort totototo thethethethe patientpatientpatientpatient • MetalMetalMetalMetal shouldshouldshouldshould notnotnotnot bebebebe toxictoxictoxictoxic• MetalMetalMetalMetal shouldshouldshouldshould notnotnotnot bebebebe toxictoxictoxictoxic • MechanicallyMechanicallyMechanicallyMechanically ruggedruggedruggedrugged • EasyEasyEasyEasy totototo cleancleancleanclean
QUESTIONSQUESTIONSQUESTIONSQUESTIONS

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Biopotential electrodes

  • 1. BIOPOTENTIAL ELECTRODESBIOPOTENTIAL ELECTRODESBIOPOTENTIAL ELECTRODESBIOPOTENTIAL ELECTRODES Dr T M INBAMALAR M.E. Ph DDr T M INBAMALAR M.E. Ph DDr T M INBAMALAR M.E. Ph DDr T M INBAMALAR M.E. Ph D PROFESSOR/ECEPROFESSOR/ECEPROFESSOR/ECEPROFESSOR/ECE RMK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGYRMK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGYRMK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGYRMK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
  • 2. BiopotentialBiopotentialBiopotentialBiopotential ElectrodesElectrodesElectrodesElectrodes •BiopotentialBiopotentialBiopotentialBiopotential electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodes havehavehavehave thethethethe metalmetalmetalmetal – electrolyteelectrolyteelectrolyteelectrolyte interfaceinterfaceinterfaceinterface •AnAnAnAn electrodeelectrodeelectrodeelectrode potentialpotentialpotentialpotential isisisis developeddevelopeddevelopeddeveloped acrossacrossacrossacross thethethethe interfaceinterfaceinterfaceinterface proportionalproportionalproportionalproportional totototo thethethethe exchangeexchangeexchangeexchange ofofofof ionsionsionsions betweenbetweenbetweenbetween thethethethe metalmetalmetalmetal andandandand thethethethe electrolyteselectrolyteselectrolyteselectrolytes ofofofof thethethethe bodybodybodybody •MeasurementMeasurementMeasurementMeasurement ofofofof bioelectricbioelectricbioelectricbioelectric potentialspotentialspotentialspotentials requiresrequiresrequiresrequires twotwotwotwo electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodes •TheTheTheThe voltagevoltagevoltagevoltage measuredmeasuredmeasuredmeasured isisisis thethethethe differencedifferencedifferencedifference betweenbetweenbetweenbetween thethethethe instantaneousinstantaneousinstantaneousinstantaneous potentialspotentialspotentialspotentials ofofofof thethethethe twotwotwotwo electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodes
  • 3. Equivalent Circuit for aEquivalent Circuit for aEquivalent Circuit for aEquivalent Circuit for a BiopotentialBiopotentialBiopotentialBiopotential ElectrodeElectrodeElectrodeElectrode
  • 4. DrawbacksDrawbacksDrawbacksDrawbacks •ElectrodeElectrodeElectrodeElectrode offsetoffsetoffsetoffset voltagevoltagevoltagevoltage ---- DifferenceDifferenceDifferenceDifference inininin electrodeelectrodeelectrodeelectrode potentialpotentialpotentialpotential becausebecausebecausebecause ofofofof usingusingusingusing twotwotwotwo differentdifferentdifferentdifferent electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodes •NoiseNoiseNoiseNoise – VoltageVoltageVoltageVoltage fluctuationsfluctuationsfluctuationsfluctuations becausebecausebecausebecause ofofofof chemicalchemicalchemicalchemical activityactivityactivityactivity withinwithinwithinwithin anananan electrodeelectrodeelectrodeelectrode.... NoiseNoiseNoiseNoise cancancancan bebebebe minimizedminimizedminimizedminimized bybybyby usingusingusingusing Ag/Ag/Ag/Ag/AgClAgClAgClAgCl ElectrodeElectrodeElectrodeElectrode •ImpedanceImpedanceImpedanceImpedance notnotnotnot constantconstantconstantconstant ---- frequencyfrequencyfrequencyfrequency dependantdependantdependantdependant duedueduedue totototo effecteffecteffecteffect ofofofof capacitancecapacitancecapacitancecapacitance •PolarizationPolarizationPolarizationPolarization – ResultResultResultResult ofofofof directdirectdirectdirect currentcurrentcurrentcurrent passingpassingpassingpassing throughthroughthroughthrough metalmetalmetalmetal /electrolyte/electrolyte/electrolyte/electrolyte interfaceinterfaceinterfaceinterface
  • 5. Electrodes TypesElectrodes TypesElectrodes TypesElectrodes Types • MicroelectrodesMicroelectrodesMicroelectrodesMicroelectrodes • Metal Micro electrodesMetal Micro electrodesMetal Micro electrodesMetal Micro electrodes • Non metallic or MicropipetteNon metallic or MicropipetteNon metallic or MicropipetteNon metallic or Micropipette • Surface Electrodes or Body surface Electrodes or skin surfaceSurface Electrodes or Body surface Electrodes or skin surfaceSurface Electrodes or Body surface Electrodes or skin surfaceSurface Electrodes or Body surface Electrodes or skin surface ElectrodesElectrodesElectrodesElectrodes • Immersion ElectrodesImmersion ElectrodesImmersion ElectrodesImmersion Electrodes• Immersion ElectrodesImmersion ElectrodesImmersion ElectrodesImmersion Electrodes • Plate Electrode or Metal Plate ElectrodesPlate Electrode or Metal Plate ElectrodesPlate Electrode or Metal Plate ElectrodesPlate Electrode or Metal Plate Electrodes • Suction cup ElectrodesSuction cup ElectrodesSuction cup ElectrodesSuction cup Electrodes • Floating ElectrodesFloating ElectrodesFloating ElectrodesFloating Electrodes • Spray on ElectrodesSpray on ElectrodesSpray on ElectrodesSpray on Electrodes • Disposable ElectrodesDisposable ElectrodesDisposable ElectrodesDisposable Electrodes • Special ElectrodesSpecial ElectrodesSpecial ElectrodesSpecial Electrodes – EarEarEarEar----clip Electrode, EEG scalp surfaceclip Electrode, EEG scalp surfaceclip Electrode, EEG scalp surfaceclip Electrode, EEG scalp surface ElectrodeElectrodeElectrodeElectrode • Needle ElectrodeNeedle ElectrodeNeedle ElectrodeNeedle Electrode
  • 6. MicroelectrodesMicroelectrodesMicroelectrodesMicroelectrodes •MicroelectrodesMicroelectrodesMicroelectrodesMicroelectrodes areareareare electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodes withwithwithwith tipstipstipstips sufficientlysufficientlysufficientlysufficiently smallsmallsmallsmall totototo penetratepenetratepenetratepenetrate aaaa singlesinglesinglesingle cellcellcellcell inininin orderorderorderorder totototo obtainobtainobtainobtain readingsreadingsreadingsreadings fromfromfromfrom withinwithinwithinwithin thethethethe cellcellcellcell •TheTheTheThe tiptiptiptip mustmustmustmust bebebebe smallsmallsmallsmall enoughenoughenoughenough totototo permitpermitpermitpermit penetrationpenetrationpenetrationpenetration withoutwithoutwithoutwithout damagingdamagingdamagingdamaging thethethethe cellcellcellcell •ThisThisThisThis actionactionactionaction isisisis usuallyusuallyusuallyusually complicatedcomplicatedcomplicatedcomplicated bybybyby thethethethe difficultydifficultydifficultydifficulty ofofofof•ThisThisThisThis actionactionactionaction isisisis usuallyusuallyusuallyusually complicatedcomplicatedcomplicatedcomplicated bybybyby thethethethe difficultydifficultydifficultydifficulty ofofofof accuratelyaccuratelyaccuratelyaccurately positioningpositioningpositioningpositioning anananan electrodeelectrodeelectrodeelectrode withwithwithwith respectrespectrespectrespect totototo aaaa cellcellcellcell •TwoTwoTwoTwo typestypestypestypes •Metal Micro electrodesMetal Micro electrodesMetal Micro electrodesMetal Micro electrodes •MicropipetteMicropipetteMicropipetteMicropipette
  • 7. Metal Micro electrodesMetal Micro electrodesMetal Micro electrodesMetal Micro electrodes
  • 8. Metal Micro electrodesMetal Micro electrodesMetal Micro electrodesMetal Micro electrodes •TheTheTheThe tungstentungstentungstentungsten filamentfilamentfilamentfilament orororor stainlessstainlessstainlessstainless steelsteelsteelsteel wirewirewirewire mademademademade intointointointo minuteminuteminuteminute structurestructurestructurestructure formsformsformsforms thethethethe tiptiptiptip ofofofof thethethethe microelectrodemicroelectrodemicroelectrodemicroelectrode.... •ThisThisThisThis techniquetechniquetechniquetechnique isisisis electropointingelectropointingelectropointingelectropointing.... •TheTheTheThe insulatinginsulatinginsulatinginsulating materialmaterialmaterialmaterial coverscoverscoverscovers thethethethe entireentireentireentire electrodeelectrodeelectrodeelectrode forforforfor safetysafetysafetysafety purposepurposepurposepurpose.... •FewFewFewFew electrolyticelectrolyticelectrolyticelectrolytic processingprocessingprocessingprocessing isisisis donedonedonedone totototo reducereducereducereduce thethethethe•FewFewFewFew electrolyticelectrolyticelectrolyticelectrolytic processingprocessingprocessingprocessing isisisis donedonedonedone totototo reducereducereducereduce thethethethe impedanceimpedanceimpedanceimpedance.... •MeasurementMeasurementMeasurementMeasurement ofofofof bioelectricbioelectricbioelectricbioelectric potentialspotentialspotentialspotentials requiresrequiresrequiresrequires twotwotwotwo electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodes.... •ResultingResultingResultingResulting voltagevoltagevoltagevoltage potentialpotentialpotentialpotential isisisis thethethethe differencedifferencedifferencedifference betweenbetweenbetweenbetween potentialpotentialpotentialpotential ofofofof microelectrodemicroelectrodemicroelectrodemicroelectrode andandandand referencereferencereferencereference electrodeelectrodeelectrodeelectrode....
  • 9. Metal Micro electrodesMetal Micro electrodesMetal Micro electrodesMetal Micro electrodes
  • 10. Non metallic or MicropipetteNon metallic or MicropipetteNon metallic or MicropipetteNon metallic or Micropipette ElectrodeElectrodeElectrodeElectrode •TheTheTheThe micropipettemicropipettemicropipettemicropipette typetypetypetype ofofofof microelectrodemicroelectrodemicroelectrodemicroelectrode isisisis aaaa glassglassglassglass micropipettemicropipettemicropipettemicropipette withwithwithwith itsitsitsits tiptiptiptip drawndrawndrawndrawn outoutoutout totototo thethethethe desireddesireddesireddesired sizesizesizesize.... •ItItItIt consistsconsistsconsistsconsists ofofofof glassglassglassglass micropipettemicropipettemicropipettemicropipette ofofofof diameterdiameterdiameterdiameter 1111 micrometermicrometermicrometermicrometer.... •TheTheTheThe micropipettemicropipettemicropipettemicropipette isisisis filledfilledfilledfilled withwithwithwith anananan electrolyteelectrolyteelectrolyteelectrolyte whichwhichwhichwhich shouldshouldshouldshould bebebebe compatiblecompatiblecompatiblecompatible withwithwithwith thethethethe cellularcellularcellularcellular fluidsfluidsfluidsfluids.... •StemStemStemStem ofofofof MicropipetMicropipetMicropipetMicropipet hashashashas aaaa thinthinthinthin flexibleflexibleflexibleflexible wirewirewirewire mademademademade outoutoutout ofofofof•StemStemStemStem ofofofof MicropipetMicropipetMicropipetMicropipet hashashashas aaaa thinthinthinthin flexibleflexibleflexibleflexible wirewirewirewire mademademademade outoutoutout ofofofof chloridechloridechloridechloride silver,silver,silver,silver, stainlessstainlessstainlessstainless steelsteelsteelsteel orororor tungstentungstentungstentungsten.... •OneOneOneOne endendendend ofofofof thethethethe MicropipetMicropipetMicropipetMicropipet attachesattachesattachesattaches totototo thethethethe rigidrigidrigidrigid supportsupportsupportsupport andandandand otherotherotherother freefreefreefree endendendend restsrestsrestsrests onononon thethethethe cellcellcellcell.... •AAAA micropipettemicropipettemicropipettemicropipette isisisis aaaa smallsmallsmallsmall andandandand extremelyextremelyextremelyextremely finefinefinefine pointedpointedpointedpointed pipettepipettepipettepipette usedusedusedused inininin makingmakingmakingmaking microinjectionsmicroinjectionsmicroinjectionsmicroinjections....
  • 11. Non metallic or Micropipette ElectrodeNon metallic or Micropipette ElectrodeNon metallic or Micropipette ElectrodeNon metallic or Micropipette Electrode
  • 12. Surface Electrodes or Body surfaceSurface Electrodes or Body surfaceSurface Electrodes or Body surfaceSurface Electrodes or Body surface Electrodes or skin surface ElectrodesElectrodes or skin surface ElectrodesElectrodes or skin surface ElectrodesElectrodes or skin surface Electrodes •SurfaceSurfaceSurfaceSurface electrodeelectrodeelectrodeelectrode measuresmeasuresmeasuresmeasures thethethethe potentialpotentialpotentialpotential availableavailableavailableavailable fromfromfromfrom thethethethe surfacesurfacesurfacesurface ofofofof thethethethe skinskinskinskin.... •BodyBodyBodyBody surfacesurfacesurfacesurface electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodes areareareare ofofofof manymanymanymany sizessizessizessizes andandandand typestypestypestypes.... •ItItItIt sensessensessensessenses thethethethe signalsignalsignalsignal fromfromfromfrom heart,heart,heart,heart, brainbrainbrainbrain andandandand nervesnervesnervesnerves....•ItItItIt sensessensessensessenses thethethethe signalsignalsignalsignal fromfromfromfrom heart,heart,heart,heart, brainbrainbrainbrain andandandand nervesnervesnervesnerves.... •AnyAnyAnyAny surfacesurfacesurfacesurface electrodeelectrodeelectrodeelectrode cancancancan bebebebe usedusedusedused totototo sensesensesensesense ECG,ECG,ECG,ECG, EEG,EEG,EEG,EEG, EMGEMGEMGEMG etcetcetcetc.... •LargerLargerLargerLarger surfacesurfacesurfacesurface electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodes sensesensesensesense thethethethe ECGECGECGECG signalssignalssignalssignals.... •SmallerSmallerSmallerSmaller surfacesurfacesurfacesurface electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodes sensesensesensesense thethethethe EMGEMGEMGEMG andandandand EEGEEGEEGEEG signalssignalssignalssignals....
  • 13. Types of surface electrodesTypes of surface electrodesTypes of surface electrodesTypes of surface electrodes •The types of surface electrodes are as followsThe types of surface electrodes are as followsThe types of surface electrodes are as followsThe types of surface electrodes are as follows •Immersion ElectrodesImmersion ElectrodesImmersion ElectrodesImmersion Electrodes •Plate Electrode or Metal Plate ElectrodesPlate Electrode or Metal Plate ElectrodesPlate Electrode or Metal Plate ElectrodesPlate Electrode or Metal Plate Electrodes •Suction cup ElectrodesSuction cup ElectrodesSuction cup ElectrodesSuction cup Electrodes •Floating ElectrodesFloating ElectrodesFloating ElectrodesFloating Electrodes •Spray on ElectrodesSpray on ElectrodesSpray on ElectrodesSpray on Electrodes •Disposable ElectrodesDisposable ElectrodesDisposable ElectrodesDisposable Electrodes •Special ElectrodesSpecial ElectrodesSpecial ElectrodesSpecial Electrodes – EarEarEarEar----clip Electrode, EEGclip Electrode, EEGclip Electrode, EEGclip Electrode, EEG scalp surface Electrodescalp surface Electrodescalp surface Electrodescalp surface Electrode
  • 14. Immersion ElectrodesImmersion ElectrodesImmersion ElectrodesImmersion Electrodes •TheyTheyTheyThey areareareare oneoneoneone ofofofof thethethethe firstfirstfirstfirst typetypetypetype ofofofof bioelectricbioelectricbioelectricbioelectric measuringmeasuringmeasuringmeasuring electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodes.... •ImmersionImmersionImmersionImmersion electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodes werewerewerewere simplysimplysimplysimply bucketsbucketsbucketsbuckets ofofofof salinesalinesalinesaline solutionsolutionsolutionsolution inininin whichwhichwhichwhich thethethethe subjectsubjectsubjectsubject placedplacedplacedplaced hishishishis handshandshandshands andandandand feetfeetfeetfeet....hishishishis handshandshandshands andandandand feetfeetfeetfeet.... •SoSoSoSo itititit waswaswaswas notnotnotnot aaaa comfortablecomfortablecomfortablecomfortable typetypetypetype ofofofof measurementmeasurementmeasurementmeasurement andandandand hencehencehencehence itititit waswaswaswas replacedreplacedreplacedreplaced withwithwithwith plateplateplateplate electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodes....
  • 15. Immersion ElectrodesImmersion ElectrodesImmersion ElectrodesImmersion Electrodes
  • 16. Plate or Metal plate ElectrodesPlate or Metal plate ElectrodesPlate or Metal plate ElectrodesPlate or Metal plate Electrodes •TheseTheseTheseThese electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodes werewerewerewere separatedseparatedseparatedseparated fromfromfromfrom subjectsubjectsubjectsubject’ssss skinskinskinskin bybybyby cottoncottoncottoncotton padspadspadspads sockedsockedsockedsocked inininin aaaa strongstrongstrongstrong salinesalinesalinesaline solutionsolutionsolutionsolution.... •TheTheTheThe plateplateplateplate electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodes havehavehavehave generallygenerallygenerallygenerally smallersmallersmallersmaller contactcontactcontactcontact areaareaareaarea andandandand theytheytheythey dodododo notnotnotnot totallytotallytotallytotally sealsealsealseal onononon thethethethe patientpatientpatientpatient.... •TheTheTheThe electrodeelectrodeelectrodeelectrode slippageslippageslippageslippage andandandand displacementdisplacementdisplacementdisplacement ofofofof platesplatesplatesplates werewerewerewere thethethethe majormajormajormajor difficultiesdifficultiesdifficultiesdifficulties facedfacedfacedfaced bybybyby thesethesethesethese typetypetypetype ofofofof electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodesmajormajormajormajor difficultiesdifficultiesdifficultiesdifficulties facedfacedfacedfaced bybybyby thesethesethesethese typetypetypetype ofofofof electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodes becausebecausebecausebecause theytheytheythey havehavehavehave aaaa tendencytendencytendencytendency totototo loseloseloselose theirtheirtheirtheir adhesiveadhesiveadhesiveadhesive abilityabilityabilityability asasasas aaaa resultresultresultresult ofofofof contactcontactcontactcontact withwithwithwith fluidsfluidsfluidsfluids onononon orororor nearnearnearnear thethethethe patientpatientpatientpatient.... •SinceSinceSinceSince thesethesethesethese typestypestypestypes ofofofof electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodes werewerewerewere veryveryveryvery sensitive,sensitive,sensitive,sensitive, itititit ledledledled totototo measurementmeasurementmeasurementmeasurement errorserrorserrorserrors.
  • 17. Metal plate ElectrodesMetal plate ElectrodesMetal plate ElectrodesMetal plate Electrodes
  • 18. Suction Cup Electrodes or Welsh Cup ElectrodesSuction Cup Electrodes or Welsh Cup ElectrodesSuction Cup Electrodes or Welsh Cup ElectrodesSuction Cup Electrodes or Welsh Cup Electrodes • TheseTheseTheseThese typetypetypetype ofofofof electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodes areareareare wellwellwellwell suitedsuitedsuitedsuited forforforfor thethethethe attachmentattachmentattachmentattachment totototo flatflatflatflat surfacessurfacessurfacessurfaces ofofofof bodybodybodybody andandandand totototo regionsregionsregionsregions wherewherewherewhere thethethethe underlyingunderlyingunderlyingunderlying tissuetissuetissuetissue isisisis soft,soft,soft,soft, duedueduedue totototo thethethethe presencepresencepresencepresence ofofofof contactcontactcontactcontact surfacesurfacesurfacesurface.... • AnAnAnAn advantageadvantageadvantageadvantage ofofofof thesethesethesethese typetypetypetype ofofofof electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodes isisisis thatthatthatthat itititit hashashashas aaaa smallsmallsmallsmall surfacesurfacesurfacesurface areaareaareaarea.... • TheseTheseTheseThese typestypestypestypes ofofofof electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodes areareareare mainlymainlymainlymainly usedusedusedused forforforfor thethethethe measurementmeasurementmeasurementmeasurement ofofofof ECGECGECGECG fromfromfromfrom variousvariousvariousvarious positionspositionspositionspositions onononon thethethethe chestchestchestchest....ECGECGECGECG fromfromfromfrom variousvariousvariousvarious positionspositionspositionspositions onononon thethethethe chestchestchestchest.... • TheyTheyTheyThey havehavehavehave aaaa plasticplasticplasticplastic syringesyringesyringesyringe barrel,barrel,barrel,barrel, suctionsuctionsuctionsuction tubetubetubetube andandandand cablescablescablescables.... • TheyTheyTheyThey havehavehavehave aaaa goodgoodgoodgood contactcontactcontactcontact surfacesurfacesurfacesurface.... • PhysicallyPhysicallyPhysicallyPhysically theytheytheythey areareareare largelargelargelarge butbutbutbut thethethethe skinskinskinskin contactscontactscontactscontacts onlyonlyonlyonly thethethethe electrodeelectrodeelectrodeelectrode rimrimrimrim.... • ItItItIt hashashashas highhighhighhigh contactcontactcontactcontact impedanceimpedanceimpedanceimpedance.... • Recently,Recently,Recently,Recently, duedueduedue totototo infectioninfectioninfectioninfection andandandand cleaningcleaningcleaningcleaning procedures,procedures,procedures,procedures, thesethesethesethese electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodes areareareare notnotnotnot usedusedusedused....
  • 19. Suction Cup Electrodes or Welsh Cup ElectrodesSuction Cup Electrodes or Welsh Cup ElectrodesSuction Cup Electrodes or Welsh Cup ElectrodesSuction Cup Electrodes or Welsh Cup Electrodes
  • 20. Suction Cup Electrodes or Welsh CupSuction Cup Electrodes or Welsh CupSuction Cup Electrodes or Welsh CupSuction Cup Electrodes or Welsh Cup ElectrodesElectrodesElectrodesElectrodes
  • 21. Floating electrodesFloating electrodesFloating electrodesFloating electrodes •MotionMotionMotionMotion artifactartifactartifactartifact occursoccursoccursoccurs duedueduedue totototo thethethethe motionmotionmotionmotion atatatat thethethethe interfaceinterfaceinterfaceinterface betweenbetweenbetweenbetween electrodeelectrodeelectrodeelectrode andandandand electrolyteelectrolyteelectrolyteelectrolyte.... •TheseTheseTheseThese typestypestypestypes ofofofof electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodes cancancancan eliminateeliminateeliminateeliminate thethethethe movementmovementmovementmovement errorserrorserrorserrors (called(called(called(called artifacts)artifacts)artifacts)artifacts) whichwhichwhichwhich isisisis aaaa mainmainmainmain problemproblemproblemproblem withwithwithwith plateplateplateplate electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodes.... •ThisThisThisThis isisisis donedonedonedone bybybyby avoidingavoidingavoidingavoiding anyanyanyany directdirectdirectdirect contactcontactcontactcontact ofofofof thethethethe metalmetalmetalmetal•ThisThisThisThis isisisis donedonedonedone bybybyby avoidingavoidingavoidingavoiding anyanyanyany directdirectdirectdirect contactcontactcontactcontact ofofofof thethethethe metalmetalmetalmetal withwithwithwith thethethethe skinskinskinskin.... •HereHereHereHere thethethethe conductiveconductiveconductiveconductive pathpathpathpath betweenbetweenbetweenbetween thethethethe metalmetalmetalmetal andandandand thethethethe skinskinskinskin isisisis thethethethe electrolyteelectrolyteelectrolyteelectrolyte pastepastepastepaste orororor jellyjellyjellyjelly.... •TheTheTheThe advantageadvantageadvantageadvantage ofofofof thisthisthisthis typetypetypetype isisisis thethethethe mechanicalmechanicalmechanicalmechanical stabilitystabilitystabilitystability.
  • 22. Floating electrodesFloating electrodesFloating electrodesFloating electrodes
  • 23. Floating electrodesFloating electrodesFloating electrodesFloating electrodes
  • 24. Floating electrodesFloating electrodesFloating electrodesFloating electrodes
  • 25. Spray on electrodesSpray on electrodesSpray on electrodesSpray on electrodes •ProblemsProblemsProblemsProblems encounteredencounteredencounteredencountered inininin ECGECGECGECG ofofofof astronautsastronautsastronautsastronauts duedueduedue totototo movementmovementmovementmovement •AAAA smallsmallsmallsmall spotspotspotspot ofofofof conductiveconductiveconductiveconductive adhesiveadhesiveadhesiveadhesive isisisis sprayedsprayedsprayedsprayed orororor paintedpaintedpaintedpainted overoveroverover thethethethe skinskinskinskin whichwhichwhichwhich hadhadhadhad previouslypreviouslypreviouslypreviously beenbeenbeenbeen treatedtreatedtreatedtreated withwithwithwith electrolyteelectrolyteelectrolyteelectrolytepreviouslypreviouslypreviouslypreviously beenbeenbeenbeen treatedtreatedtreatedtreated withwithwithwith electrolyteelectrolyteelectrolyteelectrolyte coatingcoatingcoatingcoating
  • 26. Disposable electrodesDisposable electrodesDisposable electrodesDisposable electrodes •NormallyNormallyNormallyNormally plateplateplateplate electrodes,electrodes,electrodes,electrodes, floatingfloatingfloatingfloating electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodes etcetcetcetc cancancancan bebebebe usedusedusedused moremoremoremore thanthanthanthan oneoneoneone timetimetimetime.... •ThisThisThisThis requiresrequiresrequiresrequires thethethethe cleaningcleaningcleaningcleaning andandandand carescarescarescares afterafterafterafter eacheacheacheach useuseuseuse.... •WeWeWeWe cancancancan useuseuseuse disposabledisposabledisposabledisposable electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodes whichwhichwhichwhich cancancancan bebebebe usedusedusedused•WeWeWeWe cancancancan useuseuseuse disposabledisposabledisposabledisposable electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodes whichwhichwhichwhich cancancancan bebebebe usedusedusedused onlyonlyonlyonly onceonceonceonce andandandand bebebebe disposeddisposeddisposeddisposed afterafterafterafter thethethethe useuseuseuse.... •TheseTheseTheseThese typestypestypestypes ofofofof electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodes areareareare nownownownow widelywidelywidelywidely usedusedusedused....
  • 27. Disposable electrodesDisposable electrodesDisposable electrodesDisposable electrodes
  • 28. Special ElectrodesSpecial ElectrodesSpecial ElectrodesSpecial Electrodes – EarEarEarEar----clip Electrode,clip Electrode,clip Electrode,clip Electrode, EEG scalp surface ElectrodeEEG scalp surface ElectrodeEEG scalp surface ElectrodeEEG scalp surface Electrode •TheseTheseTheseThese typetypetypetype ofofofof electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodes areareareare widelywidelywidelywidely usedusedusedused inininin thethethethe measurementmeasurementmeasurementmeasurement ofofofof EEGEEGEEGEEG exclusivelyexclusivelyexclusivelyexclusively.... •ScalpScalpScalpScalp electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodes cancancancan provideprovideprovideprovide EEGEEGEEGEEG easilyeasilyeasilyeasily bybybyby placingplacingplacingplacing itititit overoveroverover barebarebarebare headheadheadhead.... •TheTheTheThe mostmostmostmost commoncommoncommoncommon methodmethodmethodmethod forforforfor EEGEEGEEGEEG measurementmeasurementmeasurementmeasurement isisisis 10101010 – 20202020 electrodeelectrodeelectrodeelectrode placementplacementplacementplacement systemsystemsystemsystem andandandand herehereherehere wewewewe useuseuseuse scalpscalpscalpscalp electrodeelectrodeelectrodeelectrodeelectrodeelectrodeelectrodeelectrode placementplacementplacementplacement systemsystemsystemsystem andandandand herehereherehere wewewewe useuseuseuse scalpscalpscalpscalp electrodeelectrodeelectrodeelectrode usuallyusuallyusuallyusually.... •TheyTheyTheyThey cancancancan avoidavoidavoidavoid measurementmeasurementmeasurementmeasurement errorserrorserrorserrors andandandand movementmovementmovementmovement errorserrorserrorserrors.... • DuringDuringDuringDuring labourlabourlabourlabour internalinternalinternalinternal monitoringmonitoringmonitoringmonitoring maymaymaymay bebebebe neededneededneededneeded andandandand isisisis usuallyusuallyusuallyusually inininin thethethethe formformformform ofofofof anananan electrodeelectrodeelectrodeelectrode placedplacedplacedplaced underunderunderunder thethethethe babybabybabybaby’ssss scalpscalpscalpscalp.... •ItItItIt isisisis calledcalledcalledcalled fetalfetalfetalfetal scalpscalpscalpscalp electrodeelectrodeelectrodeelectrode whichwhichwhichwhich isisisis usedusedusedused totototo monitormonitormonitormonitor babybabybabybaby’ssss heartbeatheartbeatheartbeatheartbeat whilewhilewhilewhile stillstillstillstill inininin uterusuterusuterusuterus....
  • 29. Special ElectrodesSpecial ElectrodesSpecial ElectrodesSpecial Electrodes – EarEarEarEar----clip Electrode, EEG scalpclip Electrode, EEG scalpclip Electrode, EEG scalpclip Electrode, EEG scalp surface Electrodesurface Electrodesurface Electrodesurface Electrode
  • 30. Ear Clip ElectrodesEar Clip ElectrodesEar Clip ElectrodesEar Clip Electrodes
  • 31. Needle ElectrodesNeedle ElectrodesNeedle ElectrodesNeedle Electrodes • ToToToTo reducereducereducereduce thethethethe interfaceinterfaceinterfaceinterface andandandand noisenoisenoisenoise (artifact)(artifact)(artifact)(artifact) causedcausedcausedcaused duedueduedue totototo electrodeelectrodeelectrodeelectrode movement,movement,movement,movement, duringduringduringduring thethethethe measurementmeasurementmeasurementmeasurement ofofofof EEG,EEG,EEG,EEG, EMGEMGEMGEMG etcetcetcetc wewewewe cancancancan useuseuseuse smallsmallsmallsmall subsubsubsub----dermaldermaldermaldermal needleneedleneedleneedle electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodes whichwhichwhichwhich penetratepenetratepenetratepenetrate thethethethe scalpscalpscalpscalp.... • ActuallyActuallyActuallyActually thethethethe needleneedleneedleneedle electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodes areareareare notnotnotnot insertedinsertedinsertedinserted intointointointo thethethethe brainbrainbrainbrain.... • TheyTheyTheyThey nearlynearlynearlynearly penetratepenetratepenetratepenetrate thethethethe skinskinskinskin.... • GenerallyGenerallyGenerallyGenerally theytheytheythey areareareare simplysimplysimplysimply insertedinsertedinsertedinserted throughthroughthroughthrough aaaa smallsmallsmallsmall sectionsectionsectionsection ofofofof thethethethe skinskinskinskin justjustjustjust beneathbeneathbeneathbeneath thethethethe skinskinskinskin parallelparallelparallelparallel totototo itititit....skinskinskinskin justjustjustjust beneathbeneathbeneathbeneath thethethethe skinskinskinskin parallelparallelparallelparallel totototo itititit.... • TheTheTheThe needleneedleneedleneedle electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodes forforforfor EMGEMGEMGEMG measurementmeasurementmeasurementmeasurement consistconsistconsistconsist ofofofof finefinefinefine insulatedinsulatedinsulatedinsulated wireswireswireswires placedplacedplacedplaced inininin suchsuchsuchsuch aaaa waywaywayway thatthatthatthat theirtheirtheirtheir tipstipstipstips areareareare inininin contactcontactcontactcontact withwithwithwith thethethethe muscle,muscle,muscle,muscle, nervenervenervenerve orororor otherotherotherother tissuestissuestissuestissues fromfromfromfrom whichwhichwhichwhich thethethethe measurementmeasurementmeasurementmeasurement isisisis mademademademade.... • TheTheTheThe needleneedleneedleneedle createscreatescreatescreates thethethethe holeholeholehole necessarynecessarynecessarynecessary forforforfor insertioninsertioninsertioninsertion andandandand thethethethe wireswireswireswires formingformingformingforming thethethethe electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodes areareareare carriedcarriedcarriedcarried insideinsideinsideinside itititit....
  • 32. Needle ElectrodesNeedle ElectrodesNeedle ElectrodesNeedle Electrodes ---- EEG needle electrodeEEG needle electrodeEEG needle electrodeEEG needle electrode
  • 33. Needle ElectrodesNeedle ElectrodesNeedle ElectrodesNeedle Electrodes ---- EEG needle electrodeEEG needle electrodeEEG needle electrodeEEG needle electrode
  • 34. Needle ElectrodesNeedle ElectrodesNeedle ElectrodesNeedle Electrodes ---- EMG needle electrodeEMG needle electrodeEMG needle electrodeEMG needle electrode
  • 35. Needle ElectrodesNeedle ElectrodesNeedle ElectrodesNeedle Electrodes TypesTypesTypesTypes TwoTwoTwoTwo typetypetypetype ofofofof needleneedleneedleneedle electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodes namelynamelynamelynamely •MonoMonoMonoMono----polarpolarpolarpolar ElectrodeElectrodeElectrodeElectrode:::: ThisThisThisThis typetypetypetype usesusesusesuses singlesinglesinglesingle referencereferencereferencereference electrodeelectrodeelectrodeelectrode placedplacedplacedplaced onononon thethethethe skinskinskinskin.... •BiBiBiBi----polarpolarpolarpolar ElectrodeElectrodeElectrodeElectrode:::: ThisThisThisThis typetypetypetype hashashashas oneoneoneone referencereferencereferencereference electrodeelectrodeelectrodeelectrode andandandand oneoneoneone activeactiveactiveactive electrodeelectrodeelectrodeelectrode.... ApplicationsApplicationsApplicationsApplications ofofofof NeedleNeedleNeedleNeedle ElectrodesElectrodesElectrodesElectrodesApplicationsApplicationsApplicationsApplications ofofofof NeedleNeedleNeedleNeedle ElectrodesElectrodesElectrodesElectrodes •OneOneOneOne ofofofof thethethethe mainmainmainmain advantageadvantageadvantageadvantage ofofofof needleneedleneedleneedle electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodes isisisis thatthatthatthat theytheytheythey areareareare lesslesslessless susceptiblesusceptiblesusceptiblesusceptible totototo movementmovementmovementmovement errorserrorserrorserrors thanthanthanthan surfacesurfacesurfacesurface electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodes.... • AlsoAlsoAlsoAlso thethethethe needleneedleneedleneedle electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodes havehavehavehave lowerlowerlowerlower impedancesimpedancesimpedancesimpedances whenwhenwhenwhen comparedcomparedcomparedcompared totototo surfacesurfacesurfacesurface electrodeselectrodeselectrodeselectrodes asasasas itititit makesmakesmakesmakes directdirectdirectdirect contactcontactcontactcontact withwithwithwith thethethethe subsubsubsub---- dermaldermaldermaldermal tissuestissuestissuestissues orororor intracellularintracellularintracellularintracellular fluidfluidfluidfluid.... • ....
  • 36.
  • 37. Properties of Bio ElectrodesProperties of Bio ElectrodesProperties of Bio ElectrodesProperties of Bio Electrodes • GoodGoodGoodGood conductorsconductorsconductorsconductors • LowLowLowLow impedanceimpedanceimpedanceimpedance • ShouldShouldShouldShould notnotnotnot polarizepolarizepolarizepolarize whenwhenwhenwhen aaaa currentcurrentcurrentcurrent flowsflowsflowsflows throughthroughthroughthrough themthemthemthem • ShouldShouldShouldShould establishestablishestablishestablish aaaa goodgoodgoodgood contactcontactcontactcontact withwithwithwith thethethethe bodybodybodybody andandandand notnotnotnot causecausecausecause motionmotionmotionmotion • ShouldShouldShouldShould notnotnotnot causecausecausecause itchingitchingitchingitching swellingswellingswellingswelling orororor discomfortdiscomfortdiscomfortdiscomfort totototo thethethethe patientpatientpatientpatient • MetalMetalMetalMetal shouldshouldshouldshould notnotnotnot bebebebe toxictoxictoxictoxic• MetalMetalMetalMetal shouldshouldshouldshould notnotnotnot bebebebe toxictoxictoxictoxic • MechanicallyMechanicallyMechanicallyMechanically ruggedruggedruggedrugged • EasyEasyEasyEasy totototo cleancleancleanclean