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2.  Any type of waste is harmful to health but the
waste geneated in hospitals and health care
centers and laboratories is most dangerous and
may affect health if not disposed with proper
manner because it may contain pathogenic
organisms or harmful chemcals.

3.  it is a well established fact that hospital waste is a potential
health hazard to the health care workers, public and flora
and fauna of the area. That’s why it is important for all of us
about bio-medical waste management. The act was passed
by the Ministry of Environment and Forests in 1986 &
notified the Bio Medical Waste (Management and Handling)
Rules in July 1998.

4.  According to Bio-Medical Waste (Management and
Handling) Rules, 1998 of India, "Bio-medical waste" is
defined as any waste, which is generated during the
diagnosis, treatment or immunization of human-
beings or animals, or in research activities.

5.  Bio medical waste is of two types-
 Between 75 to 90 per cent of the waste produced by the
health-care providers is Non-hazardous waste or "general"
health-care waste, comparable to domestic waste. The
remaining 10-25 per cent health-care waste is regarded as
hazardous waste and may create a variety of health risk

6.  Non hazardous bio-medical waste comes mostly from
administrative and house keeping functions of the
healthcare establishments, and may also include waste
generated during maintenance of health-care premises. it
includes paper, card board, polythene, fruit peelings etc.

7.  Hazardous waste is further divided into different
categories . Such as-
 Category No. 1- it includes Human anatomical waste
(human tissues, organs, body parts including blood
and other body fluids).

8.  Category No. 2- it includes Animal waste such
as animal tissues, organs, body parts carcasses,
bleeding parts, fluids, blood and experimental
animals used in research and waste generated
by veterinary hospitals

9.  Category No. 3- it includes Microbiology and
biotechnology waste such as waste from laboratory
cultures, stocks or specimens of micro-organisms, live
or attenuated vccines, human and animal cell culture
used in research and infectious agents from research
and diagnostic laboratories.

10.  Category No. 4- it includes Waste sharps (needles,
syringes, scalpels, blades, glass, etc. that may cause
puncture and cuts. This includes both used and
unused sharps)

11.  Category No. 5- it includes Discarded medicines
and cytotoxic drugs . It also includes wastes of
outdated, contaminated and discarded
medicines.

12.  Category No. 6- it includes Soiled Waste (Items
contaminated with blood, and body fluids
including cotton, dressings, soiled plaster casts,
lines, beddings, other material contaminated
with blood)

13.  Category No. 7- it includes Solid waste
generated from disposable items other than the
waste sharps such as tubings, catheters,
intravenous sets etc.).

14.  Category No. 8- it includes Liquid waste generated
from laboratory and washing, cleaning, house-
keeping and disinfecting activities.

15.  Category No. 9- it includes
ash from incineration
of any bio-medical
waste.

16.  Category No. 10- it includes Chemicals
used in production of biologicals, chemicals
used in disinfection, as insecticides, etc.

17.  The Bio Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules were
first implemented in July 1998, subsequently revised in 2011
and now the latest are “Bio-medical Waste Management Rules,
2016” Failure to comply with the provisions of the Rules, will
attract penal action as per the provisions of the Environment
(Protection) Act, 1986, which includes imprisonment for a
period of 5 years or a fine of Rs.1 lakh or both.

18.  In accordance with these rules, it is the duty of every
“occupier” i.e. a person who has the control over the
institution or its premises, to take all steps to ensure
that waste generated is handled without any adverse
effect to human health and environment.

19.  1. Segregation
 2. Collection and storage
 3. Transportation
 4. Treatment and disposal

20.  The bio-medical waste shall be segregated into
colored containers or bags at the point of
generation in accordance with Schedule 1 prior
to its storage, transportation, treatment and
disposal.

21.  The bio-medical waste management system we have
different colored bags or containers for different
types of waste such as
Black, Red, Yellow, blue and white or
Translucent)

22.  Black container or black bag is for general
waste. it includes paper, card board, wrapper of
syringes or iv sets, polythene, fruit peelings etc.

23.  Human tissues, organs, body parts,
Experimental animal carcasses, body parts,
organs, tissues, Items contaminated with
blood, body fluids like dressings, plaster
casts, cotton swabs and bags containing
residual or discarded blood and blood
components.

24.  Expired or Discarded Medicines like
antibiotics, cytotoxic drugs including all items
contaminated with cytotoxic drugs .
 Liquid waste generated due to use of
chemicals in labs and used or discarded
disinfectants.

25.  Discarded linen, mattresses, beddings
contaminated with blood or body fluid,
Mask, PPE kit etc.
 Blood bags, Laboratory cultures, stocks or
specimens of microorganisms, live or
attenuated vaccines, human and animal cell
cultures used in research,

26.  Wastes generated from disposable items
such as tubing, bottles, intravenous tubes
and sets, catheters, urine bags, syringes
(without needles and fixed needle syringes)
and vaccutainers with their needles cut) and
gloves.

27.  Glassware: Broken or discarded and
contaminated glass including medicine vials
and ampoules except those contaminated
with cytotoxic wastes and metallic body
implants.

28.  Waste sharps including Metals: Needles,
syringes with fixed needles, needles from
needle tip cutter or burner, scalpels, blades,
or any other contaminated sharp object that
may cause puncture and cuts.

29.  Waste bags and containers should be removed daily
from wards / OPDs or even more frequently if needed
(as in Operation Theatres, ICUs, labour rooms).
 Ensure that waste bags/containers are properly
sealed and labeled

30.  The waste may be temporarily stored at the central
storage area of the hospital and from there it may be
sent in bulk to the site of final disposal once or twice
a day depending upon the quantum of waste. The
untreated bio-medical waste shall not be stored for
more than 48 hours.

31.  The bio-medical waste must be transported with care
and in closed containers.
 Manual handling of waste bags should be minimized
to reduce the risk of needle prick injury and infection.

32. 

33. 

34.  Municipal waste- General waste (contents of black
bag) is sent to municipal waste bins.
 Deep burial- category 1 and 2 may be sent for deep
burial.
 Autoclave and microwave- category 3,4,6 and 7 may
be treated by this method before disposal

35.  Shredding- contents of red container should be
treated by chemical disinfectants like sodium
hypochlorite and than be shredded and sent for
recycling.
 Incineration- contents of yellow bag are sent for
incineration and incineration ash can be sent for
landfill.

36.  All medical professionals must be aware of Bio
medical waste anagement and handling rules.
 Every health care institution must have ell
planned training programme for all category of
staff.

37.  Bio medical waste should be segregated by the
generator of the waste and at the site of
generation.
 All should adopt universal precautions hile
handling the BMW

38.  Bio medical waste handllers should be
vaccinated against tetanus and hepatitis B.
 Collectors and transporters (drivers) should be
aware of the nature and risk of the bio medical
waste.

39.  Bio medical waste handllers
should have wear protective
equipments properly while
collecting and transporting
the hazardous waste.

40. By – SURESH KUMAR ( Nursing Tutor )