BIO30S 3 4 1 Explain Processes Of Filtration Reabsorption And Secretion In Nephron
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DMCIUrine leaves the bladder and enters the ureters. The kidneys contain over 1 million nephrons that filter blood to form urine. Each nephron contains a Bowman's capsule with glomerulus that filters blood plasma, and a series of tubules (proximal, loop of Henle, distal) where reabsorption and secretion occur. Urine is then collected in the renal pelvis before entering the ureters.
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The document describes several key concepts related to physiology:
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2. It discusses how myelination allows for saltatory conduction along neurons to speed up transmission of action potentials.
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The document discusses excretion in animals and plants. It describes the process of excretion and the major waste products excreted, such as carbon dioxide, urea, and bile pigments. It also outlines the key excretory organs in mammals, including the lungs, kidneys, skin, and liver. The kidneys play an important role in homeostasis by removing nitrogenous wastes like urea from the blood and regulating water and salt concentrations. The basic unit of the kidney is the nephron, where blood is filtered to form urine and allow for reabsorption of useful substances and removal of wastes.
11.3 kidney
The document summarizes key aspects of kidney function and structure. It defines excretion as the removal of waste from the body, like nitrogenous wastes from protein digestion. The kidney filters blood and reabsorbs necessary substances while excreting waste in urine. The kidney contains nephrons which filter blood in the glomerulus and reabsorb most water and nutrients back into blood along various portions of the nephron tubules. The loop of Henle and collecting duct help concentrate urine by establishing salt gradients. Urine composition differs from the original glomerular filtrate due to selective reabsorption of useful substances in the kidney.
10th excretory system
The document summarizes the human excretory system. It describes that excretion removes nitrogenous waste from the body while defecation removes undigested waste. It then discusses the different forms of nitrogenous waste excreted by different organisms - ammonia, uric acid, and urea. The document outlines the major components of the human urinary system including the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. It provides details on kidney structure, nephron structure, and the processes of ultrafiltration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion involved in urine formation. Hormonal control of urine formation by ADH and aldosterone is also summarized.
Topic 11.3 the kidney & osmoregulation notes
The document discusses the structure and function of the kidney and osmoregulation. It defines key terms and outlines the processes of ultrafiltration, selective reabsorption and countercurrent exchange in the kidney. These processes allow the kidney to regulate water balance and remove nitrogenous wastes from the blood through excretion of urine, while reabsorbing useful solutes like water, glucose and amino acids. The kidney is crucial for homeostasis and is able to adapt its functions through feedback mechanisms and hormones like ADH to maintain the proper osmolarity and solute concentrations in the blood during dehydration, overhydration and other health issues.
Excretion Exam Q's and A's
The proximal convoluted tubule selectively reabsorbs glucose, amino acids, salts, and some waste from the glomerular filtrate through co-transporter proteins and microvilli in its cell membranes. This brings about changes in blood concentrations of these substances.
12. urinary system
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to form urine. Each kidney contains over 1 million nephrons, the basic functional units that filter blood and form urine. Urine travels from the kidneys through the ureters to the urinary bladder, where it is stored until micturition. During micturition, muscles contract to expel urine through the urethra and out of the body. Precise regulation of urine production, composition, and excretion helps maintain fluid and electrolyte balance in the body.
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F214 Revision
The document describes several key concepts related to physiology:
1. It explains the process of an action potential, from the resting state through depolarization, repolarization, and return to the resting state.
2. It discusses how myelination allows for saltatory conduction along neurons to speed up transmission of action potentials.
3. It outlines the process of neurotransmission across a synapse, from the arrival of an action potential and release of acetylcholine to the creation of a generator potential in the postsynaptic neuron.
Layers of GIT
The document summarizes the layers of the gastrointestinal tract and the mechanism of gastric acid secretion. It discusses four layers of the GI tract: the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa. It then describes the four-step mechanism of gastric acid secretion by parietal cells: 1) active transport of ions creates a charge that allows diffusion of ions into canaliculi, 2) hydrogen ions are actively secreted in exchange for potassium ions, 3) water passes into canaliculi by osmosis, 4) carbon dioxide forms bicarbonate ions that diffuse out in exchange for chloride ions.
Kidneys
The document discusses excretion in animals and plants. It describes the process of excretion and the major waste products excreted, such as carbon dioxide, urea, and bile pigments. It also outlines the key excretory organs in mammals, including the lungs, kidneys, skin, and liver. The kidneys play an important role in homeostasis by removing nitrogenous wastes like urea from the blood and regulating water and salt concentrations. The basic unit of the kidney is the nephron, where blood is filtered to form urine and allow for reabsorption of useful substances and removal of wastes.
11.3 kidney
The document summarizes key aspects of kidney function and structure. It defines excretion as the removal of waste from the body, like nitrogenous wastes from protein digestion. The kidney filters blood and reabsorbs necessary substances while excreting waste in urine. The kidney contains nephrons which filter blood in the glomerulus and reabsorb most water and nutrients back into blood along various portions of the nephron tubules. The loop of Henle and collecting duct help concentrate urine by establishing salt gradients. Urine composition differs from the original glomerular filtrate due to selective reabsorption of useful substances in the kidney.
10th excretory system
The document summarizes the human excretory system. It describes that excretion removes nitrogenous waste from the body while defecation removes undigested waste. It then discusses the different forms of nitrogenous waste excreted by different organisms - ammonia, uric acid, and urea. The document outlines the major components of the human urinary system including the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. It provides details on kidney structure, nephron structure, and the processes of ultrafiltration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion involved in urine formation. Hormonal control of urine formation by ADH and aldosterone is also summarized.
Topic 11.3 the kidney & osmoregulation notes
The document discusses the structure and function of the kidney and osmoregulation. It defines key terms and outlines the processes of ultrafiltration, selective reabsorption and countercurrent exchange in the kidney. These processes allow the kidney to regulate water balance and remove nitrogenous wastes from the blood through excretion of urine, while reabsorbing useful solutes like water, glucose and amino acids. The kidney is crucial for homeostasis and is able to adapt its functions through feedback mechanisms and hormones like ADH to maintain the proper osmolarity and solute concentrations in the blood during dehydration, overhydration and other health issues.
Excretion Exam Q's and A's
The proximal convoluted tubule selectively reabsorbs glucose, amino acids, salts, and some waste from the glomerular filtrate through co-transporter proteins and microvilli in its cell membranes. This brings about changes in blood concentrations of these substances.
12. urinary system
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to form urine. Each kidney contains over 1 million nephrons, the basic functional units that filter blood and form urine. Urine travels from the kidneys through the ureters to the urinary bladder, where it is stored until micturition. During micturition, muscles contract to expel urine through the urethra and out of the body. Precise regulation of urine production, composition, and excretion helps maintain fluid and electrolyte balance in the body.
Re absorption and secretion by nephron
The document summarizes key processes in the nephron including reabsorption and secretion. It describes how different parts of the nephron (proximal convoluted tubule, loops of Henle, distal convoluted tubule) reabsorb various filtrate components like sodium, glucose, water, and change the filtrate composition through secondary active transport and countercurrent mechanisms. It also discusses hormone actions including aldosterone and ADH that regulate sodium and water reabsorption respectively in the collecting ducts.
urine formation
The document discusses renal physiology and the urinary system. It contains the following key points:
1. The urinary system includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys contain nephrons which filter blood to form urine.
2. The kidneys regulate fluid volume, electrolyte and acid-base balance, and remove waste. Nephrons contain a renal corpuscle for filtration and a tubule for reabsorption and secretion.
3. The proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs the majority of filtered sodium, water, and other electrolytes using active transport mechanisms like sodium-glucose co-transport. This maintains electrolyte and fluid balance
Urophysiology 3
# Tubular reabsorption along part's of nephron.
# Tubular reabsorption is the most important because it's selective.
# Every cells in the nephron has a special charecteristic and mechanism of reabsorption.
Nephron
This document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the nephron, specifically the collecting tubules and juxtaglomerular apparatus. The collecting tubule is the final segment of the nephron before entering the collecting duct system. It can be divided into the cortical and medullary collecting tubules. The cortical collecting tubule reabsorbs sodium, potassium, and water. The medullary collecting tubule is responsible for acidification of urine and is permeable to water and urea. The juxtaglomerular apparatus is formed by modified cells in the afferent arteriole and macula densa. It detects changes in chloride concentration and blood pressure, triggering the release of renin and regulating the
11.3 kidneys and osmoregulation
The document discusses the kidney and its role in osmoregulation. It describes how the kidney filters blood via nephrons, which contain a glomerulus and Bowman's capsule that allow for ultrafiltration. As fluid passes through the nephron, useful substances like water and ions are reabsorbed while waste like urea and salts are removed. The loop of Henle helps concentrate the medulla to promote water reabsorption. ADH controls water reabsorption in the collecting duct. Kidney functions can be replaced by hemodialysis or transplant if failure occurs. Urine tests provide information on health conditions.
the urinary system
The urinary system consists of paired kidneys, ureters, a urinary bladder, and a urethra. The kidneys filter the blood to remove wastes and excess water, which are collected in the bladder via the ureters. When full, the bladder contracts to expel urine through the urethra. Each kidney contains millions of nephrons, the functional units that filter the blood, reabsorb necessary molecules, and secrete wastes into the urine. The collected urine is concentrated in the kidneys before exiting through the ureters into the bladder for storage and eventual expulsion.
7 excretory system
The kidneys and urinary system work to remove waste from the body through urine. The kidneys contain millions of nephrons that filter blood to produce urine. Glomerular filtration removes wastes and excess molecules from the bloodstream. Most of the filtered water and useful molecules are reabsorbed, while wastes like urea remain. Tubular secretion further regulates ions. The resulting urine is transported through the ureters to the bladder and then exits through urination. The kidneys play a vital role in homeostasis by precisely regulating waste removal and maintaining the body's internal balance.
Renal revised
Here are the key points indicated by each test result:
- Severe proteinuria indicates kidney damage allowing protein to pass into the urine.
- Casts with red blood cells suggest kidney inflammation or damage.
- Low specific gravity suggests decreased kidney concentration ability.
- Serum creatinine of 6 mg/dL indicates severe loss of kidney function (around 20% function).
- BUN of 35 mg/dL and creatinine of 1.2 mg/dL could indicate prerenal azotemia from decreased kidney perfusion rather than intrinsic kidney disease.
Urinary
The document provides an overview of the urinary system, including the anatomy and functions of the kidneys and other components. The kidneys filter blood to remove waste and regulate fluid balance. The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney that filters blood and reabsorbs water and nutrients while secreting wastes. Urine is stored in the bladder and eliminated through the urethra under voluntary control.
Kidneys& Its Function
The kidney regulates electrolyte and fluid balance in the body through its main functions of filtering blood to form urine and reabsorbing necessary water and ions back into circulation. The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron, which contains a glomerulus for blood filtration and a tubule system for reabsorption and secretion. As fluid moves through the nephron's tubules, complex mechanisms involving countercurrent exchange and active transport work to concentrate urine by returning water to the blood while retaining waste products.
Excretory system
This document provides an overview of the human excretory system presented in a lecture by K. P. Komal, Assistant Professor of Biochemistry. It describes the key components of the excretory system including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. It explains their functions in removing waste from the body through urine production via a process involving glomerular filtration, reabsorption, and secretion along the nephron tubule in the kidneys. The kidneys regulate blood volume, pressure, and ion and waste concentrations to maintain homeostasis.
Excretion in humans
The document discusses excretion in humans. It describes the components of the human excretory system, which includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste products from the blood and remove urea, water, and carbon dioxide. The main wastes removed are carbon dioxide, urea, and water. The kidneys are made up of an outer cortex and inner medulla, and contain nephrons which filter the blood and remove waste via ultrafiltration and reabsorption.
The urinary system
The urinary system consists of two kidneys, two ureters, one urinary bladder, and one urethra. The kidneys filter wastes from the blood and regulate fluid and electrolyte balance. Each kidney contains over a million nephrons, the functional units that filter blood in the glomerulus and reabsorb useful substances along the renal tubules. The kidneys secrete urine that travels through ureters to the bladder, where it is temporarily stored then expelled through the urethra. The urinary system plays critical roles in homeostasis by filtering wastes and regulating water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance.
11.3 The Kidney & Osmoregulation
The document discusses the kidney and osmoregulation. It begins by stating that all animals excrete nitrogenous waste products and some also balance water and solute concentrations. It then provides guidance on various understanding goals related to the kidney and osmoregulation, including how the kidney and Malpighian tubule system carry out these functions. It also includes diagrams of the nephron and descriptions of processes like ultrafiltration and selective reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule.
Renal physiology 2 dr osama elshahat
The document discusses the structure and function of the nephron, the functional unit of the kidney. It describes the nephron's role in 1) filtering blood through the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule, 2) maintaining renal blood pressure through the juxtaglomerular apparatus, and 3) forming urine through filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion. It also discusses key nephron processes like the countercurrent multiplier mechanism and regulation of electrolytes, acid-base balance, and other essential functions.
Kidney physiology
The kidney is composed of an outer cortex and inner medulla, and contains over 1 million functional filtering units called nephrons. Each nephron contains a renal corpuscle for blood filtration and renal tubule for modification of the filtrate. Urine is formed in 3 steps - filtration of blood plasma into the nephron, reabsorption of useful substances back into blood, and secretion of waste into the filtrate.
Anaphysio ch 12 urinary
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine. The nephrons in the kidneys remove wastes and regulate water and electrolyte balance. Urine travels from the kidneys down the ureters to the bladder. When full, the bladder contracts to expel urine through the urethra. The system helps maintain homeostasis by regulating water balance and removing toxins from the body.
PHYSIOLOGY OF CONNECTING TUBULE AND COLLECTING DUCT
1. The kidney absorbs most of the 180 liters of fluid filtered each day in the proximal tubule and loop of Henle. The remaining 18 liters are further reabsorbed in the collecting duct under regulation of aquaporin-2 by arginine vasopressin (AVP).
2. The osmotic gradient created by the countercurrent multiplier of the loop of Henle and recycling of urea by AVP maintains kidney concentration ability.
3. Free water excretion is determined by the effective solute load and degree of antidiuresis by AVP, which regulates aquaporin-2 expression and water permeability in the collecting duct.
Excretory System
The document summarizes excretion in animals and humans. It discusses the major nitrogenous wastes excreted, such as ammonia, urea, and uric acid. It describes the key excretory organs in different animal groups, including kidneys, nephridia, malpighian tubules, and green glands. For humans, it outlines the structure and function of nephrons, collecting ducts, and other components of the urinary system in removing wastes and regulating water and electrolyte balance. Key processes like glomerular filtration, reabsorption, and the countercurrent mechanism are also explained.
Topic 11 Excretion
The document provides instructions for comparing urine samples from two subjects and identifying which sample belongs to each subject. It discusses observing the color, volume, smell, temperature, and texture/taste of solutions A and B. Subject X's urine was collected one hour after drinking water, while subject Y's urine was not collected for 5 hours without drinking water. The document also contains information about the structure and functions of the urinary system.
Urinary system.slides
The document discusses kidney function and anatomy. The kidneys filter the blood, removing wastes and regulating water, salt, and pH balance. The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron, located in the renal cortex. Filtration occurs in nephrons where fluid enters renal tubules, and most water and nutrients are reabsorbed through tubules, with the remaining concentrated fluid exiting as urine through collecting ducts in the renal medulla and calyces into the ureter.
Urinary system.slides
The kidney functions to filter waste from the blood and regulate homeostasis. It contains nephrons, the functional units, located in the renal cortex. Nephrons filter the blood via the glomerulus, reabsorb most water and nutrients, and secrete some substances, forming urine. Urine drains from the renal pyramids and calyces into the ureters and out of the body. The kidney filters around 45 gallons of blood per day.
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Re absorption and secretion by nephron
The document summarizes key processes in the nephron including reabsorption and secretion. It describes how different parts of the nephron (proximal convoluted tubule, loops of Henle, distal convoluted tubule) reabsorb various filtrate components like sodium, glucose, water, and change the filtrate composition through secondary active transport and countercurrent mechanisms. It also discusses hormone actions including aldosterone and ADH that regulate sodium and water reabsorption respectively in the collecting ducts.
urine formation
The document discusses renal physiology and the urinary system. It contains the following key points:
1. The urinary system includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys contain nephrons which filter blood to form urine.
2. The kidneys regulate fluid volume, electrolyte and acid-base balance, and remove waste. Nephrons contain a renal corpuscle for filtration and a tubule for reabsorption and secretion.
3. The proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs the majority of filtered sodium, water, and other electrolytes using active transport mechanisms like sodium-glucose co-transport. This maintains electrolyte and fluid balance
Urophysiology 3
# Tubular reabsorption along part's of nephron.
# Tubular reabsorption is the most important because it's selective.
# Every cells in the nephron has a special charecteristic and mechanism of reabsorption.
Nephron
This document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the nephron, specifically the collecting tubules and juxtaglomerular apparatus. The collecting tubule is the final segment of the nephron before entering the collecting duct system. It can be divided into the cortical and medullary collecting tubules. The cortical collecting tubule reabsorbs sodium, potassium, and water. The medullary collecting tubule is responsible for acidification of urine and is permeable to water and urea. The juxtaglomerular apparatus is formed by modified cells in the afferent arteriole and macula densa. It detects changes in chloride concentration and blood pressure, triggering the release of renin and regulating the
11.3 kidneys and osmoregulation
The document discusses the kidney and its role in osmoregulation. It describes how the kidney filters blood via nephrons, which contain a glomerulus and Bowman's capsule that allow for ultrafiltration. As fluid passes through the nephron, useful substances like water and ions are reabsorbed while waste like urea and salts are removed. The loop of Henle helps concentrate the medulla to promote water reabsorption. ADH controls water reabsorption in the collecting duct. Kidney functions can be replaced by hemodialysis or transplant if failure occurs. Urine tests provide information on health conditions.
the urinary system
The urinary system consists of paired kidneys, ureters, a urinary bladder, and a urethra. The kidneys filter the blood to remove wastes and excess water, which are collected in the bladder via the ureters. When full, the bladder contracts to expel urine through the urethra. Each kidney contains millions of nephrons, the functional units that filter the blood, reabsorb necessary molecules, and secrete wastes into the urine. The collected urine is concentrated in the kidneys before exiting through the ureters into the bladder for storage and eventual expulsion.
7 excretory system
The kidneys and urinary system work to remove waste from the body through urine. The kidneys contain millions of nephrons that filter blood to produce urine. Glomerular filtration removes wastes and excess molecules from the bloodstream. Most of the filtered water and useful molecules are reabsorbed, while wastes like urea remain. Tubular secretion further regulates ions. The resulting urine is transported through the ureters to the bladder and then exits through urination. The kidneys play a vital role in homeostasis by precisely regulating waste removal and maintaining the body's internal balance.
Renal revised
Here are the key points indicated by each test result:
- Severe proteinuria indicates kidney damage allowing protein to pass into the urine.
- Casts with red blood cells suggest kidney inflammation or damage.
- Low specific gravity suggests decreased kidney concentration ability.
- Serum creatinine of 6 mg/dL indicates severe loss of kidney function (around 20% function).
- BUN of 35 mg/dL and creatinine of 1.2 mg/dL could indicate prerenal azotemia from decreased kidney perfusion rather than intrinsic kidney disease.
Urinary
The document provides an overview of the urinary system, including the anatomy and functions of the kidneys and other components. The kidneys filter blood to remove waste and regulate fluid balance. The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney that filters blood and reabsorbs water and nutrients while secreting wastes. Urine is stored in the bladder and eliminated through the urethra under voluntary control.
Kidneys& Its Function
The kidney regulates electrolyte and fluid balance in the body through its main functions of filtering blood to form urine and reabsorbing necessary water and ions back into circulation. The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron, which contains a glomerulus for blood filtration and a tubule system for reabsorption and secretion. As fluid moves through the nephron's tubules, complex mechanisms involving countercurrent exchange and active transport work to concentrate urine by returning water to the blood while retaining waste products.
Excretory system
This document provides an overview of the human excretory system presented in a lecture by K. P. Komal, Assistant Professor of Biochemistry. It describes the key components of the excretory system including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. It explains their functions in removing waste from the body through urine production via a process involving glomerular filtration, reabsorption, and secretion along the nephron tubule in the kidneys. The kidneys regulate blood volume, pressure, and ion and waste concentrations to maintain homeostasis.
Excretion in humans
The document discusses excretion in humans. It describes the components of the human excretory system, which includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste products from the blood and remove urea, water, and carbon dioxide. The main wastes removed are carbon dioxide, urea, and water. The kidneys are made up of an outer cortex and inner medulla, and contain nephrons which filter the blood and remove waste via ultrafiltration and reabsorption.
The urinary system
The urinary system consists of two kidneys, two ureters, one urinary bladder, and one urethra. The kidneys filter wastes from the blood and regulate fluid and electrolyte balance. Each kidney contains over a million nephrons, the functional units that filter blood in the glomerulus and reabsorb useful substances along the renal tubules. The kidneys secrete urine that travels through ureters to the bladder, where it is temporarily stored then expelled through the urethra. The urinary system plays critical roles in homeostasis by filtering wastes and regulating water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance.
11.3 The Kidney & Osmoregulation
The document discusses the kidney and osmoregulation. It begins by stating that all animals excrete nitrogenous waste products and some also balance water and solute concentrations. It then provides guidance on various understanding goals related to the kidney and osmoregulation, including how the kidney and Malpighian tubule system carry out these functions. It also includes diagrams of the nephron and descriptions of processes like ultrafiltration and selective reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule.
Renal physiology 2 dr osama elshahat
The document discusses the structure and function of the nephron, the functional unit of the kidney. It describes the nephron's role in 1) filtering blood through the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule, 2) maintaining renal blood pressure through the juxtaglomerular apparatus, and 3) forming urine through filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion. It also discusses key nephron processes like the countercurrent multiplier mechanism and regulation of electrolytes, acid-base balance, and other essential functions.
Kidney physiology
The kidney is composed of an outer cortex and inner medulla, and contains over 1 million functional filtering units called nephrons. Each nephron contains a renal corpuscle for blood filtration and renal tubule for modification of the filtrate. Urine is formed in 3 steps - filtration of blood plasma into the nephron, reabsorption of useful substances back into blood, and secretion of waste into the filtrate.
Anaphysio ch 12 urinary
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine. The nephrons in the kidneys remove wastes and regulate water and electrolyte balance. Urine travels from the kidneys down the ureters to the bladder. When full, the bladder contracts to expel urine through the urethra. The system helps maintain homeostasis by regulating water balance and removing toxins from the body.
PHYSIOLOGY OF CONNECTING TUBULE AND COLLECTING DUCT
1. The kidney absorbs most of the 180 liters of fluid filtered each day in the proximal tubule and loop of Henle. The remaining 18 liters are further reabsorbed in the collecting duct under regulation of aquaporin-2 by arginine vasopressin (AVP).
2. The osmotic gradient created by the countercurrent multiplier of the loop of Henle and recycling of urea by AVP maintains kidney concentration ability.
3. Free water excretion is determined by the effective solute load and degree of antidiuresis by AVP, which regulates aquaporin-2 expression and water permeability in the collecting duct.
Excretory System
The document summarizes excretion in animals and humans. It discusses the major nitrogenous wastes excreted, such as ammonia, urea, and uric acid. It describes the key excretory organs in different animal groups, including kidneys, nephridia, malpighian tubules, and green glands. For humans, it outlines the structure and function of nephrons, collecting ducts, and other components of the urinary system in removing wastes and regulating water and electrolyte balance. Key processes like glomerular filtration, reabsorption, and the countercurrent mechanism are also explained.
Topic 11 Excretion
The document provides instructions for comparing urine samples from two subjects and identifying which sample belongs to each subject. It discusses observing the color, volume, smell, temperature, and texture/taste of solutions A and B. Subject X's urine was collected one hour after drinking water, while subject Y's urine was not collected for 5 hours without drinking water. The document also contains information about the structure and functions of the urinary system.
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The document discusses kidney function and anatomy. The kidneys filter the blood, removing wastes and regulating water, salt, and pH balance. The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron, located in the renal cortex. Filtration occurs in nephrons where fluid enters renal tubules, and most water and nutrients are reabsorbed through tubules, with the remaining concentrated fluid exiting as urine through collecting ducts in the renal medulla and calyces into the ureter.
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The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine. Each kidney contains approximately 1 million nephrons, the functional units of filtration. In the nephrons, blood is filtered in the glomerulus and the filtrate is processed and regulated in the renal tubules to form urine. Hormones like aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone help regulate water and electrolyte balance to control blood pressure, volume, and pH. The kidneys also regulate red blood cell production and blood glucose levels through hormone secretion.
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The kidneys remove waste from the blood to form urine. They have an extensive blood supply so waste does not build up. Each kidney contains thousands of nephrons that filter blood to form urine in 5 steps: ultrafiltration, reabsorption, concentration in the loop of Henle, secretion in the distal tubule, and further concentration in the collecting duct. Hormones like ADH regulate water concentration to form either dilute or concentrated urine for excretion.
Excretion
The document summarizes excretion and the human kidney. It discusses how the kidneys remove waste from the blood through intricate filtration units called nephrons. Blood enters nephrons where it is filtered, with waste diffusing out and useful molecules reabsorbed back into the bloodstream. The filtrate then travels through different regions of the nephron where further reabsorption and secretion occurs. This complex process establishes concentration gradients to efficiently filter waste from the blood and produce hyperosmotic urine for excretion. Kidney failure requires dialysis to artificially perform the kidneys' waste removal functions.
NSCI 281WEEK 7 FINAL EXAMUniversity of Phoenix MaterialFinal E.docx
NSCI 281WEEK 7 FINAL EXAM
University of Phoenix Material
Final Examination
Serum is ____ while albumin is ____.
a.
a blood gas; blood clots
b.
the liquid portion of blood; the cells
c.
mostly protein; the matrix
d.
site for antibodies; a regulator of blood osmolality
e.
the cellular portion of blood; acellular components
Which of the following is another name for WBC?
a.
erythrocyte
b.
reticulocyte
c.
leukocyte
d.
thrombocyte
e.
monocyte
In coagulation,
a.
platelets convert to fibrin.
b.
factor XII is activated.
c.
ADP and thromboxanes stimulate other platelets to become activated.
d.
activated platelets are connected by fibrinogen.
e.
prostaglandin production is inhibited.
On the diagram of RBC production, what does "E" represent?
a.
increased blood oxygen
b.
decreased blood oxygen
c.
erythropoietin
d.
kidney
e.
red bone marrow
The atrium
a.
is a four-chambered muscular pump.
b.
is a thin walled, blood receiving chamber
c.
is posterior to the trachea.
d.
lies mostly to the right of the midline of the sternum.
e.
has a superior apex and an inferior base.
Blood in the right ventricle will enter the _____.
a.
Aorta
b.
right atrium
c.
pulmonary arteries
d.
pulmonary trunk
e.
pulmonary veins
Which of the following is matched correctly?
a.
closure of sodium channels – threshold
b.
opening of calcium slow channels - repolarization
c.
closing of calcium slow channels - plateau phase
d.
opening of potassium channels – depolarization
e.
opening of sodium fast channels – depolarization
Closure of the aortic valve would give rise to
a.
the first heart sound.
b.
the second heart sound.
c.
a heart murmur.
d.
an extra heart beat.
e.
end-systolic volume.
Identify structure "B" on the heart diagram.
a.
left atrium
b.
aortic semilunar valve
c.
bicuspid (mitral) valve
d.
right atrium
e.
pulmonary semilunar valve
Pulmonary blood vessels transport blood
a.
from the left ventricle to the lungs.
b.
from the left ventricle through the body to the left atrium.
c.
from the left ventricle through the body to the right atrium.
d.
from the right ventricle through the lungs to the right atrium.
e.
from the right ventricle through the lungs to the left atrium.
Arteries
a.
have thick, many layered walls
b.
carry blood away from the heart.
c.
carry blood under very high pressure.
d.
may contain valves and are lined with endothelium.
e.
are described as strong, rigid vessels that always carry oxygenated blood.
Veins that return blood from the digestive organs drain into the
a.
brachiocephalic vein.
b.
superior vena cava.
c.
hepatic portal vein.
d.
azygos vein.
e.
pulmonary arteries.
When the blood pressure is high, normal blood vessels will
a.
collapse.
b.
expand.
c.
be hypotensive.
d.
increase in blood flow.
e.
increase in peripheral resistance.
The lymphatic system differs from the cardiovascular system in that
a.
the lymph capillaries do not normally contain formed elements.
b.
.
Urinery system (1)
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra, and its main function is to remove waste from the body in the form of urine. The kidneys filter waste from the blood and regulate electrolyte and fluid balance. They produce urine which drains through the ureters into the bladder. The bladder stores urine until it is emptied through the urethra. Each kidney contains millions of nephrons which filter the blood, reabsorb useful substances, and produce urine that drains into the renal pelvis and ureter.
Urophysiology
The document is a lecture on renal physiology and urine formation by Dr. Ayub Abdulcadir Sheikh. It contains 14 pages covering the following topics:
- An introduction to the urinary system and nephron anatomy.
- Nerve supply and mechanism of micturition.
- Glomerular filtration rate and the glomerular filtration barrier.
- Tubular reabsorption and secretion mechanisms along different parts of the nephron.
- Formation of dilute and concentrated urine depending on water content and ADH levels.
- Acidification of urine through intercalated cell function.
- Control of extracellular fluid osmolarity and electrolyte
Functional anatomy and physiology of kideny
The kidney is a pair of bean-shaped organs located in the lower back that function as the body's major excretory and osmoregulatory organs. The kidney contains an outer cortex and inner medulla, and is made up of millions of nephrons that act as the functional filtration units. Nephrons contain a glomerulus for blood filtration and a tubule for reabsorption and secretion. The kidney regulates fluid balance and blood pressure through glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption and secretion processes.
Nephron structure & Urine formation
1. The document describes the structure and function of the nephron, the basic structural and functional unit of the kidney. It details the two main parts of each nephron - the renal corpuscle and renal tubule.
2. The renal corpuscle includes the glomerulus, a capillary network, and Bowman's capsule, which encloses the glomerulus. The renal tubule consists of the proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, and distal convoluted tubule.
3. Urine is formed through glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion as fluid passes through the nephron. Most reabsorption occurs in the proximal convol
Renal processing of glomerular filtrate
The document summarizes the key processes involved in urine formation:
- Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion are the three major renal processes. Substances are reabsorbed or secreted across tubular cells via transcellular or paracellular routes.
- The proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs the majority of filtered sodium, water, bicarbonate, chloride and potassium.
- The loop of Henle and distal convoluted tubule further regulate reabsorption and secretion of ions and water, facilitated by hormones like aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone.
- Tubular secretion disposes of substances not in the original filtrate like drugs,
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Cape biology unit 2-_the_kidney_and_osmoregulation
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- 1. Entry slip: What does urine enter after leaving the bladder? Lesson 3.4.1- Describe the processes of filtration, reabsorption and secretion in the nephron. (pp375-377) of Biology-McGraw-Hill Ryerson) I. The kidney is composed of three main structures: a.Cortex: the outer layer b.Medulla: the inner layer c. Pelvis: where urine collects before going into the Ureters II. Nephrons: a.In the cortex and medulla, there are over 1,000,000 tiny filters called nephrons. i. Like the alveoli in the lungs which are surrounded by capillaries that bring
- 2. CO2 to be expired and which take in O2, nephrons are also surrounded by capillaries. ii. These capillaries bring blood that contains wastes to be excreted such as: A.Urea, uric acid and creatinine B. Excess water C. Excess minerals such as Na+, Cl-, K+, HCO3-(basic), H+(acidic) and Ca2+ b.Each nephron consists of a: i. Bowman’s capsule: A. This is like an alveolar sac surrounded by capillaries, except that the capsule surrounds the capillaries. This bundle of capillaries in the Bowman’s capsule is called the “Glomerulus”.
- 3. B. Blood enters the capsule from the renal artery C. 20% of the blood plasma from the blood passes through the capillaries’ walls due to blood pressure. RBC’s and white blood cells are too large to pass through. D. This blood plasma is called “nephric filtrate” and passes into the proximal tubule. It contains nutrients the body wants and wastes the body wants to get rid of: a. Nutrients: water, minerals, glucose, useful amino acids b. Wastes: excess water, excess minerals, urea, uric acid, creatinine ii. Proximal tubule:
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- 5. C. FILTRATION: in the ascending loop, some of the minerals that the body wants are filtered out and sent back into the capillaries. D.At the end of this loop, the nephric filtrate passes into the distal tubule. iv. Distal tubule A.“distal” = farther away, “tubule” = small tube B. REABSORPTION: While in this tubule, more nutrients that the body wants begin to be reabsorbed: they pass back into the capillaries. C. SECRETION: Substances such as more creatinine, H+(acid), penicillin and other drugs are pulled out of the bloodstream of the capillaries and secreted into this tubule containing nephric filtrate.
- 6. v. Collecting duct: A.This liquid can now be called “urine” and travels through the collecting duct to the “renal pelvis” vi. Renal Pelvis: A.Holds urine before dumping into the Ureters. III.Demos: a. Youtube search: “Urine Formation” - RogerOBoston I. Homework Assignment: a.None-Take a break!