This document describes biochemical tests to identify reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars, starch, lipids, and proteins. It provides details of the procedure, basis, and expected observations for each test. The reducing sugar test uses Benedict's solution and looks for a color change from blue to green to yellow to red. The non-reducing sugar test hydrolyzes sugars like sucrose before using Benedict's solution. The starch test uses iodine and looks for a blue-black color. The lipid test makes an emulsion in water to look for an opaque white appearance. The protein test uses potassium hydroxide and copper sulfate to detect peptide bonds from a purple complex formation.

1. Biochemical Tests
• Reducing sugars
• Non-Reducing sugars
• Starch
• Lipid
• Proteins

2. Reducing Sugars
Test
add 2 ml of a
solution of the
reducing sugar
to a test-tube.
Add an equal
volume of
Benedict’s
solution. Shake
and bring
gently to the
boil., shaking
continuously to
minimise
spitting.
Basis of test
Benedict’s solution
contains copper
sulphate.
Reducing sugars
reduce soluble
blue copper
sulphate,
containing
copper(ll) ions to
insoluble red-
brown copper
oxide containing
copper(ll). The
latter is seen as
a precipitate.
Observations
The initial blue
colouration of the
mixture turns green,
then yellowish and
may finally form a
brick-red precipitate

3. Non-Reducing Sugars
Test
Add 2 ml of sucrose
solution to a test-
tube. Add 1cm
dilute hydrochloric
acid. Boil for one
minute. Carefully
neutralise with
sodium hydrogen
carbonate (check
with ph paper) –
care is required
because
effervescence
occurs. Carry out
benedict’s test.
Basis of test
A disaccharide can be
hydrolysed to its
monosaccharide
constitutents by
boiling with dilute
hydrochloric acid.
Sucrose is
hydrolysed to
glucose and
fructose, both of
which are reducing
sugars and give
the reducing sugar
results with the
Benedict’s test
Observations
As Benedict’s test

4. Starch
Test
Iodine/potassium iodide
test
Add 2ml 1% starch
solution to a test-
tube. Add a few
drops of l2/kl
solution.
Alternatively add
the latter to the
solid form of starch
Basis of test
A polyiodide
complex is
formed with
starch.
Observations
A blue-black
colouration.

5. Lipid
Emulsion test
Add 2ml fat or oil to
a test-tube
containing 2cm of
absolute ethanol.
Dissolve the lipid
by shaking
vigorously. Add
equal volume of
cold water.
Basis of test
Lipids are
immiscible with
water. Adding
water to a
solution of the
lipid in alcohol
results in an
emulsion of tiny
lipid droplets in
the water
which reflect
light and give a
white,
opalescent
appearance
Observations
A cloudy
white
suspension

6. Protein
Biuret Test
Add 2ml protein
solution to a
test-tube.
Add an equal
volume of 5%
potassium
hydroxide
solution and
mix. Add 2
drops of 1%
copper
sulphate
solution and
mix. No
heating is
required.
Basis of test
A test for peptide
bonds. In the
presence of
dilute copper
sulphate in
alkaline solution,
nitrogen atoms
in the peptide
chain form a
purple complex
with copper(ll)
ions. Biuret is a
compound
derived from
urea which also
contains the –
CONH- group
and gives a
positive result.
Observations
A purple colour
develops slowly

7. Protein
Biuret Test
Add 2ml protein
solution to a
test-tube.
Add an equal
volume of 5%
potassium
hydroxide
solution and
mix. Add 2
drops of 1%
copper
sulphate
solution and
mix. No
heating is
required.
Basis of test
A test for peptide
bonds. In the
presence of
dilute copper
sulphate in
alkaline solution,
nitrogen atoms
in the peptide
chain form a
purple complex
with copper(ll)
ions. Biuret is a
compound
derived from
urea which also
contains the –
CONH- group
and gives a
positive result.
Observations
A purple colour
develops slowly