Physics demands not only the beautiful but also the true. The true is the first, and the beautiful is the second. The philosophy of physics should emphasize the true and then the beautiful. After reviewing three kind of main hypotheses beyond standard model, and based on experimental and observational evidences, three physical principles and three philosophical rules are suggested, namely P1-action principle, P2-duality principle, P3-equivalence principle, and R1-logic harmony, R2-minimum hypotheses, R3-maximum hopes. It is revealed that there are no supersymmetry and dark sectors because the space and time for the existence of unknown particles resemble impossible.
The essential strength of the science of physics lies in its deep conceptual schemes that unify a broad range of knowledge about the physical universe with relatively few principles. Kepler derived his laws from empirical evidence. Newton used these laws to determine the 1/r^2 dependence of the force in the law of universal gravitational attraction.
The objective of this paper is to propose an approach to the unification of physics by attempting
to construct a physical worldview which can be used as the context for a unified physical theory.
The underlying principle is that we have to construct a clear description of the physical world
before we can build a unified physical theory.
The present state of physics is such that there are many theories which all differ in the descriptive
context in which they operate. The theories of general relativity, quantum theory, quantum
electrodynamics, string theory and the standard model of particle physics are based on differing
concepts of the nature of the physical world.
The essential strength of the science of physics lies in its deep conceptual schemes that unify a broad range of knowledge about the physical universe with relatively few principles. Kepler derived his laws from empirical evidence. Newton used these laws to determine the 1/r^2 dependence of the force in the law of universal gravitational attraction.
The objective of this paper is to propose an approach to the unification of physics by attempting
to construct a physical worldview which can be used as the context for a unified physical theory.
The underlying principle is that we have to construct a clear description of the physical world
before we can build a unified physical theory.
The present state of physics is such that there are many theories which all differ in the descriptive
context in which they operate. The theories of general relativity, quantum theory, quantum
electrodynamics, string theory and the standard model of particle physics are based on differing
concepts of the nature of the physical world.
The Phase Theory towards the Unification of the Forces of Nature the Heart Be...IOSR Journals
A new theory has been presented, for the first time, called the "Phase Theory", which is the natural evolution of the physical thought and is considered the one beyond the super string theory. This theory solves the unsolved problems of the mysterious of matter, antimatter and interactions and makes a wide step towards the unification of the forces of nature. In this theory, the vibrating string of different frequency modes which determines the different types of elementary particles is replaced by a three dimensional infinitesimal pulsating (black)holes with the same frequency. Different types of elementary particles are determined by different phase angles associated with the same frequency. This allows the force of interactions to take place among elementary particles, without the need to invoke the notion of the force carrier particles, as the (stable) force of interactions can never take place between elementary particles at different frequencies. Besides the strong mathematical proofs given in this paper to prove its truthfulness, an experimental prediction has been given to confirm the theory presented in the form of the relation between the electron radius and quarks radii. The paper shows that quarks are direct consequence of this theory, and solves "the flavor problem" in QCD, and gives the clue to answer the questions of "Why are there so many flavors? The paper also derives the equation of the big bang theory which describes the singularity of the moment of creation of the universe.
The essential strength of the science of physics lies in the depth of its conceptual schemes, in the relatively few principles that to unify a broad range of knowledge about the physical universe.
One foundation of this knowledge comes from Isaac Newton and those on whom he based his work. These scientists not only solved an important problem in the field of dynamics, they laid the groundwork for the thought processes involved in solving these problems.
The paper proposes a model of a unitary quantum field theory where the particle is represented as a wave packet. The frequency dispersion equation is chosen so that the packet periodically appears and disappears without changing its form. The envelope of the process is identified with a conventional wave function. Equation of such a field is nonlinear and relativistically invariant. With proper adjustments, they are reduced to Dirac, Schroedinger and Hamilton-Jacobi equations. A number of new experimental effects are predicted both for high and low energies.
This presentation discusses and compares Objective science and Contemporary Science.
Watch the presentation on YouTube.
The content of the seminar comes from the recently published book:
Gurdjieff's Hydrogens: Volume 1 The Ray of Creation.
The Presentation series is organized by The Austin Gurdjieff Society. (The group website is: https://austingurdjieff.org/)
One of the Group leaders is Robin Bloor, a pupil of Rina Hands who was, in turn, a pupil of Gurdjieff. He is the author of several books on The Work. For more information on his books click on the following link:
https://tofathomthegist.com/books/
[Seminar content includes: Side by side comparison of two sciences, the suggestibility problem, a review of the scientific method, mathematics and reality, the degeneration of science, a litany of assertions, Newton’s thought experiments, the SAFIRE project, the concepts of Objective Science, knowledge]
Talk given in London, 3 January 2017. The talk has three aims:
(i) To clarify the use of these concepts (‘emergence’ and ‘reduction’) in science, especially in physics.
(ii) Specifically: to argue that the contrast ‘emergence vs. reduction’ poses a false dichotomy, since these two concepts are independent.
(iii) To point out that the independence of the two concepts may open interesting avenues for the philosophy of mind. But I will not work this out in a theory of the mind.
Talk given at Oxford Philosophy of Physics, LSE's Sigma Club, the Munich Center for Mathematical Philosophy, Carlo Rovelli's 60th birthday conference.
I construe dualities in physics as particular cases of theoretical equivalence. The question then naturally arises whether duality is compatible with emergence. For the the focus of emergence is on novelty rather than on equivalence.
In the first part of the talk, I review recent work dealing with this question. I exhibit two ways in which duality and equivalence can be made compatible, and I give an example of emergence in gauge/gravity dualities: dualities between a theory of gravity in (d+1) dimensions and a quantum field theory (QFT) in d dimensions.
In the second part of the talk, I present new results on the question whether diffeomorphisms in gravity theories emerge from QFTs. I critically assess the following idea, taken from the physics literature: given that (a) the QFT is not a diffeomorphism invariant theory, and that (b) there is a duality between the QFT and the gravity theory, are we entitled to (c) conclude that the diffeomorphisms of the gravity theory emerge from the QFT?
I argue that one must distinguish different kinds of diffeomorphisms: some diffeomorphisms are ‘invisible’ to the QFT: all of the QFT’s quantities are invariant under them, therefore the QFT does not ‘see’ them. But other diffeomorphisms are ‘visible’ to the QFT. The invisible diffeomorphisms prompt a ‘Bulk Argument’, in analogy with the Hole Argument. The analysis of emergence is different for these different kinds of diffeomorphisms, and I discuss the way in which we can speak of emergence of diffeomorphisms in gauge/gravity dualities.
Evaluation of post-Einsteinian gravitational theories through parameterized p...Nicolae Sfetcu
Right after the elaboration and success of general relativity (GR), alternative theories for gravity began to appear. In order to verify and classify all these theories, specific tests have been developed, based on self-consistency and on completeness. In the field of experimental gravity, one of the important applications is formalism. For the evaluation of gravity models, several sets of tests have been proposed. Parameterized post-Newtonian formalism considers approximations of Einstein's gravity equations by the lowest order deviations from Newton's law for weak fields.
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.25994.82881
On the Logical Origin of the Laws Governing the Fundamental Forces of Nature:...Ramin (A.) Zahedi
Copyright: CC Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International.
License URL: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/ .
Comments: 90 Pages. A summary of a submitted and accepted research project, Ramin Zahedi, (On "Foundations of Physics"), Japan, 2012 - 2015.
KeyWords: "A Unique Mathematical (Axiomatic) Prediction of Eight New Elementary Particles, Including: 'Four Charge-less Raight-Handed Spin-1/2 Fermions (Two Leptons and Two Quarks)', 'One Spin-3/2 Fermion', and 'Three Spin-1 (massive) Gauge Bosons';" CPT Symmetry as the Only Combunation of C, P, and T Symmetries Definable for Interacting Fields"; Time-Reversal Symmetry and the Numebr of Space-Time Dimensions; Monopoles and the Issue of their Existence in Nature.
This article has been invited and presented at the following international conferences:
- The 2016 SIAM International Conference on Mathematical Aspects of Materials Science, Philadelphia, USA, 2016. (https://www.siam.org/meetings/ms16)
- The 17th International Conference on Quantum Foundations: Quantum and Beyond, International Centre for Mathematical Modeling in Physics, (ICMM), Linnaeus University, Sweden, 2016. (https://lnu.se/en/qb)
-The 4th International Conference on New Frontiers in Physics, CERN Organized Conference (Europe). (https://indico.cern.ch/e/icnfp2015)
- The 2016 International Conference on Algebraic Geometry and Mathematical Physics, University of Tromsø, Norway, 2016. (https://site.uit.no/)
- The XXXVII Max Born International Symposium, International Conference on Non-commutative Geometry, Quantum Symmetries and Quantum Gravity (II), Wroclaw University, Poland, 2016. (http://ift.uni.wroc.pl/~mborn37)
- The GRavitational-wave Astronomy International Conference in Paris, Institute d‘Astrophysique de Paris (IAP), The University of Paris VI - Sorbonne University, CNRS, LERU, EUA, Paris, France, 'Supported by European Union's 7th Framework Prog.: FP7/PEOPLE-2011-CIG,‘ 2016. (http://www.iap.fr/vie_scientifique/ateliers/GravitationalWave/2016/scripts/abstract.aspx)
- The 22nd Internnational Australian Institute of Physics Congress (AIP), University of Queensland, Australia, 2016. (http://appc-aip2016.org.au)
- The 21st International Conference on General Relativity and Gravitation, Columbia University, New York, USA, 2016. (http://www.gr21.org).
External URLs: https://Cds.CERN.ch/record/1980381/, https://INSPIREHEP.net/record/1387680/, http://Eprints.Lib.Hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2115/59279/, https://www.OpenAire.EU/search/publication?articleId=dedup_wf_001::422af8dcdfbae42429965b16b61f0e94, https://Hal-UNIV-PARIS3.archives-ouvertes.fr/USPC/hal-01476703 , http://mts-srep.NATURE.com/srep_files/2017/07/20/00174434/00/174434_0_related_ms_4909193_pttcpw.pdf , https://hal-PARIS1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01476703 , https://indico.CERN.ch/event/344173/session/22/contribution/422/attachments/1140145/1646101/R.a.Zahedi--OnDiscretePhysics-Jan.2015-signed.pdf.
In this paper, the underlying principles about the theory of relativity are briefly introduced and reviewed. The mathematical prerequisite needed for the understanding of general relativity and of Einstein field equations are discussed. Concepts such as the principle of least action will be included and its explanation using the Lagrange equations will be given. Where possible, the mathematical details and rigorous analysis of the subject has been given in order to ensure a more precise and thorough understanding of the theory of relativity. A brief mathematical analysis of how to derive the Einstein’s field’s equations from the Einstein-Hilbert action and the Schwarzschild solution was also given.
Formal Unification of Gravity and Particle Physics in Lagrangian Euclidean Sp...Hontas Farmer
Formal Unification of Gravity and Particle Physics in Lagrangian Euclidean Space with Experimental Predictions - http://meetings.aps.org/Meeting/APR19/Session/Z13.5
Dark matter modeled as a Bose Einstein gluon condensate with an energy density relative to baryonic energy density in agreement with observation (ArXiv: 1507.00460)
This article aims to present possible strategies for humanity to seek its survival with the end of the Universe in which we live. Research on the fate of our Universe, on the existence or not of multiverse or parallel universes and on the development of the final theory or theory of everything, that is, of the theory of the unified field, are important questions to elucidate in order to point out possible strategies for humanity seeks its survival with the end of the Universe in which we live.
The Phase Theory towards the Unification of the Forces of Nature the Heart Be...IOSR Journals
A new theory has been presented, for the first time, called the "Phase Theory", which is the natural evolution of the physical thought and is considered the one beyond the super string theory. This theory solves the unsolved problems of the mysterious of matter, antimatter and interactions and makes a wide step towards the unification of the forces of nature. In this theory, the vibrating string of different frequency modes which determines the different types of elementary particles is replaced by a three dimensional infinitesimal pulsating (black)holes with the same frequency. Different types of elementary particles are determined by different phase angles associated with the same frequency. This allows the force of interactions to take place among elementary particles, without the need to invoke the notion of the force carrier particles, as the (stable) force of interactions can never take place between elementary particles at different frequencies. Besides the strong mathematical proofs given in this paper to prove its truthfulness, an experimental prediction has been given to confirm the theory presented in the form of the relation between the electron radius and quarks radii. The paper shows that quarks are direct consequence of this theory, and solves "the flavor problem" in QCD, and gives the clue to answer the questions of "Why are there so many flavors? The paper also derives the equation of the big bang theory which describes the singularity of the moment of creation of the universe.
The essential strength of the science of physics lies in the depth of its conceptual schemes, in the relatively few principles that to unify a broad range of knowledge about the physical universe.
One foundation of this knowledge comes from Isaac Newton and those on whom he based his work. These scientists not only solved an important problem in the field of dynamics, they laid the groundwork for the thought processes involved in solving these problems.
The paper proposes a model of a unitary quantum field theory where the particle is represented as a wave packet. The frequency dispersion equation is chosen so that the packet periodically appears and disappears without changing its form. The envelope of the process is identified with a conventional wave function. Equation of such a field is nonlinear and relativistically invariant. With proper adjustments, they are reduced to Dirac, Schroedinger and Hamilton-Jacobi equations. A number of new experimental effects are predicted both for high and low energies.
This presentation discusses and compares Objective science and Contemporary Science.
Watch the presentation on YouTube.
The content of the seminar comes from the recently published book:
Gurdjieff's Hydrogens: Volume 1 The Ray of Creation.
The Presentation series is organized by The Austin Gurdjieff Society. (The group website is: https://austingurdjieff.org/)
One of the Group leaders is Robin Bloor, a pupil of Rina Hands who was, in turn, a pupil of Gurdjieff. He is the author of several books on The Work. For more information on his books click on the following link:
https://tofathomthegist.com/books/
[Seminar content includes: Side by side comparison of two sciences, the suggestibility problem, a review of the scientific method, mathematics and reality, the degeneration of science, a litany of assertions, Newton’s thought experiments, the SAFIRE project, the concepts of Objective Science, knowledge]
Talk given in London, 3 January 2017. The talk has three aims:
(i) To clarify the use of these concepts (‘emergence’ and ‘reduction’) in science, especially in physics.
(ii) Specifically: to argue that the contrast ‘emergence vs. reduction’ poses a false dichotomy, since these two concepts are independent.
(iii) To point out that the independence of the two concepts may open interesting avenues for the philosophy of mind. But I will not work this out in a theory of the mind.
Talk given at Oxford Philosophy of Physics, LSE's Sigma Club, the Munich Center for Mathematical Philosophy, Carlo Rovelli's 60th birthday conference.
I construe dualities in physics as particular cases of theoretical equivalence. The question then naturally arises whether duality is compatible with emergence. For the the focus of emergence is on novelty rather than on equivalence.
In the first part of the talk, I review recent work dealing with this question. I exhibit two ways in which duality and equivalence can be made compatible, and I give an example of emergence in gauge/gravity dualities: dualities between a theory of gravity in (d+1) dimensions and a quantum field theory (QFT) in d dimensions.
In the second part of the talk, I present new results on the question whether diffeomorphisms in gravity theories emerge from QFTs. I critically assess the following idea, taken from the physics literature: given that (a) the QFT is not a diffeomorphism invariant theory, and that (b) there is a duality between the QFT and the gravity theory, are we entitled to (c) conclude that the diffeomorphisms of the gravity theory emerge from the QFT?
I argue that one must distinguish different kinds of diffeomorphisms: some diffeomorphisms are ‘invisible’ to the QFT: all of the QFT’s quantities are invariant under them, therefore the QFT does not ‘see’ them. But other diffeomorphisms are ‘visible’ to the QFT. The invisible diffeomorphisms prompt a ‘Bulk Argument’, in analogy with the Hole Argument. The analysis of emergence is different for these different kinds of diffeomorphisms, and I discuss the way in which we can speak of emergence of diffeomorphisms in gauge/gravity dualities.
Evaluation of post-Einsteinian gravitational theories through parameterized p...Nicolae Sfetcu
Right after the elaboration and success of general relativity (GR), alternative theories for gravity began to appear. In order to verify and classify all these theories, specific tests have been developed, based on self-consistency and on completeness. In the field of experimental gravity, one of the important applications is formalism. For the evaluation of gravity models, several sets of tests have been proposed. Parameterized post-Newtonian formalism considers approximations of Einstein's gravity equations by the lowest order deviations from Newton's law for weak fields.
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.25994.82881
On the Logical Origin of the Laws Governing the Fundamental Forces of Nature:...Ramin (A.) Zahedi
Copyright: CC Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International.
License URL: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/ .
Comments: 90 Pages. A summary of a submitted and accepted research project, Ramin Zahedi, (On "Foundations of Physics"), Japan, 2012 - 2015.
KeyWords: "A Unique Mathematical (Axiomatic) Prediction of Eight New Elementary Particles, Including: 'Four Charge-less Raight-Handed Spin-1/2 Fermions (Two Leptons and Two Quarks)', 'One Spin-3/2 Fermion', and 'Three Spin-1 (massive) Gauge Bosons';" CPT Symmetry as the Only Combunation of C, P, and T Symmetries Definable for Interacting Fields"; Time-Reversal Symmetry and the Numebr of Space-Time Dimensions; Monopoles and the Issue of their Existence in Nature.
This article has been invited and presented at the following international conferences:
- The 2016 SIAM International Conference on Mathematical Aspects of Materials Science, Philadelphia, USA, 2016. (https://www.siam.org/meetings/ms16)
- The 17th International Conference on Quantum Foundations: Quantum and Beyond, International Centre for Mathematical Modeling in Physics, (ICMM), Linnaeus University, Sweden, 2016. (https://lnu.se/en/qb)
-The 4th International Conference on New Frontiers in Physics, CERN Organized Conference (Europe). (https://indico.cern.ch/e/icnfp2015)
- The 2016 International Conference on Algebraic Geometry and Mathematical Physics, University of Tromsø, Norway, 2016. (https://site.uit.no/)
- The XXXVII Max Born International Symposium, International Conference on Non-commutative Geometry, Quantum Symmetries and Quantum Gravity (II), Wroclaw University, Poland, 2016. (http://ift.uni.wroc.pl/~mborn37)
- The GRavitational-wave Astronomy International Conference in Paris, Institute d‘Astrophysique de Paris (IAP), The University of Paris VI - Sorbonne University, CNRS, LERU, EUA, Paris, France, 'Supported by European Union's 7th Framework Prog.: FP7/PEOPLE-2011-CIG,‘ 2016. (http://www.iap.fr/vie_scientifique/ateliers/GravitationalWave/2016/scripts/abstract.aspx)
- The 22nd Internnational Australian Institute of Physics Congress (AIP), University of Queensland, Australia, 2016. (http://appc-aip2016.org.au)
- The 21st International Conference on General Relativity and Gravitation, Columbia University, New York, USA, 2016. (http://www.gr21.org).
External URLs: https://Cds.CERN.ch/record/1980381/, https://INSPIREHEP.net/record/1387680/, http://Eprints.Lib.Hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2115/59279/, https://www.OpenAire.EU/search/publication?articleId=dedup_wf_001::422af8dcdfbae42429965b16b61f0e94, https://Hal-UNIV-PARIS3.archives-ouvertes.fr/USPC/hal-01476703 , http://mts-srep.NATURE.com/srep_files/2017/07/20/00174434/00/174434_0_related_ms_4909193_pttcpw.pdf , https://hal-PARIS1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01476703 , https://indico.CERN.ch/event/344173/session/22/contribution/422/attachments/1140145/1646101/R.a.Zahedi--OnDiscretePhysics-Jan.2015-signed.pdf.
In this paper, the underlying principles about the theory of relativity are briefly introduced and reviewed. The mathematical prerequisite needed for the understanding of general relativity and of Einstein field equations are discussed. Concepts such as the principle of least action will be included and its explanation using the Lagrange equations will be given. Where possible, the mathematical details and rigorous analysis of the subject has been given in order to ensure a more precise and thorough understanding of the theory of relativity. A brief mathematical analysis of how to derive the Einstein’s field’s equations from the Einstein-Hilbert action and the Schwarzschild solution was also given.
Formal Unification of Gravity and Particle Physics in Lagrangian Euclidean Sp...Hontas Farmer
Formal Unification of Gravity and Particle Physics in Lagrangian Euclidean Space with Experimental Predictions - http://meetings.aps.org/Meeting/APR19/Session/Z13.5
Dark matter modeled as a Bose Einstein gluon condensate with an energy density relative to baryonic energy density in agreement with observation (ArXiv: 1507.00460)
This article aims to present possible strategies for humanity to seek its survival with the end of the Universe in which we live. Research on the fate of our Universe, on the existence or not of multiverse or parallel universes and on the development of the final theory or theory of everything, that is, of the theory of the unified field, are important questions to elucidate in order to point out possible strategies for humanity seeks its survival with the end of the Universe in which we live.
Space lattice theory a grand unification of physicsslpr2013
Space Lattice Theory presents a radically new theory of the universe that describes how matter, energy, force at a distance, space and time can be explained by one single principle - a Grand Unification. Many cosmic puzzles are finally explained.
This article seeks to present the future of the Universe, as well as to point out the measures that lead to the survival of humanity in the face of the numerous threats that may occur at the level of the solar system and the Universe as a whole.
This article aims to present the origin and evolution of Universe, Sun and Earth as well as alternative solutions for the survival of humanity with the end of Earth planet, Sun and Universe.
This Lecture was delivered during International Year of Physics (2005) in GNDU Amritsar and other universities under the aegis of IAPT programme of Promotion of Physics, as President of IAPT (Indian Association of Physics Teachers).
Interstellar Communication Theories and its PossibilitiesIJMER
This paper reviews and discusses the research dimensions in four dimensional time travel and
time dependencies of future and past on the basis of present. The paper investigates the theories that
support time travel in any manner and explore possibilities based on them for interstellar communication
Scientific Management of Equipment in Medical Innovation LaboratoryScientific Review SR
Aim; To solve the problem of innovation laboratory instrument management and improve laboratory management level. Method; It is necessary to do an excellent job in managing innovative laboratory equipment by improving the equipment management system, functional division management, appointment registration, and strengthening the construction of management teams to guarantee the cultivation of innovation and entrepreneurship capabilities of undergraduates. Results; The number of innovative experimental projects approved and the number of project groups that the laboratory can accept at the same time was increased significantly. The utilization rate of laboratory equipment has increased, and the vacancy rate has decreased. Conclusion; Excellent instrument management can significantly improve the efficiency of scientific research in the innovation laboratory.
Internationalization and Sustainable Operations: A Broad Investigation of Chi...Scientific Review SR
We investigate if internationalization behaviors encourage sustainable operations of China’s manufacturing firms due to their substantial impact on climate change and special governance modes, and organize a heterogeneity test to clarify what kind of internationalization behaviors can robustly influence such operations. We find that firms with abundant assets and heavy-polluting feature are more committed to sustainable operations. Getting close to international sustainability standards, international auditing standards, and international business all improve sustainable operations. Heterogeneity test further shows that compared with international standards, the positive impact of international business on sustainable operation lacks a robustness, which responds to an argument that for one country, international business acts as a double-edged sword. Overall, this paper reveals internationalization as a key indicator significantly influencing economic, ecological, and social spheres in manufacturing sectors of emerging markets, and complying with well-accepted international standards can be significantly embodied in a more optimistic sustainable operations. However, how to deal with international business in a right manner is a research highlight worthy of ongoing discussion. We focus on different types of internationalization behaviors, and this indicator can theoretically inspire future study to dialectically evaluate the role of internationalization in addressing sustainability problems in emerging markets’ pillar industries.
Mechanical Engineering in Ancient Egypt, Part 92: Tomb Inscription During the...Scientific Review SR
This work is based on a previously published hypothesis which proposed that the solid matter of the universe can be represented as a vibrational wave of energy propagating over an ether or matrix through a mechanism that scrambles the degree of duality in matter: x% localized (solid), y% delocalized (wave). The main purpose of this paper is to present a two-dimensional approximation of the three-dimensional structure of the shape of the energy distribution of an atomic orbital to propose a mechanism through which the orbital can be transported as a vibration from a point A to point B in the matrix. This process requires cycles or oscillations of mounting-dismounting-remounting in which what travels from point A to point B is the energy forming the orbital and not the solid matter that it can form. The atomic seven-dimensional f orbital of hydrogen-like atoms is used as a model to show an analogy to the transformations that it can be submitted to when transported over the matrix.
Usability Engineering, Human Computer Interaction and Allied Sciences: With R...Scientific Review SR
Human Computer Interaction is actually responsible for the designing of the computing technologies keeping in mind the aspects of Interaction. Some of the fields viz. Man-Machine Interaction (MMI), User Experience Designing, User Experience Design, Human Centered Designing etc and importantly all these systems and technologies are dedicated to the designing of interface of various tools and systems such as computers, laptops, electronic systems, smart phones etc. Information Technology field is growing rapidly and there are various technologies are increasing viz. Big Data Management, Cloud Computing, Green Computing, Data Science, Internet of Things (IoT), HCI, Usability Engineering etc. Usability Engineering is gaining as a field of study as well and dedicated in creation of the higher usability and user friendliness of the electronic tools and products. In this field few aspects and technologies are most important and emerging viz. Human cognition, behavioral Research Methods, Quantitative techniques etc for the development of usability systems. Designing, implementation, usability even in multimedia material viz. audio-video may also practice in the Usability Engineering and allied fields. Wireframes including few other prototypes are required in maintaining of the better and healthy man and machine interaction. As the field is growing therefore, it is applicable in other sectors and allied areas and among these agriculture is important one. In agricultural sector different applications of information technologies are increasing and among this Usability Engineering and HCI are important one. In pre production and also in post production; directly and indirectly this technology is emerging and growing. This paper talks about the basics of this technologies and also its current and future technologies with reference to academic potentialities of this branch in Agricultural Informatics programs.
Concentration Distribution and Ecological Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aroma...Scientific Review SR
The ecological risk assessment of 16 USEPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) in water and sediments of Kolo creek, Niger Delta Nigeria was assessed the samples were collected from November, 2018 to June, 2019 from seven locations (A-G) along the creek. The samples were extracted using standard methods and analyzed using gas chromatography (model: HP5890 S). The concentrations of the PAHs in the water and sediment samples ranged between 0.000 - 9.239 µ/L and .002 – 374.35µg/Kg respectively. All the compounds analyzed were detected in all the sampling places, even area far from the flow stations. Hence, the urban runoffs, sewage discharges, and agricultural activities are implicated. Four rings hydrocarbon were present in higher concentration when compared to other PAHs in all sampling sites, with benz (a)anthracene having the highest values in both matrixes. Similarly, lower molecular weight (LMW) PAHs were present in lower concentrations in all sampling sites and they are known to exhibit higher lethal toxicity than the larger PAHs. HMW were present in high concentrations than LMW and are persistent in the environment as a result of their increase resistance to oxidation, reduction and vaporization as molecular weight increases. Similarly, The PAFs of the investigated creek is less than 5%, suggesting existences of minor ecological risks that are insignificance. However, the TEQs detected in high molecular weight showed that there is possibility of cancer to those who may be exposed to the bottom sediment. The indices measured in this habitat may put more pressures to the aquatic organisms and cause drastic changes to their ecosystem which may lead to species extinction.
Volume Fractions of Tantalum Carbides Deduced from the Ta Contents in the Mat...Scientific Review SR
Some superalloys for service at high temperature under stresses are strengthened by tantalum carbides. Their creep resistance depends on the quantity of TaC and this is the reason why it is often important to control the volume fraction of these carbides in the microstructure. Metallographic preparation followed by electron imaging and surface fraction measurements by image analysis is a frequent way for that. Another possibility is to deduce the mass fraction of TaC, and after their volume fraction, from the chemical composition of the matrix when the alloys are only double–phased, on the {matrix + TaC} type. In this work three alloys – chemically designed to be made exclusively of matrix and TaC – were elaborated and isothermally exposed to an elevated temperature for a duration long enough to allow the alloys being at their thermodynamic equilibria. The chemical compositions of the alloy and of its matrix were measured and the results allowed evaluating their TaC mass fractions which were converted in volume fractions. The obtained TaC fractions were compared to results issued from thermodynamic calculations. Good agreement was found for the three alloys, and this allowed to exploit the used software and thermodynamic database to explore further the microstructures at the same high temperature, notably to know the conditions on the Co, Ni, Cr, Ta and C contents to keep the {matrix + TaC} structure and to avoid any possible partial melting.
Assessment of the Coliform Bacterial Load of Some Drinking Water Sources in D...Scientific Review SR
Drinking water samples from 5 sachet water companies, 3 boreholes and 2 taps, collected from different locations of Dutse Metropolis of Jigawa State, Nigeria were analysed for coliform bacterial counts using the Membrane Filtration Technique. All the samples contained some amounts of total coliforms, but mostly within permissible levels. Thirty three percent (33%) of the samples from borehole, 60% from sachet water and 100% from the taps contained faecal coliforms, which indicates contamination. Cultures of the faecal coliforms obtained were morphologically identified using the gram-staining procedure and some series of biochemical tests were carried out in order to identify the organisms. The identified organisms were Escherichia coli (E. coli), Klebsiella sp. and Citrobacter sp. Presence of coliforms above the regulatory set standards indicates contamination and un-safeness of the water for drinking. Presence of organisms such as E. coli, Klebsiella sp. and Citrobacter sp. necessitates improvement in monitoring and water hygiene practices to improve the quality of drinking water in the study area.
Bio Inspired Self-Curing Composite: A Leap into Augmented EnactmentScientific Review SR
Relentless progress has been made on composite materials, their manufacturing processes and their structural design in past few decades. Nevertheless, the approval of composite materials in all engineering disciplines is constrained due to its susceptibility to various kinds of defects during manufacturing stage viz porosity, foreign body inclusion, incorrect fiber volume, bonding defect, fiber misalignment, ply misalignment, incorrect curing cycle, wavy fiber, ply cracking, delamination, fiber microstructural defects etc. Hence there was a requirement of techniques to somehow overcome these defects during the service life of composites being used in various structures and equipment. This promising field of research has made great progress over the past several years, but many procedural encounters are still to be overcome, and there exists a great need for focused research to address several areas of concern. On the other hand, nature has materials that have curing potential and repair strategies ensuring their survival. Sustained development in the field will produce new curing chemistries that possess greater stability, faster kinetics. Tailor-made placement of curing agents is dynamic research subject at the cutting edge of self-curing. New bio-imitative curing agents are closely connected to vascular networks. The purpose of this technical paper is to sort the methodology in line with ongoing research efforts in composites. A perspective on current and future self-curing approaches using this biomimetic technique is offered.
Influence of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in Tourism Sector...Scientific Review SR
Nepal is a country blessed with natural beauty, diverse culture, majestic Himalayas, religious destination which attracts thousands of tourists every year making the tourism industry progressive to flourish. Information Communication Technology (ICT) proves to be an effective tool for strengthening the tourism industry. Thus, the purpose of this research study is to analyze about the past scenario of tourism industry, advent of ICT in tourism industry, positive impacts of ICT in tourism industry through in-depth interview with tourism experts and people who have worked for tourism since decades. This study is a form of qualitative research where narrative inquiry has been selected and the scenario has been analyzed through themes developed from the narratives. The result reveals that the emerging technology brings positive impacts to tourism industry assisting branding, promotion of the country, enhancing networks through communication and easily booking tours. The proper utilization of ICT helps to welcome tourists and to give identity of our country Nepal to the world.
Reinforcement of Bakelite Moulding Powder in Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber (...Scientific Review SR
The influences of two phenolic resins, that is, cashew nut oil modified phenol-formaldehyde resin (CN-m-PF) and Bakelite moulding powder (BMP), on properties of carbon black filled acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) were investigated and compared. Processability, cure characteristics, mechanical properties, thermal ageing resistance, and oil resistance of the NBR filled with various contents of phenolic resins (0-60 phr) were determined. The addition of both resins leads to a prolonged cure time with a greater value of torque difference. Regardless of the resin type, the improvement of compound processability and the enhancement of modulus and hardness of the NBR vulcanisates are observed with increasing resin content. However, many mechanical properties such as tensile strength, elongation at break and abrasion resistance are deteriorated. Thermal ageing resistance of the NBR vulcanisate is slightly improved in the presence of both resins, probably due to the dilution of NBR with the high heat-resistant phenol-formaldehyde resins. Results also disclose that all NBR vulcanisates demonstrate excellent oil resistance, regardless of the resin type and content. At any given resin content, CN-m-PF gives a better processability, higher stiffness and greater mechanical properties than BMP. However, due to its lower cost, BMP can be used to enhance stiffness of NBR vulcanisates without the risk of processing problem.
Toxic Effect of Glyphosate-Pesticide on Lipid Peroxidation Superoxide Dismuta...Scientific Review SR
The oxidative stress indices lipid peroxidation (LPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in juvenile Clarias gariepinus (average weight 200.15 g) exposed to sub - lethal dose 2.40mg/L and 4.98mg/L of glyphosate was investigated over a period of days 1,5,10 and 15 in three replicates. The colorimetric analysis showed increase in lipid peroxidation from 4.55 ±2.14a1 to 12.12± 10.00a1at 2.40mg/L but remain the same at 4.98mg/L (4.55±2.14a1) compared with control (3.03±0.01a1 to 1.51±2.14b1) from day 1 to 15. The SOD activity decreased significantly with time and concentration compared with control. The Catalase activity at day 15 decreased to 0.17±0.05a1 in 2.40mg/L but further increased to 0.28±0.05b1 in 4.98mg/L compared to 0.28±0.02a1 catalase activity as control. The result suggests that glyphosate induce oxidative stress that may overwhelm the antioxidant system in juvenile catfish especially at higher concentrations with long exposure.
Wheeled robots are often utilized for various remote sensing and telerobotic applications because of their ability to navigate through dynamic environments, mostly under the partial control of a human operator. To make these robots capable to traverse through terrains of rough and uneven topography, their driving mechanisms and controllers must be very efficient at producing and controlling large mechanical power with great precision in real-time, however small the robot may be. This paper discusses an approach for designing a quad-wheeled robot, which is wirelessly controlled with a personal computer (PC) by medium-range radio frequency (RF) transceiver, to navigate through unpaved paths with little or no difficulty. An efficient servo-controlled Ackerman steering mechanism and a high-torque driving power-train were developed. The robot’s controller is programmed to receive and respond to RF control signals from the PC to perform the desired motions. The dynamics of the robot’s drivetrain is modeled and analyzed on MATLAB to predict its performances. The robot was tested on various topographies to determine its physical capabilities. Results show that the robot is capable of non-holonomically constrained motions on rough and uneven terrains.
Geometrical Analysis and Design of Tension-Actuated Ackermann Steering System...Scientific Review SR
The tension-actuated steering system is a vehicular steering design that comprises a motorized gear system, pulleys, inelastic string, main steering bar, and a strain gauge. This development is aimed to produce a steering design that could enhance the efficiency of steering systems in quad-wheeled (i.e. four-wheeled) robots. In this work, the steering system of conventional passenger vehicles and existing quad-wheeled robots are reviewed and their technical deficiencies are improved based on cost, power and production factors. Thus, the tension-actuated steering system is proposed as a solution for mechanizing steering functions in quad-wheeled robots. It is expected that this work will stimulate interest and enthusiasm.
A Study of Propensity Score on Influencing Factors of Length of Stay in Hospi...Scientific Review SR
Background: Burns are a global public health problem, which are universal and can happen to anyone. Because the physical functions in children and adults are different, the confounding factors are easy to affect the results of study. Objective: In this study, we aimed to explore influencing factors of the length of hospital stay (LOS) when the confounding factors were excluded by Propensity Score (PS) in children and adults. Methods: Patients hospitalized for burn from 2014 to 2016 were retrieved from the medical record system of a general biggest hospital in Zunyi. A database was established to analyze the influencing factors of LOS between children and adults by the PS. Results A total of 465 children (61.7% males) and 327 (69.7% males) adults were recruited. The average age was 3.61±3.57 years and 42.48±14.76 years in children and adults with burns respectively. Before PS matching, low age and skin grafting were the protective factors for LOS (Hazard Ratio [HR]=0.993 and 0.339). The risk factors of LOS were male (HR=1.234), the burn depth and total body surface area (TBSA), and burn etiology (HR=1.497). After PS matching, only skin grafting (HR=0.080) and treatment within 24 hours (HR=1.865) were the common influencing factors of LOS. Conclusion the confounding factors were excluded by the PS method, and skin grafting was still a protective factor of LOS for both children and adults. The results provide a reference for the promotion of skin grafting to reduce LOS in burn patients.
Concrete is one of the reliable, durable, economical and acceptable construction materials among the building and construction stakeholders worldwide. Performance of concrete could be threatened especially reinforced concrete by some processes such as corrosion, sulfate attack among others. Corrosion of reinforcement in reinforced concrete can be induced by carbonation process. Even though carbonation initiates corrosion, it has been gathered that carbonation could still be of immense benefits to building and construction industries if its mechanism of operation is understudied. This research work has therefore investigated the effect of carbonation on some selected mechanical properties of concrete such as compressive strength, flexural strength, water absorption and weight changes. Concrete cubes and beams of M15 grade with 0.5 % water-cement ratio were prepared and subjected to accelerated carbonation. Their compressive strength, flexural strength, water absorption and weight changes were determined in accordance with the relevant standards. The outcomes show that carbonation improves all the mechanical properties investigated. The use of carbonation can be positively explored in reinforced concrete provided there is adequate nominal cover.
Biogas Synthesis as Means of Solid Waste Management in Kampala, UgandaScientific Review SR
Cattle dung, cooked food waste, and chicken droppings mixed with coffee husks have been used separately and also as mixtures to form anaerobic digestion slurries in a bid to treat to degrade the organic fractions of these wastes and recycle the bio-fertilizer after recovering biogas. Single and mixed substrate slurries evolved significant quantities of methane within 27days together with reduced mass of soil conditioner. The volume of biogas formed in cogeneration mixtures were higher than for single substrate digestion due to the C/N ratio shifting to near 30:1 as a result of mixing. So degradation of organic pollutants was higher in mixed substrate digestion mixtures. Our study yielded average volumes ranging from 315 to 435+ 5.65.mL/L which was in agreement with what is in literature. Digestion of cattle dung, cooked waste foods, and droppings of chicken and mixed substrate slurries using sludge inoculums was very effective in degrading solid waste from homes, thus detoxifying it to bio-fertilizers. Although both single and mixed substrate digestion of waste yielded high enough volumes of biogas; digestion of slurry of mixed organic solid waste substrates is better method of waste management. Digestion of garbage from Kampala should be tested at macro levels at both ambient and mesophilic temperatures. There is need to try out the garbage digestion experiments in the semi-arid towns as well as very cold towns in Uganda.
The Influence of Partial Replacement of Some Selected Pozzolans on the Drying...Scientific Review SR
Concrete is prone to cracking and one of the major causes of cracking is drying shrinkage of the hardened concrete. This research work was carried out to study the influence of partial replacement of some selected pozzolans on the drying shrinkage of concrete. Four pozzolans used in this study, were made to replace cement at various percentages resulting in various concrete mixes. Setting time test was conducted for the various cement mixes using Vicat’s apparatus and drying shrinkage test was done for the concrete test specimens. The results of the setting time indicate that partial replacement of pozzolans with ordinary Portland cement increases both the initial and final setting time of cement as the percentage replacement increases. Similarly, drying shrinkage results show that concrete made with Groundnut Shell Ash (GSA) and Locust Bean Pod Ash (LBA) at 12% replacement will have a stable and better shrinkage resistance than the control at both 56 days and 90 days. Meanwhile, the control concrete gives a better drying shrinkage at 28 days curing. In conclusion, the results show that pozzolanas [Bamboo Leaves Ash (BLA), Locust Bean Pod Ash (LBA), Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SBA) and Groundnut Shell Ash (GSA)] can successfully replace cement up to 12% without necessarily affecting the shrinkage ability of the produced concrete. It also shows that Groundnut Shell Ash (GSA), Locust Bean Pod Ash (LBA) and Bamboo Leaves Ash (BLA) are more resistance to drying shrinkage than the control.
Study on the Granulation of FLY Ash from Thermal Power StationScientific Review SR
The effect of the type and amount of binding substance on the yield and strength of granules prepared from fly ash was studied. The highest yield of granules was achieved with clayish slip used as binder. The granules obtained are brittle, with compression strength 0,1МРа. The apparent density of the sintered granulates was in the range1200-1500kg/m3 and the total porosity was 55-40%.
Machining Versus Molding Tolerances in Manufacturing Automotive Sealing SystemsScientific Review SR
The automotive industry has been at the forefront of converting traditional metal parts to plastics. The latter surely offer greater design freedom, opportunity for consolidation, fewer assembly operations, reduced secondary finishing, weight reduction, lower total system costs, a range of properties tailored to specific applications, the ability to withstand temperatures, immunity to most chemicals and corrosive environments. They offer processing in many colors, electrical non-conductivity (insulation from electrical shocks), good thermal breaks (“warmth-to-the-touch”), and low sound transmission (tendency to muffle noise). Nonetheless, plastics have only tapped an estimated 15% of their tremendous potential to replace metals. This is particularly to increase with newer high-performance plastics, increasing sophistication in alloying and blending technologies, and use of computer-aided design and engineering (CAD/CAE) systems. The latter enable engineers to visualize complex parts and molding tools more effectively and faster than ever before. This article identifies fundamental steps and requirements to conduct an efficient and successful conversion of metallic parts to plastics, reviewing the replacement design process from concept to production; an under-the-hood rear retainer for Ford Motor Company is detailed as a case study.
Sinthesis and Properties of Marble-Like Glass-Ceramics Using of Ash from Ther...Scientific Review SR
Color marble-like glass-ceramic materials were obtained through thermal treatment of glasses of the system CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 by using natural materials with the introduction of waste materials - ash from thermal power plants (TPP). The melting of the glass batch was in corundum crucibles at 1450oC with an isothermal hold of 60 min. The glasses obtained was fritted in distilled water and dried for 6 hours at 100oC, then completely crushed and divided into fractions with grain size of 0.8 mm, 1.0 mm, 2 mm, 2.5 mm and over 2.5 mm. It was found that the use of ash from TPP lead to higher values of degree of transformation (crystallization) than using base composition. Values of Avramy parameter’s in the range n=1,0 ÷ 1,6 are showed that crystallization of the glass frit is largely heterogeneous and crystal growing starts from the surface. The introduction of ash from TPP to native glasses carry out to significant reduction of energy of crystallization by Ес=289 kJ/mol to Ec=221 kJ/mol. The glass-ceramic materials were obtained through a one stage crystallization - 1050÷1070оС and an isothermal hold of 60 min., colored white, yellow brown to dark brown. The main crystalline phase in glass-ceramics is β-vollastonite with needle habit, size of crystals - ĺ = 40 ÷ 120 μm and d <5 μm in quantities 37 ÷ 42%. As secondary phases depending on the amount of ash have been identified - the anorthite, gehlenite and α-quartz with prismatic habit were appeared. The obtained glass-ceramic materials have a marble-like effect and technical parameters compared with natural granite and marble and have higher values of density, micro hardness, speed grinding, bending strength and chemical resistance. That’s why they can be used in construction such as lining materials.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
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A Physical Philosophy for Approaching the True and Then the Beautiful: Principled Review on the Progress of Contemporary Physics
1. Scientific Review
ISSN(e): 2412-2599, ISSN(p): 2413-8835
Vol. 5, Issue. 9, pp: 163-172, 2019
URL: https://arpgweb.com/journal/journal/10
DOI: https://doi.org/10.32861/sr.59.163.172
Academic Research Publishing
Group
163
Original Research Open Access
A Physical Philosophy for Approaching the True and Then the Beautiful:
Principled Review on the Progress of Contemporary Physics
Fred Y. Ye
International Joint Informatics Laboratory (IJIL), Nanjing University – University of Illinois, Nanjing -Champaign, China – USA
Abstract
Physics demands not only the beautiful but also the true. The true is the first, and the beautiful is the second. The
philosophy of physics should emphasize the true and then the beautiful. After reviewing three kind of main
hypotheses beyond standard model, and based on experimental and observational evidences, three physical
principles and three philosophical rules are suggested, namely P1-action principle, P2-duality principle, P3-
equivalence principle, and R1-logic harmony, R2-minimum hypotheses, R3-maximum hopes. It is revealed that
there are no supersymmetry and dark sectors because the space and time for the existence of unknown particles
resemble impossible.
Keywords: Physical philosophy; The true; The beautiful; Standard model; Dark matter; Dark energy; Physical principles.
CC BY: Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
1. Introduction
When we emphasize that the beautiful is an important spirit in physics, we must not forget that the true is the
first pursuit of physics. We have a lot historical lessons, and we briefly mention three examples.
The first example is Ptolemy‟s model. Claudius Ptolemy (100-170) suggested his scientific cosmology, where
our universe was described by perfect cycles and the Earth was located at the center of the universe, which looks
beautiful. However, when we knew that some planets could reverse their steady eastward motions among the stars,
i.e. phenomenon retrograde motion, the Ptolemaic model required the planets not only to move in circles around
Earth but also to move along smaller circles, called epicycles, around imaginary points along the main circular
orbits. Their epicycle centers must lie on the line connecting the Earth and Sun. Later, as the observed
phenomenology developed more and more exactly, the world image became more and more complex by adding
epicycles on epicycles, and then no one thought that was the true. Then it was well known that the beautiful had to
give way to the true, while Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) introduced his heliocentric model as known as
Copernicus revolution.
The second example is Kepler‟s harmonic world model. In his book Harmonices Mundi (The Harmony of the
World, 1619), Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) proposed the celestial-harmonic relationships. The text relates his
findings about the concept of congruence with respect to diverse categories of the physical domain, including
regularities in three-dimensional geometry, the relationships among different species of magnitude, the principles of
consonance in music, and the organization of the Solar System. Kepler considered the Harmonices Mundi his
greatest work. However, excepting the organization of the Solar System remained as the Kepler's third law, we
abandon his all beautiful thoughts that the semi-regular Archimedean Solids determines the spacing between the
planetary orbits in three dimensional geometric shapes and that there were "music of the spheres", though all of the
planets would sing together in "perfect concord". Therefore, only three Kepler's laws†
(the first two laws were
proposed in his previous book, Astronomia nova) remained in science. We forgot the beautiful and kept the true.
The third example is GUT (Grand Unification Theory) models such as SU (5) and SO(10). As the present
standard model is characterized by SUC(3)×SUL(2)×UY(1) gauge field based on quantum field theory [1],
logically, the minimum beautiful extension of the standard model is SU(5) grand unification, which could include
symmetry SU(3)×SU(2)×U(1) in it (without considering gravity), since the standard model had the greatest
success, including the prediction of the W and Z bosons, the gluon, and the top and the charm quarks, before they
were observed, as well as the prediction of the Higgs boson, which had been experimentally discovered in 2012 and
verified in 2013 by LHC at energy 125.6 GeV/c2
[2, 3]. However, as the standard model predicts neutrinos to be
massless while the observed evidence of neutrino oscillations implies that neutrinos have tiny mass [4], it is strongly
suggested that there exists new physics beyond the standard model. Now GUT looks beautiful. Unfortunately, the
prediction from GUT indicates that proton would decay at the time level of 1031
years, but the experiment evidences
give strong sign that is larger than 1032
years. We have to give up the beautiful, for seeking the true.
Therefore, not all mathematical/physical beautiful hypotheses were true. We need to recall the historical
experiences, and let present physics pay more attention to the true, and then beautiful.
†
1. The orbit of a planet is an ellipse with the Sun at one of the two foci. 2. A line segment joining a planet and the Sun sweeps
out equal areas during equal intervals of time. 3. The square of the orbital period of a planet is directly proportional to the cube of
the semi-major axis of its orbit.
2. Scientific Review
164
Meanwhile, in the 21st century, the dark sectors, dark matter and dark energy [5, 6], became the biggest issues
in contemporary physics. The presence of dark matter is implied in a variety of astrophysical observations, including
gravitational effects that cannot be explained unless more matter is present than can be seen. However, dark matter is
only a hypothetical form of matter. It is never verified. It is thought to be non-baryonic in nature, possibly being
composed of some undiscovered subatomic particles, or being nothing with considering modified gravity in
modeling. Also, dark energy is an unknown form of energy, which is hypothesized to permeate all of space, tending
to accelerate the expansion of the universe. The density of dark energy is very low, about 7 × 10−30
g/cm3
, much less
than the density of ordinary matter or dark matter within galaxies. However, it dominates the mass–energy of the
universe because it is uniform across all the space. According to Planck satellite‟s newest observation report [7, 8],
and based on the standard cosmological model, the total mass–energy of the universe contains 4.9% ordinary matter
and energy, 26.8% dark matter and 68.3% dark energy (negative pressure). The phenomena look beyond standard
model. However, we lack of complete theory for interpreting and understanding.
In this article, by reviewing representative new models beyond standard model and based on progress of
experimental and observational evidences, we try to discuss a physical philosophy, for approaching the true at first,
and then beautiful, with considering three physical principles and three philosophical rules.
2. A Brief Review of Representative Hypotheses Beyond Standard Model
There are many hypotheses for approaching physical unification beyond standard models, in which we mention
and review three kinds of representative ones. These hypotheses can be classified as string theory and M-theory [9,
10]; LQG and CDT [11-13]; as well as MOND and TeSeV [14-16].
For each kind of the hypothesis, we conclude its advantages and costs for reaching its physical image.
2.1. String Theory and M-Theory
Among all hypotheses beyond the standard model, string theory and M-theory are the most famous ones.
Although this kind of models have been called as theories, they still belong to hypotheses, as they never been
verified by physical experiments and never forecast verifiable physics. Originated from string theory and developed
to become M-theory even F-theory, this kind of hypotheses focused on and characterized by supersymmetry and
duality as shown as Figure 1.
Fig-1. Supersymmetric Particles and M-theory (synthesized by open pictures)
Figure 1 means that present particles (left) should be doubled to exist their supersymmetric partners (middle)
and all types of “theories” are duality each other (right). For those representative scientists, we may mention
American physicists Edward Witten, Leonard Susskind and Cumrun Vafa.
We can characterize two typical properties of M-theory. 1) The „theory‟ contains strings and branes
(membranes) as structural bases in 11 dimensions of spacetime, with using compactification to explain how the extra
dimensions reduce to the four spacetime dimensions we observe. 2) There are dualities and identifications within the
„theory‟ that allow it to reduce to special cases of the string theories known, and ultimately into the physics we
observe in our universe. Roughly speaking, fermions are the constituents of matter, while bosons mediate
interactions between particles. In hypotheses with supersymmetry, each boson has a counterpart which is a fermion,
and vice versa. When supersymmetry is imposed as a local symmetry, one automatically obtains a quantum
mechanical hypothesis that includes gravity. Such a hypothesis is called a supergravity, while a hypothesis of strings
that incorporates the idea of supersymmetry is called a superstring. There are several different versions of
superstring „theories‟ which are all subsumed within the M-theory framework. At low energies, the superstring
hypotheses are approximated by supergravity in ten space-time dimensions. Similarly, M-theory is approximated at
low energies by supergravity in eleven dimensions.
3. Scientific Review
165
Theoretically, the advantages of M-theory include 1) mathematical harmony and 2) logical concordance.
However, for reaching its bright image, we have to pay following costs: 1) we need supersymmetric particles with
duality between bosons and fermions, and 2) we need 11-12 dimensions. Over the past nearly 30 years of research,
superstring or M-theory has developed greatly. There are six superstring versions: type I, type IIA, type IIB,
Supergravity, Heterotic-O and Heterotic-E. These belong to a unified framework of 11 dimensions called M-theory.
As the main stream of contemporary physical philosophy, M-theory is an overall hypothesis embracing not only
quantum gravity but also matter and forces. It is based on the idea that present particles and hypothetical
supersymmetric partners are vibrating strings. We may say that string theory and M-theory resemble beautiful, but
we cannot say that they are true. The biggest issue of M-theory focuses on its verification, where it forecasts billions
ways to real world, leading to unknown reality. Even there is no any mastered equations, though there were
mathematical Seiberg-Witten equations based on Yang-Mills theory. We do not believe that the string theory and M-
theory characterize reality, and we don‟t know any real physics beyond 4 dimension space-time. Therefore, M-
theory, or its 12 dimensional F-theory, remains only a tantalizing conjecture.
2.2. The LQG and CDT
Merging quantum mechanics into general relativity, loop quantum gravity (LQG) and causal dynamical
triangulations (CDT) are hypotheses of quantum gravity, making them to be possible candidates as theory of
everything. Its goal is to unify gravity in a common theoretical framework with the other three fundamental forces of
nature, beginning with relativity and adding quantum features, leading to two main versions, LQG and CDT.
The proponents of LQG are Ashtekar, Rovelli and Smolin, whose works are based on Ashtekar‟s discovery that
general relativity could be expressed in language like that of a gauge field. LQG is a mathematical formalism that
defines a tentative quantum hypothesis of space-time, which can be defined as a Schrödinger quantization of a
canonical formalism. The space of quantum states is defined as a Hilbert space K of complex-valued Schrödinger
wave functionalψ[A] on gravitational connection. The quantum dynamics of space-time is governed by the
Wheeler-De Witt equation, or the Einstein- Schrödinger equation
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ab
(1)
If we write the Wheeler-De Witt equation as Cψ=0, there is a linear operator P ~ δ(C), called the projector, on
the space of the solution of the equation. Matrix elements of P are interpreted as transition amplitudes between
quantum states of space. Now, LQG developed a complete system, including quantization kinematics and quantum
dynamics based on quantum geometry. LQG is a background independent unified hypothesis, in which gravity will
arise from quantum space-time and space is divided into discrete “atoms” of volume. Recent developments of LQG
reveal that preons are described by ribbon graphs, which show their activation. As a main alternative to string-
theory, LQG invokes a new technique for applying quantum rules to Einstein‟s general relativity, with using
discretized actions and path integrals, but a systematic technique for computing physical transition amplitudes from
the background-independent and nonperturbative formalism of LQG has not yet been developed. A recent research
revealed that the LQG might link with M-theory via H-duality [17], so they could be induced into similar type.
The CDT originates from Euclidean quantum gravity, proposed by physicist Stephen Hawking and developed
systematically by J. Ambjorn, J. Jurkiewicz, and R. Loll. Its basic idea is that space-time geometry is made by piling
up a large number of blocks, each of which represents a simple causal process. The causality means that the space-
time geometry contains information about which events cause which other events. CDT approximates space-time as
a mosaic of triangles, which have a built-in distinction between space and time. On a small scale, space-time takes
on a fractal shape. There are a few simple rules that govern how the blocks can be piled up and a simple formula that
gives the quantum-mechanical probability of quantum space-time. Using P(σ) to measure the probability of a
random walk to have returned to its origin after diffusion time σ (or σ evolution steps if the diffusion is implemented
discretely), for diffusion on a flat d-dimensional manifold, CDT has the exact relation P(σ)=1/(4πσ)d/2
. For general
spaces, the spectral dimension Ds (σ) can be defined as the logarithmic derivative:
log
)(log
2)(
d
Pd
Ds
(2)
where the dimension will depend on σ; small values of σ probe the small-distance properties of the underlying
space, and large values its large-distance geometry. But we were not sure whether CDT could unify various
interactions.
Figure 2 shows total features with combining related hypotheses. It competes with string and M-theory that
begins with quantum field and adds gravity.
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Fig-2. LQG in QG (from Mielczarek and Trzesniewski [18]
According to Einstein, gravity is not a force – it is a geometrical property of space-time itself. Loop quantum
gravity is an attempt to develop a quantum hypothesis of gravity based directly on Einstein's geometric formulation.
To do this, in LQG hypothesis space and time are quantized, analogously to the way quantities like energy and
momentum are quantized in quantum mechanics. The hypothesis gives a physical picture of space-time where space
and time are granular and discrete directly because of quantization just like photons in the quantum hypothesis of
electromagnetism and the discrete energy levels of atoms.
Theoretically, the advantages of LQG and CDT include 1) co-evolution of space-time and 2) emergence of
space-time and matter. However, for reaching the bright image, we have to pay costs: 1) we have to accept discrete
space-time, and 2) we must keep 4 dimensions of space-time forever. More, discrete space-time in the LQG and
CDT resemble artificial supposition.
2.3. The Mond and TeVeS
This kind of hypotheses originated from 1983 when Milgrom published his Modified Newtonian dynamics
(MOND), in which he proposed a modification of Newton's laws to account for observed properties of galaxies. It is
an alternative to the hypothesis of dark matter in terms of explaining why galaxies do not appear to obey the
currently understood laws of physics. Now it is a rich system as shown as Figure 3, where we also mention three
representative scientists: Bekestein, Migrom and Sanders [19], Sanders [20] .
Fig-3. MOND and its derivatives (by Baker, from Ferreira [21]
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In MOND, violation of Newton's laws occurs at extremely small accelerations, characteristic of galaxies yet far
below anything typically encountered in the Solar System or on Earth. Since Milgrom's original proposal, MOND
has successfully predicted a variety of galactic phenomena that are difficult to understand from a dark matter
perspective. However, MOND and its generalisations do not adequately account for observed properties of galaxy
clusters, and no satisfactory cosmological model has been constructed from the hypothesis.
In its relativistic version TeVeS, according to Bekenstein [14], important physical principles, such as action
principle, equivalence principle etc., are kept in MOND. An important alternative is that gravitational metric
g
is
replaced by physical metric
g
:
2 2
( )g e g A A e A A
(3)
where gravity is carried by a vector field Aα and a scalar fieldφ, with their own free actions.
Theoretically, the advantages of MOND and TeVeS include 1) ruling out dark sectors, and 2) keep concordance
to GR. However, for reaching the bright image, we also have to pay following costs: 1) we have to modify GR, and
2) we must explain all astronomical findings. The MOND and TeVeS resemble near true.
Other hypotheses, we may mention spinor and twistor theory (STT), as well as HUFT especially. STT is a
hypothesis developed by Penrose [22]. Spinor mathematics, invented by mathematician E. Cartan, originated from
the root of a vector. Penrose (and Rindler) introduced it as a calculus in four-dimensional Lorentzian space-time.
Twistor hypothesis arose from a desire to unify and account for the various occurrences of complex numbers,
holomorphic functions, and conformally invariant calculus in general relativity and space-time geometry. Similar to
superstring-theory, STT had its unique value primarily in mathematics rather than in physics. And its predictions or
suggestions of the space curvature K<0 and the cosmos constant Λ=0 seem troublesome, as astronomical
observation suggests strongly that K~0 andΛ>0. HUFT [23] extended GR with including both GR and QT, which is
also an independent hypothesis covering universe. However, HUFT needs spin-force and scalar-force as basic
interactions and forecasts 26 dimensions and more vector-bosons than standard model, which have no present
experimental supports.
3. Observational Evidences as Foundations of Physics
The standard model is a harmonic successful model that predicts the Higgs boson, which had been
experimentally discovered in 2012 and verified in 2013 by LHC at energy 125.6 GeV/c2
[2, 3]. It is well known that
the Higgs mechanism describes how the weak SU(2) gauge symmetry is broken and how fundamental particles
obtain mass, which was also the last particle predicted by the micro-particle standard model to be observed, although
efforts to confirm that it has all of the properties predicted by the standard model are ongoing. Other great successes
of the micro-particle standard model included the prediction of the W and Z bosons, the gluon, and the top and the
charm quarks, before they had been observed. However, the worst disadvantage in the micro-particle standard model
is the complete absence of gravity, and it predicts neutrinos to be massless while the observed evidence of neutrino
oscillations implies that neutrinos have tiny mass.
The standard model is also the simplest successful model that provides a reasonably good account of the
following observational evidences of the universe, i.e. 1). The existence of the cosmic microwave background and
the large-scale structural distribution of galaxies; 2). The abundances of hydrogen (including deuterium), helium,
and lithium, as famous BBN hypothesis of elements synthesis; and 3). The accelerating expansion of the universe
observed in the light from distant galaxies and supernovas [24].
There are strong observational and phenomenological evidences for supporting that we need new hypothesis
beyond sdandard models, in which Dark Matter (DM) and Dark Energy (DE) are observational evidences, while the
Cosmic Mocrowave Background (CMB) and the Big Bang Nucleosyntheis (BBN) belong to the phenomenological
evidences.
On the matter distributed in the universe, ones‟ observation showed that there must be dark matter, as shown as
Figure 4, while the Weak Interaction Macro-Paticles (WIMP) hypothesis is verified.
Fig-4. Dark matter and WIMP in the universe (left is open picture and right from RPP Olive and Peacock [25])
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In Figure 4, the left diagram gives strong sign that there exists dark matter according to present physical
hypotheses, and the right diagam came from reconstructed gravitational lensing observation on Abell 1689 which
revealed substructure of dark matter. However, both directed detection and indirected detection of dark matter find
nothing [26-28].
Fig-5. Accelerating expanding cosmos relies dark sectors (from RPP Olive and Peacock [25]
Figure 5 illustrates that both dark matter and dark energy are necessary components for explaining galaxy
rotation curves and accelerating expansive universe, which are obversed and verified, particularly the observations of
accelerating expansion since 1998.
According to the cosmological principle (the universe is homogeneous and isotropic), the spatial distribution of
matter in the universe never produces observable irregularities in the large-scale structure. Although the universe is
inhomogeneous at smaller scales, it is statistically homogeneous on the large-scale scope. The cosmic microwave
background is isotropic, which was verified by Cobe 1992, WMAP 2005 and Planck 2013, as shown as Figure 6, in
which the left diagram decribes the CMB from Cobe, WMAP and Planck, supporting that CMB was isotropic,
though there was inhomogeneous at smaller scales. And the right diagram in Figure 6 illustrates that the plotted
curve is the best-fit ΛCDM (Lambda Cold Dark Matter) model.
Fig-6. The homogeneous and isotropic universe (left is open picture and right from RPP Olive and Peacock [25]
Historically, as a key prediction of the standard cosmological model, CMB was discovered in 1965. From that
point on, big bang cosmology was generally accepted, where the universe started in a hot, dense state and had been
expanding over time. The rate of expansion depends on the types of matter and energy present in the universe, and in
particular, whether the total density is above or below the so-called critical density.
Around CMB, dark matter and dark energy could be discussed in unified framework [29]. During the 1980s,
most researches focused on cold dark matter with critical density in matter, around 95% CDM (Cold Dark Matter)
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and 5% baryons, as these showed success at forming galaxies and clusters of galaxies, but problems remained.
Notably, the model required a Hubble constant lower than preferred by observations, and the model under-predicted
observed large-scale galaxy clustering. These difficulties sharpened with the discovery of CMB anisotropy by COBE
in 1992, and several alternatives including ΛCDM (Lambda Cold Dark Matter) and mixed cold + hot dark matter
came under active consideration. The ΛCDM model can be extended by adding cosmological inflation, quintessence
and other elements that are current areas of speculation and research in cosmology. If the Hubble constant is not too
high, the CMB alone requires an almost flat universe with Ωm + Ωv ~ 1.
The effects of universal rotation may or may not explain all dark sectors. Actually, early in 1946, Gamow
started the issue of rotating universe [30], and then the rotating angular velocity had been estimated about 10-13
rad
yr-1
[31] or less than 10-9
rad yr-1
[32]. However, the newest CMB analysis seems to deny the evidence of cosmic
rotation, for which a UK group claimed that the Universe is isotropic on large scales, without traces of rotations, and
anisotropic expansion of the Universe is strongly disfavored [33]. Therefore, we need to explore new physics with
considering physical principles and philosophical rules.
4. The Physical Principles and Philosophical Rules for New Physics
Philosophically, physicists do always to find simple, natural and symmetry hypothesis as a correct physical
theory, so that a good hypothesis, beyond standard model, should abide some physical principles and philosophical
rules for approaching the true and then the beautiful.
The principled construction of physics is an elegant theoretical pursuit. Here, three physical principles (3P: ADE
or HHE) are suggested to keep in unified physics.
P1. Action principle (Hamilton principle). This principle keeps least action in physical system, which
determines the dynamic mechanism of physical processes, on which the dynamic equation can be derived by
Lagrarian of the system with using variation methodology.
When we define scalar energy E and vector momenta pμ with linking Hamilton function H and Lagrangian
function L, we may obtain math-physical equations following Hamilton principle as follows
;L p x H
s
xLd 04
(4)
where Greek subscripts μ, ν denote 1, 2, 3, 4 and Latin subscripts i, j do 1, 2, 3.
P2. Duality principle (Heisenberg principle). This principle produces quantum effects, which fits duality of
particle and wave in quantum theory, as well as combination of maximum and minimum dualities, which may
connect micro- and macro-world.
[ , ]A A A i (5)
where is scalar and A is a vector, in any real number system. As time and space are scalar and vector, physical
measures combining with space-time, as if energy E (linking to ψ) and momentum p (linking to A), construct
canonical commutation relations similarly to Eq. (5) as
[ , ]t E tE Et i (6)
[ , ]x p xp px i (7)
This is just the origin of Heisenberg‟s uncertainty principle.
P3. Equivalence principle (Einstein principle). This principle balances mathematical structure and physical
essence, which matches the equivalence of space-time curvature and matter-energy distribution in Einstein general
ralativity.
G kT
(8)
P1 originated from analytical mechanics, which is a foundation of physics, linking with all physical theories. P2
came from quantem mechanics, which is a basic consideration in micro-physics. P3 proposed by Einstein in his
general relativity, which contributes a key to macro-physics.
Physicists should also abide following three philosophical rules (3R or 3H: LMM) for reaching both truth and
beauty.
R1. Logic harmony: It is better to invent new mathematics, and the mathematical structure approaches the
physical essence.
R2. Minimum hypotheses: it needs minimum basic facts (particles/fields). It is expected to introduce the least
particles and forces.
R3. Maximum hopes: it can explain most present experiments/observations and forecast much more possible
phenomena, particularly to explain dark sectors and main issues in contemporary physics, giving checkable forecasts
or falsification mechanism.
When a new physics matched above 3P and 3R, it might reach a new milestone for approaching the true and the
beautiful.
5. Discussion: Linkages between Mathematics and Physics
We always set up some equations for describing natural processes. These mean a good hypothesis should have
good mathematical structure with matching physical essence [34, 35], for approaching the true and then the
beautiful, as shown as Figure 7.
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Fig-7. Mathematical physical relations based on the True, the Good and the Beautiful
The linkages between mathematics and physics focus on time. If there is space variable in equations only, the
equations belong to mathematics. If there are both space and time in equations, the equations belong to physics. In
other words, if an equation includes space variables only, it is mathematics; and if it contains time (t) meantime, it is
physics.
Meanwhile, the mathematical structure demands to match physical essence. In any new theory, it is better to
invent new mathematics. When the mathematical structure approaches the physical essence, we may find the true, as
well as the beautiful.
Also, we have strong evidences to deny supersymmetry and dark sectors, because we have only one second
timespan leaving for supersymmetric and dark particles in the known universe, as shown as Figure 8.
Fig-8. The Known Universe (open picture)
This means that there are little space (inflation size) and time (<1s) for the existence of supersymmetry and dark
sectors, according to present physical knowledge. However, the phenomena of both galaxies‟ rotation curves and
gravitational lenses indicate the stability of dark sectors. Therefore, new theory beyond standard model resemble
better to focus on the modified theories based on general relativity and quantum field theory [36, 37], rather than
supersymmetric partners and dark sectors.
6. Conclusion
Conclusively, general relativity and quantum field theory still keep as the foundations to probe into new theory
beyond the standard model. Although there are thousands and hundreds hypotheses trying to solve the physical
problem of quantum gravity, there is no unique hypothesis which has absolute advantage to reach a brilliant stop
with approaching both the true and the beautiful.
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Following 3P physical principles (action principle, duality principle and equivalence principle), with abiding 3R
philosophical rules, there is possible way to lead to a bright future. Since the true is first and the beautiful is second,
TeVeS-type hypotheses may be feasible considerations near the true, without supersymmetry and dark sectors, in
which models would be modified and new supersymmetric particles are not necessary. This review supplies a
physical philosophy for further studies.
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