The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
statistics in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian de...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
This was a presentation that was carried out in our research method class by our group. It will be useful for PHD and master students quantitative and qualitative method. It consist sample definition, purpose of sampling, stages in the selection of a sample, types of sampling in quantitative researches, types of sampling in qualitative researches, and ethical Considerations in Data Collection.
This document discusses sample size calculations for estimating population proportions and conducting hypothesis tests about population proportions. It provides formulas and examples for determining the needed sample size based on desired precision or confidence level when estimating a proportion, and desired power when testing if a proportion is different than a hypothesized value. For example, it shows that a sample of 97 children is needed to estimate the proportion receiving vaccinations within 10 percentage points of the true value with 95% confidence. It also works through an example where the needed sample size is 384 to test if a new medical treatment has a success rate at least 10 percentage points higher than the reported rate of 70% with 90% power and a significance level of 5%.
A frequency table shows the frequency of data values divided into intervals to help group the data. It displays the number of observations that fall into each of several categories or intervals.
This document discusses key concepts related to sampling in research. It defines important terms like population, element, sample, and sampling unit. It explains the difference between sampling and a census. Some advantages of sampling over a census are that it saves time and costs, and sometimes produces more reliable results. There are two main types of errors in sampling - sampling error, which occurs when the sample is not representative, and non-sampling error from other issues. The document outlines different probability and non-probability sampling methods like simple random sampling, stratified sampling, cluster sampling, systematic sampling, convenience sampling, and quota sampling. It provides formulas for determining sample size based on factors like population variability, desired confidence level, and acceptable margin of error.
- The sample mean is the best estimate of the population mean and can be used to construct confidence intervals to estimate the true population mean.
- There are two situations when estimating a population mean: when the population standard deviation (σ) is known, and when σ is unknown.
- When σ is known, a z-test is used. When σ is unknown, a t-test is used since the sample standard deviation is used to estimate the population standard deviation.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in biostatistics. It begins with introductions to terminology, sources and presentation of data, and measures of central tendency and dispersion. It then discusses the normal curve, sampling techniques, and types of tests of significance including t-tests, ANOVA, and non-parametric tests. The document provides examples and explanations of commonly used statistical analyses for comparing means and assessing relationships in data.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
statistics in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian de...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
This was a presentation that was carried out in our research method class by our group. It will be useful for PHD and master students quantitative and qualitative method. It consist sample definition, purpose of sampling, stages in the selection of a sample, types of sampling in quantitative researches, types of sampling in qualitative researches, and ethical Considerations in Data Collection.
This document discusses sample size calculations for estimating population proportions and conducting hypothesis tests about population proportions. It provides formulas and examples for determining the needed sample size based on desired precision or confidence level when estimating a proportion, and desired power when testing if a proportion is different than a hypothesized value. For example, it shows that a sample of 97 children is needed to estimate the proportion receiving vaccinations within 10 percentage points of the true value with 95% confidence. It also works through an example where the needed sample size is 384 to test if a new medical treatment has a success rate at least 10 percentage points higher than the reported rate of 70% with 90% power and a significance level of 5%.
A frequency table shows the frequency of data values divided into intervals to help group the data. It displays the number of observations that fall into each of several categories or intervals.
This document discusses key concepts related to sampling in research. It defines important terms like population, element, sample, and sampling unit. It explains the difference between sampling and a census. Some advantages of sampling over a census are that it saves time and costs, and sometimes produces more reliable results. There are two main types of errors in sampling - sampling error, which occurs when the sample is not representative, and non-sampling error from other issues. The document outlines different probability and non-probability sampling methods like simple random sampling, stratified sampling, cluster sampling, systematic sampling, convenience sampling, and quota sampling. It provides formulas for determining sample size based on factors like population variability, desired confidence level, and acceptable margin of error.
- The sample mean is the best estimate of the population mean and can be used to construct confidence intervals to estimate the true population mean.
- There are two situations when estimating a population mean: when the population standard deviation (σ) is known, and when σ is unknown.
- When σ is known, a z-test is used. When σ is unknown, a t-test is used since the sample standard deviation is used to estimate the population standard deviation.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in biostatistics. It begins with introductions to terminology, sources and presentation of data, and measures of central tendency and dispersion. It then discusses the normal curve, sampling techniques, and types of tests of significance including t-tests, ANOVA, and non-parametric tests. The document provides examples and explanations of commonly used statistical analyses for comparing means and assessing relationships in data.
The document discusses how to use a chi-squared (x2) test to examine differences between observed and expected frequencies of categorical data. It provides guidelines for when a chi-squared test is appropriate, how to perform the calculation, and how to interpret the results. A case study example is presented of a student analyzing questionnaire responses about the 2012 Olympics using a chi-squared test to determine if response frequencies differed significantly between demographic groups.
This document discusses sample size calculation and provides formulas for determining appropriate sample sizes for different types of studies. It explains that sampling involves studying a subset of a population to make inferences about the whole population. The key types of studies covered are: 1) calculating a proportion, 2) calculating the difference between two proportions, 3) calculating a mean, and 4) calculating the difference between two means. Formulas for determining sample sizes for each of these study types are presented along with examples and exercises to demonstrate how to apply the formulas.
The document discusses the chi-square test, which is used to determine if an observed frequency distribution differs from an expected theoretical distribution. It can be used as a test of independence to determine if two variables are associated, and as a test of goodness of fit to assess how well an expected distribution fits observed data. The steps of the chi-square test are outlined, including calculating the test statistic, determining degrees of freedom, and comparing the statistic to critical values to determine if the null hypothesis can be rejected. An example of a chi-square test of independence is shown to test if perceptions of fairness of performance evaluation methods are independent of each other.
This document provides an overview of research methodology and biostatistics. It discusses key steps in the research process including collecting literature, identifying problems, planning methodology, data collection and analysis, and reporting. Various study designs such as descriptive studies, analytical observational studies including cross-sectional, case-control and cohort studies are described. The strengths and limitations of different study types are also highlighted.
The document discusses the chi-square test, which offers an alternative method for testing the significance of differences between two proportions. It was developed by Karl Pearson and follows a specific chi-square distribution. To calculate chi-square, contingency tables are made noting observed and expected frequencies, and the chi-square value is calculated using the formula. Degrees of freedom are also calculated. Chi-square test is commonly used to test proportions, associations between events, and goodness of fit to a theory. However, it has limitations when expected values are less than 5 and does not measure strength of association or indicate causation.
Chapter 6 part1- Introduction to Inference-Estimating with Confidence (Introd...nszakir
Introduction to Inference, Estimating with Confidence, Inference, Statistical Confidence, Confidence Intervals, Confidence Interval for a Population Mean, Choosing the Sample Size
Chapter 6 part2-Introduction to Inference-Tests of Significance, Stating Hyp...nszakir
Mathematics, Statistics, Introduction to Inference, Tests of Significance, The Reasoning of Tests of Significance, Stating Hypotheses, Test Statistics, P-values, Statistical Significance, Test for a Population Mean, Two-Sided Significance Tests and Confidence Intervals
The document discusses sample and sampling techniques used in research. It defines key terms like population, sample, sampling, and element. It describes two main sampling techniques - probability sampling which uses random selection, and non-probability sampling which uses non-random methods. Some examples of probability sampling techniques include simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified random sampling, cluster sampling, and multi-stage sampling. Examples of non-probability sampling include convenience sampling, quota sampling, and purposive sampling. Sample size is determined using formulas like Slovin's formula.
The chi-square test is used to determine if an observed frequency distribution differs from an expected theoretical distribution. It can test goodness of fit, independence of attributes, and homogeneity. The test involves calculating chi-square by taking the sum of the squares of the differences between observed and expected frequencies divided by expected frequencies. For the test to be valid, certain conditions must be met regarding sample size, expected frequencies, independence, and randomness. The test has some limitations such as not measuring strength of association and being unreliable with small expected frequencies.
This document provides an overview of Chapter 7 from a statistics textbook. The chapter covers sampling and sampling distributions. It has 6 main learning objectives, including determining when to use sampling vs a census, distinguishing random and nonrandom sampling, and understanding the impact of the central limit theorem. The chapter outline lists 7 sections that will be covered, such as sampling, sampling distributions of the mean and proportion, and key terms. It provides examples to illustrate the central limit theorem and formulas from it.
This document appears to be a project report on biodiversity in a campus. It discusses several biodiversity indices used to measure species diversity, including Simpson's diversity index and Shannon index. It provides examples of calculating these indices using sample data collected on bird and insect species found in different areas of the campus. The report will analyze the data to determine which areas have higher biodiversity and examine how population sizes and evenness affect diversity.
Final Year Project Presentation (June 2015) : INVESTIGATION OF SHEAR BEHAVIOU...Asadullah Malik
It was a 20 min presentation made to participate in the Rector's Gold Medal Competition for the best undergrad project, in which our research based project won 2nd position.
This document discusses various sampling techniques used for collecting data from a population. It covers probability sampling methods like simple random sampling, stratified random sampling, systematic sampling, and cluster sampling. It also discusses non-probability sampling techniques like judgment sampling, convenience sampling, quota sampling, and snowball sampling. The document emphasizes that sampling provides data with less resources compared to a complete census but introduces errors. It provides examples to illustrate different sampling methods.
Micro CT settings for caries detection: how to optimizeIJERA Editor
Some important items that can influence micro CT image were reviewed in this study. Different settings were
optimized for the assessment of early caries lesions. There are several researches on bone using micro CT but not
too much on dental hard tissues when assessing mineral loss. Different kinds of micro CT devices and
technologies are taking place today, each requiring unique settings, and this consists one of the greatest obstacles
for the use of micro CT on dental hard tissues. Achieving the settings for an ideal dental image is therefore a
challenge. The purpose of this study was to evaluate different micro CT settings to optimize the assessment of
early caries lesions aiming the integrity of the dental specimen thus, making possible to reuse it for further
studies. Three teeth with early caries lesions were submitted to different micro CT settings and different
reconstruction settings, aiming a better image. The final image was compared visually through different densities
and attenuation coefficients. The best setting for teeth tissues was achieved regarding contrast, definition, noise
reduction and the larger difference between sound enamel and early lesions attenuation coefficient.
Class 12th Physics Investigatory Project for CBSE on ERRORSRanjan Lohia
This certificate certifies that the physics investigatory project titled "ERRORS" was completed by Ranjan Lohia, a student of Class XIITH – A, under the supervision and guidance of his teacher. The project demonstrates the student's strong understanding of the topic. It examines errors in various fields including chemistry, physics, biology, speedometers, timekeeping and more. The student found that speedometers generally underestimate speed compared to GPS measurements, with errors of up to 5-10% due to factors like tire wear. The project was completed over 5 days at a cost of about 360 rupees.
Insight on data trend analysis from CEE's Existing Building Commissioning Services.
For more information, read The Art of Building Recommissioning at our blog: http://www.mncee.org/Innovation-Exchange/ie/March-2012/The-Art-of-Building-Recommissioning/?utm_source=slideshare&utm_medium=slideshare&utm_campaign=slideshare
Evaluation of Variability and Combinability of Fecal Calprotectin (FCP) Resul...Covance
AACC 2019 -- Calprotectin is a calcium-heterodimer protein which is abundant in the cytoplasm of neutrophils. This is a biomarker with good sensitivity and specificity in case of inflammatory Bowel disease (IBD) which is a chronic inflammatory gut. In case of IBD, neutrophils from the inflammatory area release calprotectin, which leads to its increased levels in stool samples. Calprotectin is measured in extracted stools. There are several extraction devices that are commercially available as well a manual weigh-in method, "Gold Standard" method. The homogeneity of stool sample and the neutrophil levels in the sample affect the precision of the results from the same stool sample. Our study compares 2 commercial stool extraction devices with the manual weigh-in method as well as the variability within each extraction method.
Intellectual Property Lebret December 2018Hervé Lebret
Elon Musk believes that true technology leadership is defined not by patents but by a company's ability to attract and motivate talented engineers. The document then provides examples of university licenses for various startups, showing information such as founding year, funding amounts, acquisition prices and theoretical value at exit. On average, the startups analyzed achieved a theoretical value at exit over 11 times their initial Series A funding.
1. Sieve analysis was performed on a sample of calcium carbonate to determine its particle size distribution. The sample was shaken in a mechanical shaker through a series of sieves with decreasing mesh sizes for different time intervals.
2. The mass of the sample retained on each sieve was measured and the cumulative percentage passing and particle size distribution curves were plotted.
3. The results showed that increasing the shaking time decreased the particle size, following a bell-shaped curve distribution rather than a direct proportional relationship between particle size and mass fraction.
This document summarizes a thesis on developing an open-source iris recognition system to verify the uniqueness and performance of the human iris as a biometric identifier. The system segments iris images, normalizes variations, encodes iris patterns using log-Gabor filters, and matches templates using Hamming distance. Testing on two databases achieved perfect recognition on 75 images but false accept and reject rates of 0.005% and 0.238% on 624 images, showing iris recognition can be reliable and accurate.
7 qc toools LEARN and KNOW how to BUILD IN EXCELrajesh1655
learn about 7QC TOOLS ((STRATIFICATION, CHECK SHEET, TALLY SHEET, HISTOGRAM, PARETOGRAM, CAUSE AND EFFECT DIAGRAM, SCATTER DIAGRAM, CONTOL CHARTS, QUALITY CONTROL, X BAR AND R CHART, X BAR AND MR CHART, P CHART, C CHART, LEARN IN EXCEL, HOW TO BUILD IN EXCEL, X BAR CHART, )) AND ALSO LEARN HOW TO BUILD THEM IN EXCEL.
Bioinformática y supercomputación. Razones para hacerse bioinformático en la UMAM. Gonzalo Claros
¿En qué consiste la bioinformática? ¿Cómo puedo especializarme? ¿Dónde? Capacidad de supercomputación en la UMA. Recientes logros bioinformáticos relacionados con la medicina y con la ciencia en general, muchos de ellos realizados por equipos de la UMA.
The document discusses how to use a chi-squared (x2) test to examine differences between observed and expected frequencies of categorical data. It provides guidelines for when a chi-squared test is appropriate, how to perform the calculation, and how to interpret the results. A case study example is presented of a student analyzing questionnaire responses about the 2012 Olympics using a chi-squared test to determine if response frequencies differed significantly between demographic groups.
This document discusses sample size calculation and provides formulas for determining appropriate sample sizes for different types of studies. It explains that sampling involves studying a subset of a population to make inferences about the whole population. The key types of studies covered are: 1) calculating a proportion, 2) calculating the difference between two proportions, 3) calculating a mean, and 4) calculating the difference between two means. Formulas for determining sample sizes for each of these study types are presented along with examples and exercises to demonstrate how to apply the formulas.
The document discusses the chi-square test, which is used to determine if an observed frequency distribution differs from an expected theoretical distribution. It can be used as a test of independence to determine if two variables are associated, and as a test of goodness of fit to assess how well an expected distribution fits observed data. The steps of the chi-square test are outlined, including calculating the test statistic, determining degrees of freedom, and comparing the statistic to critical values to determine if the null hypothesis can be rejected. An example of a chi-square test of independence is shown to test if perceptions of fairness of performance evaluation methods are independent of each other.
This document provides an overview of research methodology and biostatistics. It discusses key steps in the research process including collecting literature, identifying problems, planning methodology, data collection and analysis, and reporting. Various study designs such as descriptive studies, analytical observational studies including cross-sectional, case-control and cohort studies are described. The strengths and limitations of different study types are also highlighted.
The document discusses the chi-square test, which offers an alternative method for testing the significance of differences between two proportions. It was developed by Karl Pearson and follows a specific chi-square distribution. To calculate chi-square, contingency tables are made noting observed and expected frequencies, and the chi-square value is calculated using the formula. Degrees of freedom are also calculated. Chi-square test is commonly used to test proportions, associations between events, and goodness of fit to a theory. However, it has limitations when expected values are less than 5 and does not measure strength of association or indicate causation.
Chapter 6 part1- Introduction to Inference-Estimating with Confidence (Introd...nszakir
Introduction to Inference, Estimating with Confidence, Inference, Statistical Confidence, Confidence Intervals, Confidence Interval for a Population Mean, Choosing the Sample Size
Chapter 6 part2-Introduction to Inference-Tests of Significance, Stating Hyp...nszakir
Mathematics, Statistics, Introduction to Inference, Tests of Significance, The Reasoning of Tests of Significance, Stating Hypotheses, Test Statistics, P-values, Statistical Significance, Test for a Population Mean, Two-Sided Significance Tests and Confidence Intervals
The document discusses sample and sampling techniques used in research. It defines key terms like population, sample, sampling, and element. It describes two main sampling techniques - probability sampling which uses random selection, and non-probability sampling which uses non-random methods. Some examples of probability sampling techniques include simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified random sampling, cluster sampling, and multi-stage sampling. Examples of non-probability sampling include convenience sampling, quota sampling, and purposive sampling. Sample size is determined using formulas like Slovin's formula.
The chi-square test is used to determine if an observed frequency distribution differs from an expected theoretical distribution. It can test goodness of fit, independence of attributes, and homogeneity. The test involves calculating chi-square by taking the sum of the squares of the differences between observed and expected frequencies divided by expected frequencies. For the test to be valid, certain conditions must be met regarding sample size, expected frequencies, independence, and randomness. The test has some limitations such as not measuring strength of association and being unreliable with small expected frequencies.
This document provides an overview of Chapter 7 from a statistics textbook. The chapter covers sampling and sampling distributions. It has 6 main learning objectives, including determining when to use sampling vs a census, distinguishing random and nonrandom sampling, and understanding the impact of the central limit theorem. The chapter outline lists 7 sections that will be covered, such as sampling, sampling distributions of the mean and proportion, and key terms. It provides examples to illustrate the central limit theorem and formulas from it.
This document appears to be a project report on biodiversity in a campus. It discusses several biodiversity indices used to measure species diversity, including Simpson's diversity index and Shannon index. It provides examples of calculating these indices using sample data collected on bird and insect species found in different areas of the campus. The report will analyze the data to determine which areas have higher biodiversity and examine how population sizes and evenness affect diversity.
Final Year Project Presentation (June 2015) : INVESTIGATION OF SHEAR BEHAVIOU...Asadullah Malik
It was a 20 min presentation made to participate in the Rector's Gold Medal Competition for the best undergrad project, in which our research based project won 2nd position.
This document discusses various sampling techniques used for collecting data from a population. It covers probability sampling methods like simple random sampling, stratified random sampling, systematic sampling, and cluster sampling. It also discusses non-probability sampling techniques like judgment sampling, convenience sampling, quota sampling, and snowball sampling. The document emphasizes that sampling provides data with less resources compared to a complete census but introduces errors. It provides examples to illustrate different sampling methods.
Micro CT settings for caries detection: how to optimizeIJERA Editor
Some important items that can influence micro CT image were reviewed in this study. Different settings were
optimized for the assessment of early caries lesions. There are several researches on bone using micro CT but not
too much on dental hard tissues when assessing mineral loss. Different kinds of micro CT devices and
technologies are taking place today, each requiring unique settings, and this consists one of the greatest obstacles
for the use of micro CT on dental hard tissues. Achieving the settings for an ideal dental image is therefore a
challenge. The purpose of this study was to evaluate different micro CT settings to optimize the assessment of
early caries lesions aiming the integrity of the dental specimen thus, making possible to reuse it for further
studies. Three teeth with early caries lesions were submitted to different micro CT settings and different
reconstruction settings, aiming a better image. The final image was compared visually through different densities
and attenuation coefficients. The best setting for teeth tissues was achieved regarding contrast, definition, noise
reduction and the larger difference between sound enamel and early lesions attenuation coefficient.
Class 12th Physics Investigatory Project for CBSE on ERRORSRanjan Lohia
This certificate certifies that the physics investigatory project titled "ERRORS" was completed by Ranjan Lohia, a student of Class XIITH – A, under the supervision and guidance of his teacher. The project demonstrates the student's strong understanding of the topic. It examines errors in various fields including chemistry, physics, biology, speedometers, timekeeping and more. The student found that speedometers generally underestimate speed compared to GPS measurements, with errors of up to 5-10% due to factors like tire wear. The project was completed over 5 days at a cost of about 360 rupees.
Insight on data trend analysis from CEE's Existing Building Commissioning Services.
For more information, read The Art of Building Recommissioning at our blog: http://www.mncee.org/Innovation-Exchange/ie/March-2012/The-Art-of-Building-Recommissioning/?utm_source=slideshare&utm_medium=slideshare&utm_campaign=slideshare
Evaluation of Variability and Combinability of Fecal Calprotectin (FCP) Resul...Covance
AACC 2019 -- Calprotectin is a calcium-heterodimer protein which is abundant in the cytoplasm of neutrophils. This is a biomarker with good sensitivity and specificity in case of inflammatory Bowel disease (IBD) which is a chronic inflammatory gut. In case of IBD, neutrophils from the inflammatory area release calprotectin, which leads to its increased levels in stool samples. Calprotectin is measured in extracted stools. There are several extraction devices that are commercially available as well a manual weigh-in method, "Gold Standard" method. The homogeneity of stool sample and the neutrophil levels in the sample affect the precision of the results from the same stool sample. Our study compares 2 commercial stool extraction devices with the manual weigh-in method as well as the variability within each extraction method.
Intellectual Property Lebret December 2018Hervé Lebret
Elon Musk believes that true technology leadership is defined not by patents but by a company's ability to attract and motivate talented engineers. The document then provides examples of university licenses for various startups, showing information such as founding year, funding amounts, acquisition prices and theoretical value at exit. On average, the startups analyzed achieved a theoretical value at exit over 11 times their initial Series A funding.
1. Sieve analysis was performed on a sample of calcium carbonate to determine its particle size distribution. The sample was shaken in a mechanical shaker through a series of sieves with decreasing mesh sizes for different time intervals.
2. The mass of the sample retained on each sieve was measured and the cumulative percentage passing and particle size distribution curves were plotted.
3. The results showed that increasing the shaking time decreased the particle size, following a bell-shaped curve distribution rather than a direct proportional relationship between particle size and mass fraction.
This document summarizes a thesis on developing an open-source iris recognition system to verify the uniqueness and performance of the human iris as a biometric identifier. The system segments iris images, normalizes variations, encodes iris patterns using log-Gabor filters, and matches templates using Hamming distance. Testing on two databases achieved perfect recognition on 75 images but false accept and reject rates of 0.005% and 0.238% on 624 images, showing iris recognition can be reliable and accurate.
7 qc toools LEARN and KNOW how to BUILD IN EXCELrajesh1655
learn about 7QC TOOLS ((STRATIFICATION, CHECK SHEET, TALLY SHEET, HISTOGRAM, PARETOGRAM, CAUSE AND EFFECT DIAGRAM, SCATTER DIAGRAM, CONTOL CHARTS, QUALITY CONTROL, X BAR AND R CHART, X BAR AND MR CHART, P CHART, C CHART, LEARN IN EXCEL, HOW TO BUILD IN EXCEL, X BAR CHART, )) AND ALSO LEARN HOW TO BUILD THEM IN EXCEL.
Bioinformática y supercomputación. Razones para hacerse bioinformático en la UMAM. Gonzalo Claros
¿En qué consiste la bioinformática? ¿Cómo puedo especializarme? ¿Dónde? Capacidad de supercomputación en la UMA. Recientes logros bioinformáticos relacionados con la medicina y con la ciencia en general, muchos de ellos realizados por equipos de la UMA.
Mini project PowerPoint presentation usefulg8248418302
The document describes a design project for a wearable fall detection device. A group of three students - Devika S, Geetharakchana R, and Janapriya E - presented their mini project on designing a wearable device that can detect falls using an MPU6050 sensor. The device would send an SMS notification to a mobile phone when a fall is detected to help reduce the response time for assistance. The document provides details on the objectives, problem identification, hardware requirements including the NodeMCU ESP8266 microcontroller and MPU6050 sensor, software requirements, and conclusions from exploring the effectiveness of using the MPU6050 sensor to detect falls.
This document describes the development and testing of a printed flexible capacitive pressure sensor for detecting impacts and its integration onto a soccer headgear. Two sensor designs were tested - one using silver nanoparticle ink and one using carbon nanotube ink. The Ag NP sensor showed a larger capacitive response to lower pressures compared to the CNT sensor. An electronic readout circuit was developed and tested with the Ag NP sensor attached to the headgear. The sensor and circuit demonstrated the ability to detect and measure impacts sustained during play.
PRESENTACION DE CASO CLINICO. EPILEPSIA (1).pptx559z9tc9rq
The document appears to be a medical case report in Spanish. It includes sections for patient identification, current complaints, vital signs, physical exam findings, diagnostic possibilities, lab results, suspected diagnosis, treatment timeline and follow up, and trends in lab values like Proteina C Reactiva (PCR), cardiac enzymes, blood counts, chemistries, electrolytes, and liver function tests over time. The labs show initially elevated PCR, CK and CK-MB that improved but other abnormalities in blood counts and chemistries that fluctuated over the hospitalization.
Advances in host plant resistance and identification of broad-based stable so...ICRISAT
Host Plant Resistance is the most effective and economical management option for Fusarium wilt (Fusarium udum Butler) of pigeonpea (Figure 1) either alone or as a major component of IDM. The disease can cause yield losses of up to 100% in susceptible cultivars. ICRISAT has developed large numbers of high yielding wilt resistant lines by selecting them under high disease pressure in field screening. These resistant lines if found to possess stable resistance across locations, could be utilized in pigeonpea disease resistance breeding program.
The document discusses several modern dental technologies including:
1. Diagnodent and dental microscopes which can better detect caries and preserve tooth structure.
2. Composite resins and air abrasion which provide improved materials and techniques for fillings and stain removal.
3. CT scans, bone grafting, and CBCT which enhance imaging and implantation procedures.
4. Digital x-rays, intraoral cameras, and intraoral scanners which provide digital alternatives to traditional imaging and impressions.
The document discusses experimental errors and statistics in analytical chemistry. It describes two types of errors - systematic errors and random errors. It also defines key statistical terms like mean, median, standard deviation, variance, and range. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating these statistics from a set of data and using statistical tests like Q-test and t-test to evaluate data and determine confidence levels.
This document summarizes previous research on the acoustic radiation force and presents the objective of experimentally verifying the attractive nature of the acoustic radiation force. It discusses key contributions from researchers such as King, Embleton, and Nyborg who derived theories and experimentally tested the acoustic radiation force. The document also reviews previous student theses conducted at the Naval Postgraduate School aimed at measuring the acoustic radiation force, noting challenges faced in obtaining agreement between experimental data and theory. The objective of the current study is to build upon past work to experimentally test the theoretically predicted attractive acoustic radiation force.
Opportunity for Dentists (BDS/MDS )to relocate to United kingdom -Register as a DENTAL HYGIENIST/ DENTAL THERAPIST without Board exams and after approval you can register in GDC as a DH/DT and start working as a DH/DT Immediately and get paid.
You can complete the whole process in 3-4 months.Salary range for DH/DT is around 2500-3500 Pounds per month.
Eligibility / requirements-
1. An International English Language Testing System (IELTS) certificate
at the appropriate level.(Within 2 yrs of application date )
2: A recent primary dental qualification that has been taught and examined in English..(Within 2 yrs of application date )
3: A recent pass in a language test for registration with a regulatory authority in a country where the first language is English.
If you are interested Please contact us for more details.
1ST, 2ND AND 3RD ORDER BENDS IN STANDARD EDGEWISE APPLIANCE SYSTEM /Fixed ort...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals
who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry,
Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
I –Aligners are made with FDA approved transparent thermoplastic materials using 3D scanning, 3D Printing and finally Trays with Pressure vacuum formers.
Dear Doctor,
Indian Dental Academy Now offers comprehensive online Orthodontics course.
Course includes:
1.whiteboard lecture presentations
2.Case Discussions
3.with hundreds of pictures.
4.Demo on Models
5.Demo on Patients
6. subtitles in your own language
12 months unlimited access and support @350 USD only.
For Demo please visit :www.idalectures.com/preview/
For more details visit: www.idalectures.com
Please contact us for any clarifications:
idalectures@gmail.com
indiandentalacademy@gmail.com
Thanks & Regards
Indian Dental Academy
--
Indian Dental Academy
Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com
skype:indiandentalacademy
+919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cytotoxicity of silicone materials used in maxillofacial prosthesis / dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Diagnosis and treatment planning in completely endntulous arches/dental coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Properties of Denture base materials /rotary endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Use of modified tooth forms in complete denture occlusion / dental implant...Indian dental academy
This document discusses dental occlusion concepts and philosophies for complete dentures. It introduces key terms like physiologic occlusion and defines different occlusion schemes like balanced articulation and monoplane articulation. The document discusses advantages and disadvantages of using anatomic versus non-anatomic teeth for complete dentures. It also outlines requirements for maintaining denture stability, such as balanced occlusal contacts and control of horizontal forces. The goal of occlusion for complete dentures is to re-establish the homeostasis of the masticatory system disrupted by edentulism.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses dental casting investment materials. It describes the three main types of investments - gypsum bonded, phosphate bonded, and ethyl silicate bonded investments. For gypsum bonded investments specifically, it details their classification, composition including the roles of gypsum, silica, and modifiers, setting time, normal and hygroscopic setting expansion, and thermal expansion. It provides information on how the properties of gypsum bonded investments are affected by their composition. The document serves as a comprehensive overview of dental casting investment materials.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...TechSoup
Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
How Barcodes Can Be Leveraged Within Odoo 17Celine George
In this presentation, we will explore how barcodes can be leveraged within Odoo 17 to streamline our manufacturing processes. We will cover the configuration steps, how to utilize barcodes in different manufacturing scenarios, and the overall benefits of implementing this technology.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
2. STATISTICS
STATISTICS AS A SINGULAR NOUN IS “A
SCIENCE OF FIGURES”
WHERE AS PLURAL NOUN IT MEANS
“FIGURES” OR NUMERICAL DATA OR
INFORMATION.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
3. BIOSTATISTICS
BIOSTATISTICS CAN BE DEFINED AS ART
AND SCIENCE OF COLLECTION,
COMPILATION, PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS
AND LOGICAL INTERPRETATION OF
BIOLOGICAL DATA AFFECTED BY
MULTIPLICITY OF FACTORS“An ounce of truth produces tons of statistics”
www.indiandentalacademy.com
4. STATISTICS
THE WORD STATISTIK IS DERIVED FROM
AN ITALIAN WORD STATISTA MEANING
STATESMAN.
GOTTFRED CHENWALL, A PROFESSOR AT
MARLBOROUGH USED THIS WORD FOR
THE FIRST TIME.
ZIMMERMAN INTRODUCED THE WORD
STATISTICS INTO ENGLAND.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
5. DURING THE OUTBREAK OF PLAGUE IN
ENGLAND, IN 1532 THEY STARTED
PUBLISHING THE WEEKLY DEATH
STATISTICS.THIS PRACTICE CONTINUED AND
BY 1632, THESE BILLS OF MORTALITY, LISTED
BIRTHS AND DEATHS BY SEX
HISTORY OF
STATISTICS
www.indiandentalacademy.com
6. IN 1662, CAPT.JOHN GRAUNT USED 30
YEARS OF THESE BILLS TO MAKE
PREDICTIONS ABOUT THE NUMBER
OF PEOPLE WHO WOULD DIE FROM
VARIOUS DISEASES AND
PROPORTIONS AF MALE AND FEMALE
BIRTHS THAT COULD BE EXPECTED.
HISTORY OF
STATISTICS..
www.indiandentalacademy.com
7. KNOWLEDGE OF STATISTICAL
METHODS
1.ENABLES US TO MAKE INTELLIGENT USE OF
THE CURRENT LITERATURE.
2.OPENS UP NEW PATHS OF EXPERIMENTAL
PROCEDURES
3.ENABLES A RESEARCH WORKER TO COLLECT,
ANALYZE AND PRESENT HIS DATA IN THE
MOST MEANINGFUL AND EXPEDITIOUS
MANNER.
4.ALLOWS A BIOINFORMATICS PROFESSIONAL
USE STATISTICAL SOFTWARES IN Awww.indiandentalacademy.com
8. LIMITATIONS
STATISTIC LAWS ARE NOT EXACT LAWS LIKE
MATHEMATICAL OR CHEMICAL LAWS BUT
ARE ONLY TRUE IN MAJORITY OF CASES.
EX: WHEN WE SAY THAT THE AVERAGE
HEIGHT OF AN ADULT INDIAN IS 5’ 6’’ , IT
INDICATES THE HEIGHT NOT OF INDIVIDUAL
BUT OF A GROUP OF INDIVIDUALS.www.indiandentalacademy.com
9. SUBDIVISIONS OF
STATISTICS
THEY CAN BE SEPERATED INTO TWO
BROAD CATEGORIES:
1.DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
2.INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
www.indiandentalacademy.com
10. Norm Sample
size
Mean Std.
Deviation
Std. Error
95% C I for Mean
Min
Max
Lower
bound
Upper
bound
LED 40 sec
10 9.659 0.615891 0.19476168 9.218418476 10.099581 8.34 10.7
LED 20 sec
10 7.596 0.816921 0.25833312 7.011609886 8.1803901 6.36 8.95
Argon Laser 10 sec
10 7.568 1.741518 0.5507163 6.322193174 8.8138068 3.6 9.47
Argon Laser 5 sec
10 5.824 1.636773 0.51759315 4.653122953 6.9948770 4.37 8.93
Halogen Light 40 sec
10 10.374 1.688939 0.53408946 9.165805693 11.582194 8.21 12.97
DESCRIPTIVE
STATISTICS
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11. DAT
A
WHENEVER AN OBSERVATION IS MADE, IT
WILL BE RECORDED AND A COLLECTIVE
RECORDING OF THESE OBSERVATIONS,
EITHER NUMERICAL OR OTHERWISE, IS
CALLED A DATA.
EX: RECORDING THE SEX OF A PERSON IN A
GROUP OF PERSONSwww.indiandentalacademy.com
12. VARIABLE
IN EACH OF CASES A CERTAIN
OBSERVATION IS MADE FOR A
CHARACTERISTIC AND THIS
CHARACTERISTICS VARIES FROM ONE
OBSERVATION TO OTHER OBSERVATION
AND IS CALLED A VARIABLEwww.indiandentalacademy.com
13. TYPES OF DATA
I. QUALITATIVE / QUANTITATIVE
II. DISCRETE / CONTINUOUS
III. GROUPED / UNGROUPED
IV.PRIMARY / SECONDARY
V. NOMINAL / ORDINAL
www.indiandentalacademy.com
14. TYPES OF CLINICAL DATA THAT
CAN BE SUPPORTED BY
STATISTICS
STATISTICS CAN BE USED TO HELP THE
READER MAKE A CRITICAL EVALUATION OF
VIRTUALLY ANY QUANTITATIVE DATA.
IT IS IMPORTANT THAT THE STATISTICAL
TECHNIQUES USED ARE APPROPRIATE FOR
THE GIVEN EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
15. NEED FOR ORGANISING THE
DATA
DATA ARE NOT NECESSARILY
INFORMATION, AND HAVING MORE DATA
DOES NOT NECESSARILY PRODUCE
BETTER DECISIONS.
THE GOAL IS TO SUMMARISE AND PRESENT
DATA IN USEFUL WAYS TO SUPPORT
www.indiandentalacademy.com
16. METHODS OF PRESENTATION OF
DATA
•TABULATION
•CHARTS AND DIAGRAMS
www.indiandentalacademy.com
17. GUIDELINES PRESENTATION OF
TABLES
1.TABLE MUST BE NUMBERED
2.TITLE-BRIEF AND SELF EXPLANATORY –
SHOULD BE GIVEN
3.THE HEADINGS OF COLUMNS AND ROWS
MUST BE CLEAR, SUFFICIENT, CONCISE
AND FULLY DEFINED
www.indiandentalacademy.com
18. 4.THE DATA MUST BE PRESENTED ACCORDING
TO SIZE OF IMPORTANCE -
CHRONOLOGICALLY, ALPHABETICALLY OR
GEOGRAPHICALLY
5.FULL DETAILS OF DELIBERATE EXCLUSIONS IN
COLLECTED SERIES MUST BE GIVEN.
6.IF DATA INCLUDES RATE OR PROPORTION
MENTION THE DENOMINATOR I.E. NUMBER OF
GUIDELINES PRESENTATION OF
TABLES..
www.indiandentalacademy.com
19. 6.TABLE SHOULD NOT BE TOO LARGE.
8. FIGURES NEEDING COMPARISON SHOULD
BE PLACED AS CLOSE AS POSSIBLE
9. ARRANGEMENT SHOULD BE VERTICAL.
10. FOOT NOTES SHOULD BE GIVEN
WHEREVER NECESSARY.
GUIDELINES PRESENTATION OF
TABLES..
www.indiandentalacademy.com
20. Norm
Sample
size
Mean
SD S.E.
95% C I for
Mean
Min
Max
Lower
bound
Upper
bound
LED 40sec 10 9.659 0.6158 0.1947 9.2184 10.09 8.34 10.7
Table-11Descriptive Statistics of Shear bond strength
GUIDELINES PRESENTATION OF
TABLES..
www.indiandentalacademy.com
32. STEPS IN STATISTICAL
METHODS
1.COLLECTION OF DATA
2.CLASSIFICATION
3.TABULATION
4.PRESENTATION BY GRAPHS
5.DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
6.ESTABLISHMENT OF RELATIONSHIP
7.INTERPRETATION
www.indiandentalacademy.com
35. DESIGN OF THE
INVESTIGATION
1.RETROSPECTIVE SURVEYS
2.PROSPECTIVE SURVEYS
3.FOLLOW UP STUDIES
4.CROSS SECTIONAL
SURVEYS
5.PROPHYLACTIC TRIALS
6.THERAPEUTIC TRIALSwww.indiandentalacademy.com
36. COHORT
STUDY
SUBJECTS ARE DIVIDED INTO GROUPS
DEPENDING ON PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF
A RISK FACTOR AND THEN FOLLOWED UP
FOR A PERIOD OF TIME TO FIND OUT
WHETHER THEY DEVELOP THE DISEASE OR
NOT. THIS IS PROSPECTIVE RESEARCH.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
37. THE STUDY IS DESIGNED TO INVESTIGATE
THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN A FACTOR AND
A DISEASE.THESE STUDIES ARE KNOWN AS
TROHOC STUDY. SINCE THESE FORM A
RETROSPECTIVE INVESTIGATION i.e.
OPPOSITE OF A COHORT STUDY.
TROHOC STUDY
www.indiandentalacademy.com
38. INTERVENTIONAL
STUDIES
THESE ARE ALSO KNOWN AS EXPERIMENTAL
STUDIES OR CLINICAL TRIALS. IN THESE
STUDIES THE INVESTIGATOR DECIDES
WHICH SUBJECT GETS EXPOSED TO A
PARTICULAR TREATMENT (OR PLACEBO).
THESE STUDIES MAY BE COHORT OR CASE-
CONTROL.
EX-ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS,ISOLATED TISSUE
EXPERIMENTS,IN VITRO EXPERIMENTS.www.indiandentalacademy.com
39. INTERVENTIONAL STUDIES
•RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS/CLINICAL
TRIALS-WITH PATIENTS AS UNIT OF STUDY
•FIELD TRIALS/COMMUNITY INTERVENTION
STUDIES-WITH HEALTHY PEOPLE AS UNIT OF
STUDY
•COMMUNITY TRIALS-WITH COMMUNITIES AS
UNIT OF STUDY
www.indiandentalacademy.com
40. STUDY DESIGNS
1.CASE REPORT
2.CASE SERIES REPORT
3.INCIDENCE PREVALENCE STUDIES
4.TROHOC STUDY
5.COHORT STUDY
6.RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS
7.META ANALYSIS
www.indiandentalacademy.com
41. SAMPLING
SAMPLING IS THE SELECTION OF THE PART
OF AN AGGREGATE TO REPRESENT THE
WHOLE
SAMPLE A FINITE SUBSET OF STATISTICAL
INDIVIDUALS IN A POPULATION
SAMPLE SIZE THE NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS IN
www.indiandentalacademy.com
44. PROBABILITY
SAMPLING
1.SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING- WITH OR WITHOUT
REPLACEMENT
2.SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
3.STRATIFIED SAMPLING
4.CLUSTER SAMPLING
5.SUB SAMPLING/ MULTISTAGE SAMPLING
6.MULTIFACE SAMPLING
www.indiandentalacademy.com
45. FACTORS INFLUENCING SAMPLE
SIZE
1.DIFFERENCE EXPECTED
2.POSITIVE CHARACTER
3.DEGREE OF VARIATION AMONG
SUBJECTS
4.LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE DESIRED- p
VALUE
5.POWER OF THE STUDY DESIREDwww.indiandentalacademy.com
47. DETERMINATION OF SAMPLE
SIZE
P = POSITIVE
CHARACTER
L = ALLOWABLE ERROR
Q = 1- p
QUALITATIVE DATA
4 pq
L 2
N=
www.indiandentalacademy.com
48. DETERMINATION OF SAMPLE
SIZE
THE SAMPLE SIZE WAS DETERMINED FROM THE
PARAMETER OF ARCH LENGTH WITH THE LIKELY
CHANGE IN ARCH LENGTH BEING HALF OF THE
DECIDUOUS INCISORS(3MM) WITH A SD OF
2.8MMS, A POWER OF .85 WITH SIGNIFICANCE AT
THE LEVEL OF .05 WOULD REQUIRE A SAMPLE
SIZE OF 35
Journal of orthodontics Vol 31:2004,107-114
www.indiandentalacademy.com
49. PRECISION
INDIVIDUAL BIOLOGICAL VARIATION,
SAMPLING ERRORS AND MEASUREMENT
ERRORS LEAD TO RANDOM ERRORS LEAD TO
LACK OF PRECISION IN THE MEASUREMENT.
THIS ERROR CAN NEVER BE ELIMINATED BUT
CAN BE REDUCED BY INCREASING THE SIZE
OF THE SAMPLE
www.indiandentalacademy.com
50. PRECISION
PRECISION= square root of sample size
standarad deviation
STANDARD DEVIATION REMAINING THE
SAME, INCREASING THE SAMPLE SIZE
INCREASES THE PRECISION OF THE
STUDY.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
52. EXPERIMENTAL VARIABILITY
ERROR/ DIFFERENCE /
VARIATION
THERE ARE THREE TYPES
1.OBSERVER-subjective / objective
2.INSTRUMENTAL
3.SAMPLING DEFECTS OR ERROR OF BIAS
www.indiandentalacademy.com
53. BIAS IN THE SAMPLE
THIS IS ALSO CALLED AS SYSTEMATIC
ERROR. THIS OCCURS WHEN THERE IS A
TENDENCY TO PRODUCE RESULTS THAT
DIFFER IN A SYSTEMATIC MANNER FROM
THE TRUE VALUES. A STUDY WITH SMALL
SYSTEMATIC ERROR IS SAID TO HAVE
HIGH ACCURACY.ACCURACY IS NOT
AFFECTED BY THE SAMPLE SIZE.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
54. BIAS IN THE
SAMPLE..
ACCURACY IS NOT AFFECTED BY THE
SAMPLE SIZE. THERE ARE AS MANY AS 45
TYPES OF BIASES, HOWEVER THE
IMPORTANT ONES ARE:
1.SELECTION BIAS
2.MEASUREMENT BIAS
3.CONFOUNDING BIAS
www.indiandentalacademy.com
56. ERRORS IN SAMPLING
SAMPLING ERRORS NON SAMPLING ERRORS
Faulty sampling design Coverage error
-due to non response or non
cooperation of the informant
Small size of the sample Observational error
-due to interviewers bias,imperfect
exptl. design,or interaction
Processing error
-due to errors in statistical analysis
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57. DAHLBERG’S
FORMULA
DAHLBERG IN 1940 USED THIS FORMULA TO
CALCULATE THE METHOD ERROR
Method error=√Σd2
2n
WHERE d=DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO
MEASUREMENTS OF A PAIR
n = NUMBER OF SUBJECTS
www.indiandentalacademy.com
58. DISTRIBUTION
S
WHEN YOU HAVE A COLLECTION OF
POINTS YOU BEGIN THE INITIAL ANALYSIS
BY PLOTTING THEM ON A GRAPH TO SEE
HOW THEY ARE DISTRIBUTED
www.indiandentalacademy.com
62. CHARACTERISTICS OF NORMAL
DISTRIBUTION
1.THE CURVE HAS A SINGLE PEAK, THUS IT
IS UNI MODAL
2.IT HAS A BELL SHAPE
3.MEAN, MEDIAN AND MODE ARE THE SAME
VALUES.
4.TWO TAILS EXTEND INDEFINITELY AND
NEVER TOUCH THE HORIZONTAL AXIS (THIS
MEANS THAT INFINITE NUMBER OF VALUES ARE POSSIBLE)
www.indiandentalacademy.com
63. CONFIDENCE
LIMITS
POPULATION MEAN+1 SE LIMITS INCLUDE
68.27% OF THE SAMPLE MEAN VALUES
POPULATION MEAN+1.96 SE LIMITS
INCLUDE
95% OF THE SAMPLE MEAN VALUES
POPULATION MEAN+2.58 SE LIMITS
INCLUDE
99% OF THE SAMPLE MEAN VALUESwww.indiandentalacademy.com
64. POPULATION MEAN+3.29 SE LIMITS
INCLUDE
99.9% OF THE SAMPLE MEAN VALUES
THESES LIMITS ARE CALLED CONFIDENCE
LIMITS AND THE RANGE BETWEEN THE
TWO IS CALLED THE CONFIDENCE
INTERVAL
CONFIDENCE
LIMITS
www.indiandentalacademy.com
66. BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION
THE BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION IS USED FOR
DESCRIBING DISCRETE NOT THE
CONTINUOUS DATA. THESE VALUES ARE AS
A RESULT OF AN EXPERIMENT KNOWN AS
BERNOULLI’S PROCESS.THEY ARE USED TO
DESCRIBE
1.ONE WITH CERTAIN CHARACTERISTIC
2.REST WITHOUT THIS CHARACTERISTIC
THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE OCCURRENCE OF
THE CHARACTRERISTIC IN THE POPULATION
www.indiandentalacademy.com
67. THE POISSON
DISTRIBUTION
IF IN A BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION THE VALUE OF
PROBABILITY OF SUCCESS AND FAILURE OF
AN EVENT BECOMES INDEFINITELY SMALL AND
THE NUMBER OF OBSERVATION BECOMES
VERY LARGE, THEN BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION
TENDS TO POISSON DISTRIBUTION.
THIS IS USED TO DESCRIBE THE OCCURRENCE
OF RARE EVENTS IN A LARGE POPULATION.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
68. DISPERSION
?
DATA
SET
OBSERVATIONS TOTAL .MEAN
I 00 10 20 25 70 125 25
II 23 24 25 26 27 125 25
IT IS NECESSARY TO STUDY THE VARIATION.
THIS VARIATION IS ALSO KNOWN AS
DISPERSION.IT GIVES US INFORMATION, HOW
INDIVIDUAL OBSERVATIONS ARE SCATTERED
OR DISPERSED FROM THE MEAN OF LARGE
www.indiandentalacademy.com
70. STANDARD DEVIATION
1.STANDARD DEVIATION INDICATES HOW
CLOSE THE INDIVIDUAL READINGS TO THE
MEAN.
2.THE SMALLER THE STANDARD DEVIATION,
THE MORE HOMOGENEOUS IS THE
SAMPLE.
3.A LARGER SD IMPLIES THAT THE
INDIVIDUAL SUBJECTS MEASUREMENTS
www.indiandentalacademy.com
71. COEFFICIENT OF
VARIATION
WHEN YOU WANT TO COMPARE TWO OR
MORE SERIES OF DATA WITH EITHER
DIFFERENT UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS
OR EITHER MARKED DIFFERENCE IN
MEAN, A RELATIVE MEASURE OF
DISPERSION, COEFFIENT OF VARIATION
IS USED.
C.V. = ( S X100)
X
www.indiandentalacademy.com
72. Population means are best used as bases for comparison,not as treatment
goals.
STANDARD ERROR OF THE
MeanSTANDARD ERROR OF THE MEAN= STANDARD DEVIATION
SQUARE ROOT OF NUMBER OF SUBJECTS
A LARGE STANDARD ERROR IMPLIES THAT WE
CANNOT BE VERY CONFIDENT THAT OUR
SAMPLE STATISTICS ARE REALLY GOOD
ESTIMATES OF POPULATION PARAMETERS
A SMALL STANDARD ERROR ALLOWS US TO
FEEL MORE CONFIDENT THAT OUR SAMPLE
STATISTICS ARE REPRESENTATIVE OF
POPULATION PARAMETERS.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
73. “P” VALUE-
SIGNIFICANCE
IT REPRESENTS THE PROBABILITY.
TO DETERMINE IF THE TREATMENT GROUP
IS DIFFERENT FROM CONTROL GROUP
IF IT IS LESS THAN .05, IT MEANS THERE ARE
FEWER THAN 5 CHANCES OUT OF 100 THAT
THE DIFFERENCE WE OBSERVE ARE DUE TO
RANDOM CHANCE ALONE.
LESS THAN .01
LESS THAN .001 www.indiandentalacademy.com
74. CRITICAL RATIO, Z SCORE
It indicates how much an observation is bigger or
smaller than mean in units of SD
Z ratio = Observation – Mean
Standard Deviation
The Z score is the number of SDs that the simple
mean depart from the population mean.
As the critical ratio increases the probability of
accepting null hypothesis decreases.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
75. VARIANCE RATIO OR FISCHER “F”
TEST
FOR COMPARISON OF VARIANCE (SD2
)
BETWEEN THE GROUPS (OR SAMPLES SD1
2
AND SD2
2
) VARIANCE RATIO TEST IS
UTILISED. THIS TEST INVOLVES A
DISTRIBUTION KNOWN AS “F” DISTRIBUTION.
THIS WAS DEVELOPED BY FISHER AND
SNEDECOR WITH DEGREES OF FREEDOM OF
www.indiandentalacademy.com
76. IF THE CALCULATED F VALUES ARE
GREATER THAN THE VALUE TABULATED F
VALUE AT 0.05% OR AT 1% LEVEL THAN THE
VARIANCES ARE SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT
FROM EACH OTHER. IF THE F VALUE
CALCULATED IS LOWER THAN THE
TABULATED THAN THE VARIANCES BY BOTH
SAMPLES ARE SAME AND ARE NOT
SIGNIFICANT
VARIANCE RATIO OR FISCHER “F”
TEST
www.indiandentalacademy.com
77. LEVENE’S TEST FOR EQUALITY
F Significance
SB with LED 40sec
10.35895 0.004764SB with Halogen40sec
VARIANCE RATIO OR FISCHER “F”
TEST
www.indiandentalacademy.com
78. NULL HYPOTHESIS
IT IS A HYPOTHESIS WHICH ASSUMES THAT
THERE IS NO DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO
VALUES SUCH AS POPULATION MEANS OR
POPULATION PROPORTIONS.
WHEN YOU ARE SUBJECTING TO NULL
HYPOTHESIS CERTAIN TERMINOLOGIES
SHOULD BE CLEAR.www.indiandentalacademy.com
79. 1.ALTERNATE HYPOTHESIS
2.TEST STATISTIC
3.DEGREES OF FREEDOM
4.SAMPLING ERRORS
5.LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE
6.POWER OF THE TEST
7.REGIONS OF ACCEPTANCE AND
REJECTION
NULL HYPOTHESIS…..
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80. PROCEDURE FOR
TESTING THE
HYPOTHESIS
STEP-1 SET UP THE NULL HYPOTHESIS
STEP-2 SET UP THE ALTERNATE HYPOTHESIS
STEP-3 CHOOSE THE APPROPRIATE LEVEL OF
SIGNIFICANCE
STEP-4 COMPUTE THE VALUE OF TEST STATISTIC
Z VALUE = OBSERVED DIFFERENCE
STANDARD ERROR
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81. STEP-5 OBTAIN THE TABLE VALUE AT THE
GIVEN LEVEL OF
SIGNIFICANCE
STEP-6 COMPARE THE VALUE OF Z WITH
THAT OF TABLE VALUE
STEP-7 DRAW THE CONCLUSION
PROCEDURE FOR
TESTING THE
HYPOTHESIS…
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82. POPULATION
CONCLUSION BASED ON
SAMPLE
NULL HYPOTHESIS
REJECTED
NULL
HYPOTHESIS
ACCEPTED
NULL HYPOTHESIS
TRUE
TYPE I ERROR CORRECT
DECISION
NULL HYPOTHESIS
FALSE
CORRECT
DECISION
TYPE II ERROR
NULL HYPOTHESIS…..
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84. Parametric Non Parametric
1 Student paired T test 1 Wilcoxan signed rank test
2 Student unpaired T test 2 Wilcoxan rank sum test
3 One way Anova 3 Kruskal wallis one way anova
4 Two way Anova 4 Friedman one way anova
5 Correlation coefficient 5 Spearman’s rank correlation
6 Regression analysis 6 Chi-square test
TESTS OF
SIGNIFICANCE
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85. STUDENT’S ‘t’ TEST
THIS TEST IS A PARAMETRIC TEST
DESCRIBED BY W.S.GOSSETT WHOSE PEN
NAME WAS “STUDENT”. IT IS USED FOR
SMALL SAMPLES, I.E. LESS THAN 30.
T Test can be:
Paired t test
Unpaired t test
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86. PAIRED ‘T’ TEST IS USED FOR A GROUP
WHICH IS ITS OWN CONTROL
Ex Effect of bionator on mandibular length
UNPAIRED ‘T’ TEST FOR COMPARING TWO
DIFFERENT GROUPS, ONE OF WHICH MAY BE
CONTROLLED AND THE OTHER TEST GROUP.
Ex:Assessment of arch width of maxilla in thumbsuckers and
normal subjects
STUDENT’S ‘t’ TEST
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87. ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA)
THIS TEST IS USED TO COMPARE THE
MEANS OF THREE OR MORE GROUPS
TOGETHER. THIS IS USED WHEN-
•SUBGROUPS TO BE COMPARED ARE
DEFINED BY JUST ONE FACTOR
•SUBGROUPS ARE BASED ON TWO
FACTORS.
•DATA ARE NORMALLY DISTRIBUTED.
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88. THE SHEAR BOND STRENGTH OF ADHESIVE
CURED USING FOUR DIFFERENT LIGHT
CURING UNITS ARE TO BE COMPARED.
SBS BELONGING TO THE FOUR LIGHT
CURING UNITS ARE TAKEN AND MEAN SBS
FOR EACH CURING LIGHT IS DETERMINED.
THESE MEANS ARE COMPARED TOGETHER
TO ASCERTAIN ANY DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA)…
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89. Source of
variation
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig.
Between groups 132.6448 4 33.1612 17.2515 <0.00000012
Within groups
86.4999 45 1.92222
The mean difference is significant at the .05 levels
ANOVA and POST HOC TEST-
MULTIPLE TEST OF
BONFERRONI
CONTROL OTHER GROUPS SIGNIFICANCE
LED 40 seconds
LED 20 seconds
Argon Laser 10 seconds
Argon Laser 5 seconds
Conventional Halogen
40 seconds
0.01754
0.01540
1.6575
1
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90. IF F1>F0.05 >F0.01
THEN THE PROBABILITY OF SIGNIFICANCE IS
P<0.05 P<0.01 RESPECTIVELY
F1<F0.05
THEN THE PROBABILITY OF SIGNIFICANCE IS
P>0.05(not significant)
RESULTS OF
ANOVA
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91. TWO WAY ANALYSIS CAN BE USED IN THE
ABOVE SITUATION IF THE INFLUENCE OF TIME
APART FROM THE CURING LIGHT IS ALSO TO
BE TAKEN INTO CONSIDERATION.
IN THIS CASE THE DATA ARE CLASSIFIED
BY TWO FACTORS I.E. CURING LIGHT
AND TIME.
TWO WAY ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
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92. MANOV
A
Comparison of skeletal and dental changes between 2 point and 4 point rapid palatal expanders AJO:2003 123;321-328
VARIABLE Before appliance
insertion
End of active
expansion
Immediately after
removal of appliance
Molar cusp width
36.325± 3.169 42.754± 3.030 42.302± 2.926
Molar gingival width
29.119± 2.446 Not measured 35.063± 2.230
Canine cusp width
29.725± 2.886 32.943± 2.913 32.759± 2.476
Canine gingival width
23.411± 3.247 26.637± 3.200 26.526± 2.914
Diastema width
0.719± 0.814 3.095± 1.447 Not measured
Maxillary perimeter
73.256± 4.133 77.137± 4.224 76.157± 4.759
Screw separation
Not measured 5.790± 1.141 Not measured
Anterior suture expansion
Not measured 4.046± 1.115 Not measured
Posterior suture
expansion
Not measured 1.837± 1.000 Not measured
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93. DETERMINATION OF “r”
VALUE
WHEN THE DEGREE OF LINEAR (STRAIGHT LINE)
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN TWO VARIABLES IS
REQUIRED, CORRELATION COEFFICIENT IS
CALCULATED.
Ex: MEASURE THE CHANGES IN FMA AND THE
CHANGES THAT OCCURRED IN POGONION
POSITION AND PLOT THE DETERMINED VALUES
ON GRAPH PAPER.
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94. A LINE OF BEST FIT IS THEN MADE TO CONNECT
THE MAJORITY OF THE PLOTTED VALUES.
ONE HAS TO LOOK AT A SCATTER PLOT OF
THE DATA BEFORE PLACING ANY IMPORTANCE
ON THE MAGNITUDE OF CORRELATION.
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT (r)
…
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98. LINEAR REGRESSION
ANALYSIS
LINEAR REGRESSION IS RELATED TO
CORRELATION ANALYSIS.
THIS SEEKS TO QUANTIFY THE LINEAR
RELATIONSHIP THAT MAY EXIST BETWEEN AN
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE “x” AND A DEPENDENT
VARIABLE “y”
Y=a+bx
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100. use parametric Non parametric
To compare two paired
samples for equality of means
Paired ‘t” test Wilcoxan signed rank
test
To compare two independent
samples for equality of means
Unpaired ‘t” test Mann Whitney test
To compare more than two
samples for equality of means
ANOVA Kruskal-Wallis
Chi square test
COMPARABLE PARAMETRIC
and
NON PARAMETRIC TESTS
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101. ARI Value Shear Bond strength
Group I Group
II A1
Group
II A2
Group
III
B1
Group
III B2
0
No adhesive left on the tooth
surface
2 3 1 0 2
1
Less than half of the adhesive left
on the tooth surface
3 1 4 2 1
2
More than half of the adhesive left
on the tooth surface
1 1 2 1 3
3
Entire adhesive left on the tooth
surface
4 5 3 7 4
ADHESIVE REMNANT
INDEX
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102. WILCOXAN RANK TEST
(SIGNED RANK AND RANK
SUM)
THESE TESTS ARE NON-PARAMETRIC
EQUIVALENT OF STUDENT “t” TESTS.
WILCOXAN SIGNED RANK IS USED FOR
PAIRED DATA AND WILCOXAN RANK SUM IS
USED IN CASE OF UNPAIRED DATA.
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103. KRUSKAL-WALLIS AND
FRIEDMAN
THESE ARE SIMILAR TO PARAMETRIC
ANOVA TESTS. KRUSKAL-WALLIS IS USED
FOR ONE WAY ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
AND FRIEDMAN IS FOR TWO WAY
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE.
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104. SPEARMAN’S RANK
CORRELATION
SPEARMAN’S RANK CORRELATION AND
KENDALL’S RANK CORRELATION ARE THE
NON-PARAMETRIC EQUIVALENTS OF
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT TEST.
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105. CHI SQUARE TEST (χ2
TEST)
THIS TEST IS A “ GOODNESS OF FIT” TEST,
USED TO FIND OUT THE ASSOCIATION
BETWEEN VARIABLES.THIS TEST IS USEFUL IN
VARIOUS SITUATIONS WHERE PROPORTIONS
OR PERCENTAGES OF TWO GROUPS ARE
COMPARED e.g. PROPORTIONS OF DIED AND
SURVIVED IN TREATED AND UNTREATED
CHILDREN WITH DIARRHOEA CAN BE
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106. DISCRIMINANT FUNCTION
ANALYSIS
IT IS USED TO CLASSIFY CASES INTO THE
VALUES OF A CATEGORICAL DEPENDENT,
USUALLY A DICHOTOMY.IF DISCRIMINANT
FUNCTION ANALYSIS IS EFFECTIVE FOR A
SET OF DATA, THE CLASSIFICATION TABLE
OF CORRECT AND INCORRECT ESTIMATES
WILL YIELD A HIGH PERCENTAGE
CORRECT. www.indiandentalacademy.com
107. META
ANALYSIS
GENE GLASS(1976) COINED THE TERM ‘META
ANALYSIS’.
THE TECHNIQUE OF META ANALYSIS INVOLVES
REVIEWING AND COMBINING THE RESULTS OF
VARIOUS PREVIOUS STUDIES. PROVIDEDTHE
STUDIES INVOLVED SIMILAR TREATMENTS,
SIMILAR SAMPLES, AND MEASURED SIMILAR
OUTCOMES, THIS CAN BE A USEFUL APPROACH.
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108. CONTROLLED/UNCONTROLLED
TRIALS
CLINICAL RESEARCH CAN INDEED HAVE
CONTROLS. PROVIDED THAT STUDIES ARE
CONDUCTED ON A PROSPECTIVE BASIS,
CONTROLLED CLINICAL STUDIES CAN BE QUITE
POWERFUL.
UNCONTROLLED CLINICAL STUDIES ARE OF
QUESTIONABLE VALIDITY, WHETHER OR NOTwww.indiandentalacademy.com
109. The sensitivity of a test is the probability that the
test is positive for those subjects who actually have
the disease. A perfect test will have a sensitivity of
100%. The sensitivity is also called the true positive
rate.
The specificity of a test is the probability that the
test is negative for those in whom the disease is
absent. A perfect test will have a specificity of I
100%. The specificity is also called the true negitive
rate.
SENSITIVITY, SPECIFICITY AND
ROC
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110. TEST
RESULT
TRUE DISEASE STATUS OR
CHARACTERISTIC
DISEASE
PRESENT
DISEASE
ABSENT
TOTAL
POSITIVE
(+)
a ( 8) b (10) a +b=(18)
NEGATIVE
(-)
c (20) d ( 62) c+d = (82)
TOTAL a +c = (28) b +d (72) N =100
SENSITIVITY, SPECIFICITY AND
ROC…
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112. 1.BE SKEPTICAL
2.LOOK FOR THE DATA
3.IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF STUDY
4.IDENTIFY THE POPULATION SAMPLED
5.DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN DESCRIPTIVE
AND INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
JCO May 1997,307-
314
YANCEY’S 10 RULES
-Evaluating Scientific literature
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113. 6.QUESTION THE VALIDITY OF DESCRIPTIVE
STATISTICS
7.QUESTION THE VALIDITY OF INFERENTIAL
STATISTICS
8.BE WEARY OF CORRELATION AND REGRESSION
ANALYSES
9.LOOK FOR THE INDICES OF PROBABLE
MAGNITUDE OF TREATMENT EFFECTS
10.DRAW YOUR OWN CONCLUSIONS.
YANCEY’S 10 RULES
-Evaluating Scientific literature
JCO May 1997,307-www.indiandentalacademy.com