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Codes
The document discusses various types of binary codes, including weighted and non-weighted codes, binary coded decimal, excess-3 code, gray code, and alphanumeric codes like ASCII and EBCDIC. It also addresses error detection and correction methods, such as parity bits and Hamming code, which are critical for maintaining accuracy in digital communications. Additionally, it highlights the advantages and disadvantages of different coding methods in relation to efficiency and implementation in digital systems.
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Codes
- 1. Codes - ASST. PROF.MEENAKSHI PAUL - G. N. KHALSA COLLEGE
- 2. Objective 1.4 BinaryCodes 1.5 Weighted codes Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) 1.6 Non-weighted codes Excess – 3 code, Gray code, Alphanumeric codes – ASCII Code, EBCDIC, ISCII Code, Error detection
- 3. 1.4 Binary Codes When numbers, letters or words are represented by a specific group of symbols, it is said that the number, letter or word is being encoded. The group of symbols is called as a code. The digital data is represented, stored and transmitted as group of binary bits. This group is also called as binary code. The binary code is represented by the number as well as alphanumeric letter.
- 4. Advantages of BinaryCode Binary codes are suitable for the computer applications. Binary codes are suitable for the digital communications. Binary codes make the analysis and designing of digital circuits if we use the binary codes. Since only 0 & 1 are being used, implementation becomes easy.
- 5. Classification of binarycodes Weighted Codes Binary Coded Decimal Non-Weighted Codes Excess-3 code Gray Code Alphanumeric Codes ASCII EBCDIC Error Detecting /Correction Codes Parity Bit Hamming Bit
- 6. 1.5 Weighted Codes Weighted binary codes are those binary codes which obey the positional weight principle. Each position of the number represents a specific weight. Several systems of the codes are used to express the decimal digits 0 through 9. In these codes each decimal digit is represented by a group of four bits.
- 7. 1.5.1 Binary CodedDecimal (BCD) code In this code each decimal digit is represented by a 4-bit binary number. BCD is a way to express each of the decimal digits with a binary code. In the BCD, with four bits we can represent sixteen numbers (0000 to 1111). But in BCD code only first ten of these are used (0000 to 1001). The remaining six code combinations i.e. 1010 to 1111 are invalid in BCD.
- 8. 1.5.1 Binary CodedDecimal (BCD) code (98)10 = (1001 1000) BCD
- 9. 1.5.1 Binary CodedDecimal (BCD) code Advantages of BCD Codes It is very similar to decimal system. We need to remember binary equivalent of decimal numbers 0 to 9 only. Disadvantages of BCD Codes BCD needs more number of bits than binary to represent the decimal number. So BCD is less efficient than binary.
- 10. 1.6 Non-Weighted Codes In this type of binary codes, the positional weights are not assigned. The examples of non-weighted codes are Excess-3 code Gray code
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- 12. 16.1 Excess-3 code The Excess-3 code is also called as XS-3 code. It is non-weighted code used to express decimal numbers. The Excess-3 code words are derived from the 8421 BCD code words adding (0011)2 or (3)10 to each code word in 8421. The excess-3 codes are obtained as follows −
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- 16. 1.6.2 Gray Code It is the non-weighted code and it is not arithmetic codes. That means there are no specific weights assigned to the bit position. It has a very special feature that, only one bit will change each time the decimal number is incremented as shown in fig. As only one bit changes at a time, the gray code is called as a unit distance code. The gray code is a cyclic code. Gray code cannot be used for arithmetic operation.
- 17. 1.6.2 Gray CodeTable
- 18. 1.6.2 Gray Codeto Binary conversion Rules of Mod-2 Addition
- 19. 1.6.2 Binary Codeto Gray conversion (46)10=(?)GRAY
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- 21. 16.3.1 ASCII ASCIIis an acronym for American Standard Code for Information Interchange. This is standard set of characters understood by all computers, Mostly consists of letters , numbers and few basic symbols. It is a code that uses numbers to represent characters. Each letter is assigned a number between 0 and 127. It is relatively easy to exchange information between different programs, different operating systems, and different computers. For example the character A is assigned the decimal number 65, while a is assigned decimal 97 as shown below in the ASCII table.
- 23. 16.3.2 EBCDIC EBCDIC,in full extended binary-coded decimal interchange code. It was developed and used by IBM. EBCDIC) is an 8-bit binary code for numeric and alphanumeric characters. It can represent a total of 256 (28) different characters. It is a coding representation in which symbols, letters and numbers are presented in binary language. Provide a larger set of codes than ASCII. Less common than ASCII Rarely used today It is use by IBM mainframes today
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- 25. 16.4 What isan error? An error is an action which is inaccurate or incorrect. An error is a deviation from accuracy or correctness. The condition of having incorrect or false knowledge Error is a condition when the output information does not match with the input information.
- 26. Need of errordetection and error correction When transmission of digital signals takes place between two system, the signal get contaminated due to the addition of “Noise” to it. The noise can introduce an error in the binary bits travelling from one system to the other. That means a 0 may change to 1 or 1 may change to 0. These error can become a serious threat to the accuracy of the digital system. Therefore it is necessary to detect and correct the errors.
- 27. Types of Errors Single-bit errors Burst errors
- 28. How to detectand correct error? One or more bits are added to data for error detection /correction. These extra bits are called Parity bits. The data bits along with the parity bits form a code word. Error detection methods: Parity checking Checksum error detection Cyclic redundancy code (CRC)
- 29. 16.4.1 Parity bit It is the simplest technique for detecting and correcting errors. The MSB of an 8-bits word is used as the parity bit and the remaining 7 bits are used as data or message bits. The parity of 8-bits transmitted word can be either even parity or odd parity. Even parity -- Even parity means the number of 1's in the given word including the parity bit should be even (2,4,6,....). Odd parity -- Odd parity means the number of 1's in the given word including the parity bit should be odd (1,3,5,....).
- 30. Use of ParityBit The parity bit can be set to 0 and 1 depending on the type of the parity required. For even parity, this bit is set to 1 or 0 such that the no. of "1 bits" in the entire word is even. Shown in fig. (a). For odd parity, this bit is set to 1 or 0 such that the no. of "1 bits" in the entire word is odd. Shown in fig. (b).
- 31. How Does ErrorDetection Take Place? Parity checking at the receiver can detect the presence of an error if the parity of the receiver signal is different from the expected parity.
- 32. 16.4.2 Hamming Code Hamming code is error detection and correction (single bit error) method. It was developed by R.W. Hamming for error correction. In this coding method, the source encodes the message by inserting redundant bits within the message. These redundant bits are extra bits that are generated and inserted at specific positions in the message . When the destination receives this message, it performs recalculations to detect errors and find the bit position that has error.
- 33. 16.4.2 Hamming Codecontd… This code uses multiple parity bits and we have to place these parity bits in the positions of powers of 2. The parity bits are inserted at each 2n bit where n =1,2,3,….. Thus P1 is at 20= 1, P2 is at 21=2, P4 is as 22 and P8 is as 23 Parity Bit Bits to be checked P1 1,3,5,7 P2 2,3,6,7 P3 4,5,6,7
- 34. Hamming Bit example Ex. A bit word 1 0 1 1 is to be transmitted. Construct the even parity seven bit Hamming code for this data. Step1: Step 2: Deciding Parity P1, P1 =1,3,5,7 =1 1 1 (Apply even parity on data) = 1 1 0 1 1 D7 D6 D5 P4 D3 P2 P1 1 0 1 1 1 D7 D6 D5 P4 D3 P2 P1
- 35. Hamming Bit examplecontd.. Step 3: Deciding Parity P2, P2 =2,3,6,7 =1 0 1 (Apply even parity on data) = 0 1 0 1 1 1 D7 D6 D5 P4 D3 P2 P1 1 0 1 1 0 1 D7 D6 D5 P4 D3 P2 P1
- 36. Hamming Bit examplecontd.. Step 4: Deciding Parity P4, P4 =4,5,6,7 =1 0 1 (Apply even parity on data) = 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 D7 D6 D5 P4 D3 P2 P1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 D7 D6 D5 P4 D3 P2 P1
- 37. Ex. 2:Encode the data bits 0 1 0 1 in seven bits even parity Hamming code. Solution 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 D7 D6 D5 P4 D3 P2 P1
- 38. Receiver side decoding ReceivedCode: Solution: Step 1: Check the bits of Parity P1, P1 =1,3,5,7 =1011 (Apply even parity on data) = 1 Odd parity Therefore error exist here, put P1 = 1 in the 1’s position of error word. Error word E = = 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 D7 D6 D5 P4 D3 P2 P1 P4 P2 P1 P4 P2 1
- 39. Step 2:Check the bits of ParityP2, P2 =2,3,6,7 =10 0 1 (Apply even parity on data) = 0 Means no Error Step 3: Check the bits of Parity P4, P4 =4,5,6,7 =1 10 1 (Apply even parity on data) = 1 Error 1 0 1 P4 0 1
- 40. E = =(5)10 Step 4: Correct the error Invert the incorrect bit to obtain the correct code word Correct Code word: 1 0 1 P4 D3 P2 P1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 D7 D6 D5 Received Code: Incorrect Bit P4 D3 P2 P1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 D7 D6 D5
- 41. A sevenbit Hamming code is received as 1 1 1 0 1 0 1. What is the correct code? Assume the parity to be even. P4 D3 P2 P1D7 D6 D5 1 0 1 0 1 0 1E= 1 1 0 = 6
- 42. Limitation of HammingCode The main limitation of Hamming code is that it can detect and correct only one error