This document summarizes the process of producing biodiesel from algae. It discusses growing algae in bioreactors, extracting the oil from algae, converting the oil to biodiesel through transesterification, and refining the biodiesel through distillation. Popular types of bioreactors include open ponds and closed tank reactors. Oil is typically extracted through mechanical or chemical means, while transesterification often uses methanol and a catalyst to convert the oil to biodiesel and glycerol. Distillation is then used to separate and purify the biodiesel, methanol, and glycerol. The document also presents several patents relating to more efficient extraction, transesterification, and ref
In this world of concerns regarding depletion of fossil fuels, pollution control and other factors leading to threat of man kind survival a way of producing biodiesel from algae which can be a source of alternative fuel. Lots of methods and sources being used for producing biodiesel but from algae one can produce high amount of biodiesel depending on the type of species or strain selected and this way this is a viable and feasible method to produce biodiesel.....
this presentation explains about algal fuel and its future prospects. a case study has also been included that has indicated potential of india in producing algal fuel.
Algae.Tec is an advanced biofuels company focused on commercializing technology that produces algae to manufacture sustainable fuels such as bio diesel and green jet fuel.
In this world of concerns regarding depletion of fossil fuels, pollution control and other factors leading to threat of man kind survival a way of producing biodiesel from algae which can be a source of alternative fuel. Lots of methods and sources being used for producing biodiesel but from algae one can produce high amount of biodiesel depending on the type of species or strain selected and this way this is a viable and feasible method to produce biodiesel.....
this presentation explains about algal fuel and its future prospects. a case study has also been included that has indicated potential of india in producing algal fuel.
Algae.Tec is an advanced biofuels company focused on commercializing technology that produces algae to manufacture sustainable fuels such as bio diesel and green jet fuel.
Bio-fuel are the fuel of biological origin these constitute renewable from of energy.Energy crisis
Based on the current consumption of about 11.6 million tons of crude oil per day, it is expected that the entire resources can only suffice for a rather short time period.
Global warming and global climate changes
The use of oil can cause the risks of the rise of greenhouse effect, which can result in all kinds of disasters to our planet Earth and its inhabitants
A variety of fuels can be made from biomassi resources including the liquid fuels ethanol, methanol, biodiesel, Fischer-Tropsch diesel, and gaseous fuels such as hydrogen and methane. Biofuels research and development is composed of three main areas: producing the fuels, applications and uses of the fuels, and distribution infrastructure.
Biofuels are primarily used to fuel vehicles, but can also fuel engines or fuel cells for electricity generation. For information about the use of biofuels in vehicles, see the Alternative Fuel Vehicle page under Vehicles. See the Vehicles page for information about the biofuels distribution infrastructure. See the Hydrogen and Fuel Cells page for more information about hydrogen as a fuel.
Micro organisms or plantlike biological organisms that use sunlight to photosynthesize and transform the carbon dioxide into energy in a very efficient manner. Algae produce oil as a part of photosynthesis
En el marco de la jornada Microalgas, ¿una fuente de petróleo verde?, organizada con IMDEA y celebrada el 8 de abril en EOI, Escuela de Organización Industrial, René H. Wijffels, profesor de la Universidad de Wageningen en Holanda, presenta su trabajo sobre biodiesel producido por microalgas, la factibilidad de este estudio y la biorafinería de las microalgas. Finalmente concluye con la presentación de las diversas fases de investigación hasta llegar a la producción de biocombustibles, alimentos y productos químicos.
The topic is captioned as Green genes- a promising fuel source for future..the ppt describes about biofuel and its forms..mainly focused on biodiesel and its present status, applications etc.,
Introduction
Evolution of biofuels
Biofuel production methods
Target areas for biotechnological interventions
Current research and developments
Success stories
Applications
Future line
Summary
Conclusion
Green genes
Green genes- plants and algae
Hydrocarbons, polysaccharides and triacylglycerides -precursors for biofuel
Biofuel
From renewable biological processes
Forms of biofuel:
Biodiesel
Bioethanol
Biomethane
Biohydrogen
Biodegradable and ecofriendly
Major sources- plants and algae
Evolution of biofuel
Biomethane
Agricultural waste, manure, plant material, green waste, etc.
Anaerobic digestion
Cooking
Compressed biomethane - vehicle
Biohydrogen
Source - algal biomass
Biological process – fermentation
Organic acid as substrate – higher fermentation rate
Fuel for vehicles
Bioethanol from lignocellulose biomass
Presence of lignin in vascular tissue - barrier
Enzymatic digestion of lignin - improve plant carbohydrate production
Genes encoding enzymes hydroxyphyl (H), guaiacyl (G) and syringyl (S) - building blocks of lignin
Antisense constructs to knock out genes encoding enzymes
…bioethanol from lignocellulose biomass
Mature stem harvested - late flowering stage
Plants with least lignin have high carbohydrate level
Hydroxycinnamoyl - highly contributes for lignin blocking than enzymes like C 3-H and C 4-H
C 4H : Cinnamate 4-hydroxylase
HCT : Shikimate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase
C 3-H : Coumaroyl shikimate 3-hydroxylase
CCoAOMT : Caffeoyl CoA 3-O-methyltransferase
F 5-H: Ferulate 5-hydroxylase
COMT: Caffeic acid 3-O-methyltransferase
Higher saccharification efficiency - transgenic lines
Pathway - conserved across plant kingdom
Targeted genes - candidate genes for improving saccharification in bioenergy crops like jatropha, switchgrass etc.
Biodiesel from algal biomass
Photosynthetic, heterotrophic organisms
Potential for cultivation as energy crops
Microalgal species with oil content
Why microalgae than plants?
More oil yield
Small area of land
Lesser need of labour, nutrients and water
Grow rapidly with high solar energy conversion efficiency
Wider adaptability
Current research and developments
Offshore Membrane Enclosure for Growing Algae (OMEGA) system
Success stories
Applications
This project is focused on existing technologies that could be applied to the processing of algae
biomass. Also cover the design of the process in which prototype of Distillation column, Heat
exchangers and Reactor will design. Project will also cover the socio-economic impacts
(Environmental considerations; Economic considerations and Energy considerations). For testing
our process model, the algal biodiesel will be produced on lab scale to understand the
consequences, requirements and difficulties.
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to examine the increasing economic feasibility of algae biofuels. Algae can be grown in places where traditional crops cannot be grown and it consumes carbon dioxide, thus making it better than traditional sources of biofuels. It can also be harvested every 10 days thus making its oil yield per acre 200 times higher than corn and 40 times higher than sunflowers. The problem is that harvesting and extracting the algae requires large amounts of labor and energy (drying) and the algae may damage surrounding eco-systems. Thus new and better processes along with large scale production are needed to solve these problems. These slides discuss the various approaches (open pond, photo-bioreactor, fermentation), their advantages and disadvantages, their existing and future costs, and other improvements that are driving steadily falling costs. In the short term, algae will continue to be used in niche applications such as cosmetics, food, and fertilizers. In the long run, as the cost reductions continue, algae might become a major source of fuel for transportation and other applications.
Bio-fuel are the fuel of biological origin these constitute renewable from of energy.Energy crisis
Based on the current consumption of about 11.6 million tons of crude oil per day, it is expected that the entire resources can only suffice for a rather short time period.
Global warming and global climate changes
The use of oil can cause the risks of the rise of greenhouse effect, which can result in all kinds of disasters to our planet Earth and its inhabitants
A variety of fuels can be made from biomassi resources including the liquid fuels ethanol, methanol, biodiesel, Fischer-Tropsch diesel, and gaseous fuels such as hydrogen and methane. Biofuels research and development is composed of three main areas: producing the fuels, applications and uses of the fuels, and distribution infrastructure.
Biofuels are primarily used to fuel vehicles, but can also fuel engines or fuel cells for electricity generation. For information about the use of biofuels in vehicles, see the Alternative Fuel Vehicle page under Vehicles. See the Vehicles page for information about the biofuels distribution infrastructure. See the Hydrogen and Fuel Cells page for more information about hydrogen as a fuel.
Micro organisms or plantlike biological organisms that use sunlight to photosynthesize and transform the carbon dioxide into energy in a very efficient manner. Algae produce oil as a part of photosynthesis
En el marco de la jornada Microalgas, ¿una fuente de petróleo verde?, organizada con IMDEA y celebrada el 8 de abril en EOI, Escuela de Organización Industrial, René H. Wijffels, profesor de la Universidad de Wageningen en Holanda, presenta su trabajo sobre biodiesel producido por microalgas, la factibilidad de este estudio y la biorafinería de las microalgas. Finalmente concluye con la presentación de las diversas fases de investigación hasta llegar a la producción de biocombustibles, alimentos y productos químicos.
The topic is captioned as Green genes- a promising fuel source for future..the ppt describes about biofuel and its forms..mainly focused on biodiesel and its present status, applications etc.,
Introduction
Evolution of biofuels
Biofuel production methods
Target areas for biotechnological interventions
Current research and developments
Success stories
Applications
Future line
Summary
Conclusion
Green genes
Green genes- plants and algae
Hydrocarbons, polysaccharides and triacylglycerides -precursors for biofuel
Biofuel
From renewable biological processes
Forms of biofuel:
Biodiesel
Bioethanol
Biomethane
Biohydrogen
Biodegradable and ecofriendly
Major sources- plants and algae
Evolution of biofuel
Biomethane
Agricultural waste, manure, plant material, green waste, etc.
Anaerobic digestion
Cooking
Compressed biomethane - vehicle
Biohydrogen
Source - algal biomass
Biological process – fermentation
Organic acid as substrate – higher fermentation rate
Fuel for vehicles
Bioethanol from lignocellulose biomass
Presence of lignin in vascular tissue - barrier
Enzymatic digestion of lignin - improve plant carbohydrate production
Genes encoding enzymes hydroxyphyl (H), guaiacyl (G) and syringyl (S) - building blocks of lignin
Antisense constructs to knock out genes encoding enzymes
…bioethanol from lignocellulose biomass
Mature stem harvested - late flowering stage
Plants with least lignin have high carbohydrate level
Hydroxycinnamoyl - highly contributes for lignin blocking than enzymes like C 3-H and C 4-H
C 4H : Cinnamate 4-hydroxylase
HCT : Shikimate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase
C 3-H : Coumaroyl shikimate 3-hydroxylase
CCoAOMT : Caffeoyl CoA 3-O-methyltransferase
F 5-H: Ferulate 5-hydroxylase
COMT: Caffeic acid 3-O-methyltransferase
Higher saccharification efficiency - transgenic lines
Pathway - conserved across plant kingdom
Targeted genes - candidate genes for improving saccharification in bioenergy crops like jatropha, switchgrass etc.
Biodiesel from algal biomass
Photosynthetic, heterotrophic organisms
Potential for cultivation as energy crops
Microalgal species with oil content
Why microalgae than plants?
More oil yield
Small area of land
Lesser need of labour, nutrients and water
Grow rapidly with high solar energy conversion efficiency
Wider adaptability
Current research and developments
Offshore Membrane Enclosure for Growing Algae (OMEGA) system
Success stories
Applications
This project is focused on existing technologies that could be applied to the processing of algae
biomass. Also cover the design of the process in which prototype of Distillation column, Heat
exchangers and Reactor will design. Project will also cover the socio-economic impacts
(Environmental considerations; Economic considerations and Energy considerations). For testing
our process model, the algal biodiesel will be produced on lab scale to understand the
consequences, requirements and difficulties.
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to examine the increasing economic feasibility of algae biofuels. Algae can be grown in places where traditional crops cannot be grown and it consumes carbon dioxide, thus making it better than traditional sources of biofuels. It can also be harvested every 10 days thus making its oil yield per acre 200 times higher than corn and 40 times higher than sunflowers. The problem is that harvesting and extracting the algae requires large amounts of labor and energy (drying) and the algae may damage surrounding eco-systems. Thus new and better processes along with large scale production are needed to solve these problems. These slides discuss the various approaches (open pond, photo-bioreactor, fermentation), their advantages and disadvantages, their existing and future costs, and other improvements that are driving steadily falling costs. In the short term, algae will continue to be used in niche applications such as cosmetics, food, and fertilizers. In the long run, as the cost reductions continue, algae might become a major source of fuel for transportation and other applications.
IRMSummit Europe 2014 - Selected Highlightstwh4slide
Selected highlights from this years IRMSummit Europe in Dublin. Contains links and further information to each highlighted topic.
Most background pictures by Ludovic Poitou.
Looking for a simple way to get cash for your Gold in Canada? Contact Silver&Gold for cash to get your gold assessed and leverage the exciting quotes on your precious bling.
Internet Security is an Oxymoron is a collection of thoughts I put together over the past 6+ years as I spoke with more users of the Internet, and saw how people interacted with this phenomenon. Specifically, the genesis of this presentation was a Social Media Marketing class I took as part of my MBA studies.
Biodiesel is a renewable, biodegradable fuel manufactured domestically from vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled restaurant grease. ... Biodiesel is a liquid fuel often referred to as B100 or neat biodiesel in its pure, unblended form. Like petroleum diesel, biodiesel is used to fuel compression-ignition engines.
all process involve in petroleum to get final products from crude oil like LPG, petrol, diesel, jet fuel, kerosene,neptha, heavy neptha, coke and petroleum products
biogas and biodiesel on industrial scale presentation.pptxMazharIqbal393276
Biogas typically refers to a gas produced by the breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.
It is a renewable energy source, like solar and wind energy.
Can also be produced by different raw material like Sugarcane residue and maize silage
Biogas is produced by the anaerobic digestion or fermentation of biodegradable materials such as manure, sewage, municipal waste, green waste, plant material, and crops
In the 21st century, world’s fossil fuel energy sources are diminishing due to abundant utilization of the fossil fuels in the transportation sector & power generation sector& these fossil fuels cause severe environmental pollution. That’s why every country tries to explore renewable energy sources which are more energy efficient & environmental friendly.
In the declining world of petroleum reserves and environmental issues, production of bio-diesel from natural resources is an important alternative to the natural oil to meet energy crisis. Bio-diesel production from jatropha is less expensive method yet useful and environmental friendly. Jatropha is a bush that grows in regions around the equator. It is having a significant characteristic of blooming and fruiting without using enough moisture in tropical regions. The plantation cost per hectare inclusive of site preparation, plant, material, maintenance for one year, overheads etc. shall be in the tune of rupees 30,000 to 35,000 per hector. From 1Kg seeds of jatropha a little over 300ml. of biodiesel can be produced.
The presentation covers,
- Motivation
- Solution of the Problem
- Bio-diesel from Jatropha
- Feasibility
- Production Trends
- Demand
- Process Selection
- Benefits and Application
Reactive distillation
LeChatelier’s law
conventional process
mtbe production using Reactive distillation
various contact devices used for Reactive distillation
advantages of Reactive distillation
disadvantages of Reactive distillation
application of Reactive distillation
Basic Concepts
Advantages of Biogas as a Fuel
Process and technology status
Biogas production & Up gradation Costs
Performance and sustainability
Potential and barriers
Best practice examples
Started to create milestones, we, SPEC Engineers & Consultants Pvt. Ltd marked our presence in the year 1994 and operate in the manufacturing/servicing of Vegetable Oil Plants since 21 years. Our quality services products have been always appreciated by our clients. Our spontaneous attitude and confident approach in offering an excellent range of Vegetable Oil Plants, Vegetable Oil Plants, Oleo Chemical Industry Vegetable Oil Plants, Industrial Vegetable Oil Plants, Batch Neutralizing and Bleaching Machines, Continuous Bleaching Oil Machinery, Continuous Physical Refining Machines, Continuous Chemical Refining Machines, Hydrogenation Plants has deepened our roots in the market. We, SPEC Engineers & Consultants Pvt. Ltd breathe with the aim of fully satisfying our clients with our high-quality products services. We are a unit of highly experienced professionals, all of them contributing at the best of their potentials to offer the highest degree of efficiency and client satisfaction.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
7. BIOREACTOR
• Growing algae can be relatively simple.
• Needs of algae for ideal growth:
• Water in which to grow
• CO2 as a carbon source
• Nitrogen/Phosphorous/Sugar nutrient mixture
• Lots and lots of sunlight
8. POPULAR TYPES OF BIOREACTORS
• Open Pond
• Advantages: Low overhead, make large amounts
• Disadvantages: Susceptible to weather changes, need large
pieces of land
• Closed Tank Reactors
• Advantages: Can collect algae every day, grown in ideal conditions
• Disadvantages: More expensive than open pond
• Current Innovations
• Vertical Reactors
• OMEGA
9. OMEGA
• Offshore Membrane Enclosures for Growing Algae
• Use wastewater for nutrient
• Use CO2 emissions from factories
10. EXTRACTION
• Extraction of oils and extraction of solvents are separate processes
within the making of biodiesel from algal oil– focus is on oil extraction
• Final step in the processing of algae for use in biodiesel production
• Algal oil can be extracted either physically, chemically or both. An
expeller/press can be used to physically extract algal oil
• Can also be extracted by enzymatic extraction (enzymes degrade cell
walls) or osmotic shock (rupturing of cells in solution)
• The green waste left over from the algae oil extraction can be used to
produce butanol or methane
11. MECHANICAL METHODS OF EXTRACTION
• Expression/Expeller press
• Ultrasonic-assisted extraction
• Disadvantage: requires drying the algae, which is energy intensive
12. CHEMICAL METHODS
• Hexane Solvent Method
• Soxhlet extraction
• Supercritical fluid Extraction
• Disadvantage of solvents: potential safety and health issues
• Disadvantage of supercritical extraction: Supercritical extraction
requires high pressure equipment that is both expensive and energy
intensive
14. PATENT: METHOD FOR EXTRACTING WET ALGAE
OIL
(1)mixing wet algal mud of oil-producing microalgae with an organic
solvent unmixable with water, adding a obtained mixture into a
pressure-proof reaction kettle, sealing the reaction kettle, and starting
reaction after reaching reaction temperature which refers to be above
an azeotropic point of the organic solvent and water
(2), discharging after reaction is finished, respectively collecting upper-layer
mixed oil phase and lower-layer water slag phase, removing a
solvent from the upper-layer mixed oil phase, and obtaining crude oil.
Microalgae mud high in water content is directly utilized as a raw material,
and algae cell drying and dehydrating are not needed, so that drying
energy consumption is saved; a solvent is used in the process of
extraction, so that consumption of the extraction solvent is small,
easiness in recovery and separation is realized, and recovery and
separation cost is lowered.
15. TRANSESTERIFICATION
• Transestrification is the process
of converting algal oils to fatty
acid methyl esters (biodiesel)
• Accomplished through
encouraging the reaction
between triglycerides and an
alcohol via introduction of a
catalyst or enzyme
• Produces glycerol as byproduct
• What is needed:
• An alcohol
• A catalyst or enzyme
16. COMMON ALCOHOLS IN TRANSESTRIFICATION
Methanol
• Advantages
• Cheap
• Predictable reactions
Disadvantage:
• Very toxic
• Slow reaction
Ethanol
• Advantage
• Less toxic than methanol
• Disadvantages
• More expensive
• Less predictable reactions
17. CATALYSTS
Acidic Catalysts
• Advantages:
• Cheap – production from low
cost feedstock
• Predictable reaction
• Minimally effected by
presence of free fatty acids
• Disadvantages:
• Toxic solvent
• Corrosive
• Longer conversion time
Basic Catalysts
• Advantages:
• Fast conversion time
• Less corrosive
• Low operation
temperatures
• Disadvantages:
• Can not have water
present
• Requires post
treatment catalyst
removal from biodiesel
18. CATALYST VS ENZYMATIC CONVERSION
Enzymatic Conversion
• Method of non-chemical transestrification
• Uses enzymes such as lipases
Advantages:
• Reduces energy required for process
• Easier to remove glycerol
• Eliminates the need for removal of alkaline catalysts from
product
• Attractive environmentally
• Recycling of enzyme possible through enzyme immobilization
Disadvantages:
• High price of enzymatic catalysts
• Short operational life of enzymes due to excess methanol
and glycerol
• Temperature and solvent tolerance needs investigation
19. PATENT AND SUGGESTED PROCEDURE
“TRANSESTRIFICATION OF ALGAL FATTY ACIDS USING DIMETHYL
CARBONATE FOR PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL”
Using dimethyl carbonate (DMC) instead of
methanol or ethanol
• Pros:
• No glycerol produced as a byproduct
• An eco-friendly solvent
• Algal lipid mixes better due to
hydrophobic qualities
• Also applicable to algal lipid extraction
Overall, offers a faster and more eco-friendly
method of biodiesel transestrification to
produce biodiesel
20. DISTILLATION
• During the distillation,
methanol and glycerol and
other co-products of biofuel
production are purified into
usable forms
• Distillation occurs towards the
end of the biofuels production
process
• In the distillation column,
methanol is separated and
recovered from the FAME
through the overhead of the
column as a vapor
• Biodiesel is separated from
glycerol through the overhead
as a vapor and the glycerol is
collected through the bottom
for commercial use
21. DISTILLATION PROS AND CONS
PROS
• Extremely
common and
well
understood
• Effective
• Used by
almost
everyone
CONS
• Extremely
energy
intensive
• 50% of
operation
costs
• Foaming
22. PATENT: REFINING METHOD OF BIODIESEL
(1) Send biodiesel crude to an alcohol recovery tower to
obtain monohydric alcohols from the top and biodiesel
crude from the bottom via distillation
(2) Send crude ester to an ester distillation to obtain
biodiesel from the top and obtain crude ester from bottom
• By coupling the heat of the alcohol recovery tower and
heat of the ester distillation tower, which greatly reduces
the amount of heating and cooling which brings the cost
down dramatically.
23. CONCLUSIONS
• Bioreactor
• OMEGA design
• Can combine bioreactors with other environmental practices
• Extraction process must consider efficiency and costs-
• Combination of chemical and mechanical best option
• Transestrification
• Choice of alcohol and catalyst are important factors in reaction
• Selected pathway:
• Dimethyl carbonate for transestrification paired with enzymatic
conversion in replacement of traditional catalysts
• Distillation
• Separate glycerol and methanol out from biodiesel in the most economical
way possible (minimal heating and cooling)
