The document summarizes a webinar on pH calibration best practices, maintenance, and troubleshooting. It includes sections on pH theory, maintenance such as cleaning and calibration, and troubleshooting common problems. The webinar was presented by Cherlyn Marlow and Tim Roth of Yokogawa and covered topics like pH measurement principles, electrode maintenance, calibration methods, and troubleshooting tips.
A sensor selection guide when you need to measure
pH, ORP, Turbidity, Specific Ion, Conductivity, Water Analyzers, Dissolved Oxygen
Typical industrial applications are: Petro-Chemical Processing, Biotech & Pharmaceutical, Waste Water Treatment, Chemical Processing, Power Generation, Food & Beverage, Semi-Conductor, Industrial Water, Drinking Water
Chromatography is introduced to us from a very young age; from marker and coffee filter art projects to the simple black ink separation. All of which the pigments wick from the papers are different speeds when dipped into water, showing the various types of pigments. Chromatography is based on this originally when it was first used for the synthetic dye industry in the early 1990s as Chromatography means color measurement.
This one-hour session covers chromatography basics and explains what makes up a process gas chromatograph that is used today.
We will dive into:
Different types of sample injection methods.
What and how a separation column works.
Basic rules of thumbs for best practice.
The main focus within environmental analysis is the subject of water. Our instruments are used to carry out routine analysis of organic impurities in the water industry. Learn about our solutions for water analysis.
Multifunctional Surfactants - Essential ingredients for efficient cleaning pr...Sorel Muresan
Water based cleaning products are continuously evolving driven by several factors such as challenging regulatory requirements, increased performance and safety demands from consumers, and price.
At AkzoNobel Surface Chemistry we are addressing our customer’s formulation needs by providing cutting-edge solutions for a wide range of applications. The exceptional functionalities of our surfactants bring additional value to formulations such as high performance at low concentration, foam control, tolerance to alkali and electrolytes, thickening, with a minimal impact on the environment and low human and aquatic toxicity.
Akzo Nobel Surface Chemistry has a wide range of surfactants for Household and Industrial & Institutional cleaning applications. Our technologies include, for example, narrow range fatty alcohol ethoxylates for efficient and sustainable cleaning, cationic cosurfactants delivering outstanding degreasing performance, and cationic surfactant thickeners for effective thickening across the whole pH range.
A sensor selection guide when you need to measure
pH, ORP, Turbidity, Specific Ion, Conductivity, Water Analyzers, Dissolved Oxygen
Typical industrial applications are: Petro-Chemical Processing, Biotech & Pharmaceutical, Waste Water Treatment, Chemical Processing, Power Generation, Food & Beverage, Semi-Conductor, Industrial Water, Drinking Water
Chromatography is introduced to us from a very young age; from marker and coffee filter art projects to the simple black ink separation. All of which the pigments wick from the papers are different speeds when dipped into water, showing the various types of pigments. Chromatography is based on this originally when it was first used for the synthetic dye industry in the early 1990s as Chromatography means color measurement.
This one-hour session covers chromatography basics and explains what makes up a process gas chromatograph that is used today.
We will dive into:
Different types of sample injection methods.
What and how a separation column works.
Basic rules of thumbs for best practice.
The main focus within environmental analysis is the subject of water. Our instruments are used to carry out routine analysis of organic impurities in the water industry. Learn about our solutions for water analysis.
Multifunctional Surfactants - Essential ingredients for efficient cleaning pr...Sorel Muresan
Water based cleaning products are continuously evolving driven by several factors such as challenging regulatory requirements, increased performance and safety demands from consumers, and price.
At AkzoNobel Surface Chemistry we are addressing our customer’s formulation needs by providing cutting-edge solutions for a wide range of applications. The exceptional functionalities of our surfactants bring additional value to formulations such as high performance at low concentration, foam control, tolerance to alkali and electrolytes, thickening, with a minimal impact on the environment and low human and aquatic toxicity.
Akzo Nobel Surface Chemistry has a wide range of surfactants for Household and Industrial & Institutional cleaning applications. Our technologies include, for example, narrow range fatty alcohol ethoxylates for efficient and sustainable cleaning, cationic cosurfactants delivering outstanding degreasing performance, and cationic surfactant thickeners for effective thickening across the whole pH range.
Magical Mystery Tour of High Purity pH Measurements Yokogawa1
The measurement of high purity pH samples in power applications presents significant challenges to understand, apply and maintain analysis instrumentation. The source of the additional “magic” is the fact that high purity samples by their very nature have a very low conductivity, which presents its own set of issues and challenges in comparison to routine pH measurements. The presentation will explore the theory of pH and how it can be successfully applied in high purity applications, discuss both standard and solution temperature compensation, review installation requirements, and illustrate good calibration and maintenance procedures to facilitate satisfactory measurements.
In this webinar we will:
Review the theory behind the measurement of pH
Discuss the issues surrounding high purity pH measurements
Illustrate the difference between standard and solution temperature compensation
Assess installation requirements for successful measurements
Clarify good calibration and maintenance procedures
Clean-in-place: how to ensure food safety while maintaining equipment effecti...Design World
Negative PR from food safety violations has never been more prevalent than in today’s interconnected world. Manufacturers are in a constant battle to provide maximum food safety while maintaining throughput.
This webinar will focus on ways to ease these seemingly conflicting goals and introduce Baumer’s broad portfolio to aid with Clean-in-place solutions.
Watch webinar here: http://www.designworldonline.com/clean-in-place-h…nt-effectiveness/
The Process Analytics catalog includes product features and specifications, benefits and recommended application areas, order details and much more for process analytics measurement solutions. You will find the information you need quickly and easily.
Jane Cooper, Senior Applications Scientist, Waters Corporation.
Method development
Aim: One peak = one compound
Detect coelutions and peaks missed by optical detection
Track peaks more effectively
Sample profiling
Aim: Identify components and quantify
Process complex matrices and low level target compounds
Improved selectivity, more sensitivity
Synthetic chemistry
Aim: Confirm product identity
Improve turnaround of results
Improve information available on impurities
Purification
Aim: Isolate pure compound
Collect fewer fractions with increased confidence
Electronics Sourcing Case Study by Dragon SourcingJohn William
Here is a case study by Dragon Sourcing on Electronics Sourcing from consumer goods sector for the year 2014 covering China, Vietnam and Turkey.
For details contact: www.dragonsourcing.com
Data, Data, Everywhere...GA10 Brings It All TogetherYokogawa1
Today, data is everywhere. Collected by a multitude of sensors and devices, most organizations have plenty of data. The question becomes, “What should you do with it all?” In steps Yokogawa’s GA10 Data Logging Software. GA10 acquires data from various instruments via communications, such as EtherNet, Modbus, and OPC-UA, and enables centralized monitoring and recording of data from a PC or remote location. With all your data in the same place, users can make real time decisions while monitoring standard or custom dashboards, receive automatic reports, send email or alarm notifications to maintenance personnel, and much more. Let’s put your data to work, when you bring it all together, with GA10!
In this webinar, we will:
• Share best practices for monitoring, recording, and transferring data
• Challenges in data acquisition and how Yokogawa can help
• Demonstrate GA10 Data Logging Software capabilities:
Seamlessly connect Yokogawa and 3rd party devices
Easily create projects and standard or custom dashboards
Generate automatic reports, notifications, alarms, and emails
Magical Mystery Tour of High Purity pH Measurements Yokogawa1
The measurement of high purity pH samples in power applications presents significant challenges to understand, apply and maintain analysis instrumentation. The source of the additional “magic” is the fact that high purity samples by their very nature have a very low conductivity, which presents its own set of issues and challenges in comparison to routine pH measurements. The presentation will explore the theory of pH and how it can be successfully applied in high purity applications, discuss both standard and solution temperature compensation, review installation requirements, and illustrate good calibration and maintenance procedures to facilitate satisfactory measurements.
In this webinar we will:
Review the theory behind the measurement of pH
Discuss the issues surrounding high purity pH measurements
Illustrate the difference between standard and solution temperature compensation
Assess installation requirements for successful measurements
Clarify good calibration and maintenance procedures
Clean-in-place: how to ensure food safety while maintaining equipment effecti...Design World
Negative PR from food safety violations has never been more prevalent than in today’s interconnected world. Manufacturers are in a constant battle to provide maximum food safety while maintaining throughput.
This webinar will focus on ways to ease these seemingly conflicting goals and introduce Baumer’s broad portfolio to aid with Clean-in-place solutions.
Watch webinar here: http://www.designworldonline.com/clean-in-place-h…nt-effectiveness/
The Process Analytics catalog includes product features and specifications, benefits and recommended application areas, order details and much more for process analytics measurement solutions. You will find the information you need quickly and easily.
Jane Cooper, Senior Applications Scientist, Waters Corporation.
Method development
Aim: One peak = one compound
Detect coelutions and peaks missed by optical detection
Track peaks more effectively
Sample profiling
Aim: Identify components and quantify
Process complex matrices and low level target compounds
Improved selectivity, more sensitivity
Synthetic chemistry
Aim: Confirm product identity
Improve turnaround of results
Improve information available on impurities
Purification
Aim: Isolate pure compound
Collect fewer fractions with increased confidence
Electronics Sourcing Case Study by Dragon SourcingJohn William
Here is a case study by Dragon Sourcing on Electronics Sourcing from consumer goods sector for the year 2014 covering China, Vietnam and Turkey.
For details contact: www.dragonsourcing.com
Data, Data, Everywhere...GA10 Brings It All TogetherYokogawa1
Today, data is everywhere. Collected by a multitude of sensors and devices, most organizations have plenty of data. The question becomes, “What should you do with it all?” In steps Yokogawa’s GA10 Data Logging Software. GA10 acquires data from various instruments via communications, such as EtherNet, Modbus, and OPC-UA, and enables centralized monitoring and recording of data from a PC or remote location. With all your data in the same place, users can make real time decisions while monitoring standard or custom dashboards, receive automatic reports, send email or alarm notifications to maintenance personnel, and much more. Let’s put your data to work, when you bring it all together, with GA10!
In this webinar, we will:
• Share best practices for monitoring, recording, and transferring data
• Challenges in data acquisition and how Yokogawa can help
• Demonstrate GA10 Data Logging Software capabilities:
Seamlessly connect Yokogawa and 3rd party devices
Easily create projects and standard or custom dashboards
Generate automatic reports, notifications, alarms, and emails
An Economic X-ray of Digital TransformationYokogawa1
Recent dynamic market changes and uncertain business environments have placed a sharp focus on digital transformation (DX). DX initiatives must clearly align with business strategies and have a clear vision of where, and how, they add value in terms of enhanced profitability, capital efficiency and license to operate. Focusing on enhanced profitability, we start with a simple refresh of the “Profit & Loss” or income statement and demonstrate how it is impacted by DX initiatives, thereby demonstrating how money is made and lost. These general concepts are reinforced with several real-life examples across the upstream, refining and bulk chemical sectors. Through this exercise, conclusions are drawn on where DX has the greatest immediate impact.
Using A Unique, Next Generation APC Solution To Address Common Problems In Th...Yokogawa1
Shell Chemical's Geismar plant is the largest alpha olefins producer in the world. Being ready, situationally aware and making the right decisions only guarantees success with efficient and effective operational execution. This presentation will profile a series of unique ways to solve common multi-variable process control challenges often encountered in chemical processing units. Several examples will be given that were used at Shell’s Geismar facility to drive superior efficiency and productivity savings.
Open Process Automation: Status of the O-PAS™ Standard, Conformance Certifica...Yokogawa1
Today, end users in the energy and chemical industries must work with and integrate multiple proprietary systems in almost every process plant or facility. These systems include manufacturing execution systems (MES), distributed control systems (DCS), human-machine interfaces (HMI), programmable logic controllers (PLC) and inputs/outputs (I/O). These multiple proprietary systems, and the integration thereof, result in elevated capital costs on new projects and high total cost of ownership through the asset lifecycle, especially in the operation and maintenance of such systems. The Open Process Automation™ Forum (OPAF) is an international forum of end users, system integrators, suppliers, academia, and standards organizations who are working together to develop the specifications for open process control systems. OPAF’s goal is to enable more open and modular systems that supports integration of best-in-class components. This architecture will provide both configuration and application portability across components from different suppliers, thereby reducing system capital cost and total cost of ownership. The vision is a standards-based, open, secure and interoperable process control architecture that reduces the cost of control system upgrades and replacements, as well as removes barriers to technology insertion, with adaptable cybersecurity designed in. This keynote presentation will outline the Open Process Automation initiative, standard and status of industry prototyping, as well as share evidence of commercialization.
The Value-driven Approach to Digitalizing Assets and their Supply ChainsYokogawa1
Facilities must pursue the agile optimization of feedstocks and other inputs with products and operations to reflect market demand and prices. This is how the demand-pull business model is achieved and a measurable change in profitability delivered. This presentation will showcase why a mindset shift to value chain optimization is needed, as well as the deliberate approach needed to digitally transform value chain optimization activities. The value chain digital twin combining traditional solutions and AI will be profiled, along with the first steps that need to be taken, now.
The Role And Evolution Of Advanced Analytics In The Process IndustriesYokogawa1
To improve a plant’s operation, it is important to understand it’s potential for improvement so that the right actions can be taken. Plant data and advanced analytics are the keys to maximizing plant performance. This keynote presentation will highlight the role of advanced analytics and its evolution in the years to come.”
The Digital Twin For Production OptimizationYokogawa1
Digitalization is fundamental to the development of Repsol’s strategy for the future. To meet emerging challenges, the business units have developed an ambitious program comprising multiple projects. Within Repsol’s Industrial Business, development of a refinery digital twin leads the digitalization program. The digital twin allows the business to maximize production while optimizing energy consumption. This session will explore the digital twin project objectives to improve the accuracy and scope of the Refinery LP model that the Programming and Planning departments use to make decisions regarding crude feedstock purchasing and refinery unit operations. It will also report on the context of the business goals achieved, the technology and architecture developed, and the connectivity deployed to communicate results. It will conclude with a description of how enhancements to existing technology work with new technologies to improve value.
Multi-Site Optimization To Drive Value Creation In ChevronYokogawa1
The vision should be one of an asset, or portfolio of assets, that exists in the context of, and is synchronized with, its supply chains and surrounding business environment. The asset(s) together with its supply chain should continuously respond in unison to market signals, disturbances, and optimize holistically. Since the early 1980s Chevron has developed and continued to enhance its proprietary linear programming (LP) technology, Petro, to select the most profitable raw materials, evaluate product options, optimize refinery processes, and promote efficient capital investments across its global refining network. Key to this has been the use of Petro, with its highly efficient multi-location modeling methodology, to optimize raw materials and product supplies between refinery sites. This presentation will showcase how Chevron drives transformational value through multi-site optimization, and how development of associated people and business processes have accompanied evolution of the technology.
Keeping PACE with Advanced Process ControlYokogawa1
The pace was set to start APC sustainability, the software was chosen and the initial implementation was validated. This presentation will focus on how the company is approaching the upgrades, the training of new engineers, the benefits and results from it and the next steps to improve controls and stakeholders reliability.
Yokogawa’s DX and Smart Manufacturing Vision for Building our FutureYokogawa1
DX is the novel use of digital technology to accelerate companies' business strategies and business goals, not technology for technology’s sake. Digitalization and digital transformation involve business and workflow changes, adjustment of enterprise operations and business transformation. But to decide what digital applications and capabilities are required, business value drivers and the various digital challenges that contribute to operational excellence must be mapped out. Once these are known and understood, a holistic approach can be undertaken to drive triple bottom line performance in terms of people, planet and profit. Partners who have domain knowledge and best practices in the industry, are one of our key success factors. This keynote presentation will outline Yokogawa's vision for digital transformation of the energy and chemical industry to achieve their smart manufacturing goals. In doing so demonstrating Yokogawa's commitment to achieving net-zero emissions, making a transition to a circular economy, and ensuring the well-being of all.
Business Model Disruption - The Step-wise Transition to Remote OperationsYokogawa1
Many assets have reached the “point of diminishing returns” in their pursuit of optimization benefits using conventional business models. To reach the next horizon of value, these assets must undergo digital process re-engineering, digital re-organization and digital business transformation. In many cases, the entire operations management system needs to be re-written and re-implemented. The first step in transitioning to a new operating model involves defining the end-state and achieving a step-wise approach toward it. That end state might be a centralized optimization center, remote integrated operations center, minimal manning facility, or a fully automated facility. The internal rate of return (IRR) associated with the transition to remote operations depends on the extent to which operating cost savings can be traded for capital investment. Through various case studies, this session will explore the key considerations in making a successful transition and the important factors driving IRR variability and operational risk.
A New Digital Maintenance Platform in a Large Petrochemical Facility to Ident...Yokogawa1
Every day, asset management teams must reliably deliver the highest predictable availability at the lowest cost. The focus should be on providing information and understanding directly to decision makers–human or machine–in a way that drives the business as a whole to make improvements. Braskem operates a very large petrochemical complex in Camacari, Bahia, Brazil that produces ethylene, polyethylene and PVC, and other chemicals. The site has recently embarked on a project to implement a digital maintenance platform to deliver enhanced situational awareness and decision support. The presentation will showcase the goals of the project and how the platform will gather data from a variety of sources in a secure manner. It will describe the automation tools, databases, manual inputs, event sorting, data modeling, and data science to deliver the intended outcomes.
Shift team effectiveness: Don't bother if you can't change "shop floor" shift...Yokogawa1
Overall shift team effectiveness is critical, but especially shift handover activities. Shift teams are at the point of manufacture and hold the keys to plant and equipment safety, reliability, production and product quality, as well as operational discipline. Shift handovers take just 5% of operational time, but account for around 40% of plant incidents. So if you want your digital transformation (DX) initiatives to succeed, you need to think like an operator–to empathize and gain credibility with those on the shop floor–and to translate the DX agenda into their language. Only through this can a true changing of ways occur. This session will showcase a proven shift team effectiveness model comprising four key areas and sub-components–organizational capability, work environment, information and technology, and operating practices–and how they all need to work in tandem with each other. A case study will demonstrate how these areas should be leveraged to ensure safety, reliability and production information effortlessly flow in, and out, of the shift team to the various support departments.
Adversity Drives Innovation and Enterprise Resilience to Best Leverage a Hist...Yokogawa1
In most plants, process data is generated by various OT systems such as the DCS or SCADA, blending systems, dosing systems, fault detection systems, smart instruments, etc. Enterprise process historians should be the system of record for all operating data and should support achieving a ‘single source of truth’ for the plant. The desire to have a single source of truth for all data types that can be consumed in decision making and execution is driving IT/OT convergence. How enterprise process historians are leveraged, both on-site and remotely, is crucial for business continuity and advancement toward increasingly autonomous operations. This presentation will showcase how new processes and techniques around remote monitoring, data extraction and advanced analytics enabled Kuraray to maintain situational awareness and visibility into key plant operations whilst social distancing during COVID-19.
Improved Upstream Production Efficiency with Remote Optimization Centers, Fie...Yokogawa1
To climb down the cost curve, upstream companies need to fundamentally change how they operate – technology, people and processes. The industry has reached close to the maximum threshold on the number of individual point solution applications (and associated processes and siloed departments) that are in use today. To remain relevant and thrive, upstream companies must firstly buy time, then digitalize and lastly, position more effectively for the energy transition. This means taking a “systems thinking” approach that focuses on the way that a production system’s constituent parts interrelate, how they work over time and within the context of larger systems. This presentation will outline the role of field-wide models, which when operationalized with real-time data, result in a digital twin that is highly effective in achieving production system optimization. These models when run in the Cloud, then enable the remote optimization center and generate synthetic data able to train AI algorithms for machine learning with limitless potential.
Transforming Decision Making in Scheduling of Terminal OperationsYokogawa1
Terminals are mission critical assets for effecting mass transfers, exploiting arbitrage opportunities, blending, mopping up errors and inaccuracies in supply chain planning, amongst others, across the hydrocarbon processing value chain. Effective scheduling of terminal operations is required to handle timing, sizing, allocation and sequencing decisions involved in connecting the "ideal" (production plan) to the "real-world" (the operation), with its various subtleties, nuances and non-linearities. Complex decision-making is required to make money. It involves the development of a detailed (executable) plan that is able to implement the operations strategy from the planning process, running the asset(s) up against physical and logistical constraints. As a result, schedulers must deal with a large number of inter-related alternatives with high implications in business performance. Wrong moves in the decision chain can set the execution path towards costly disruptions. Only through combinatorial optimization algorithms can this complexity be simplified. This presentation will show how these algorithms can be incorporated into practical business applications and made available to extend the capabilities of scheduling personnel way beyond what can be achieved with current methods. The value captured and how it is achieved will be demonstrated using actual applications in LNG Regasification, Crude Oil Supply and Primary Distribution operations.
Contributing to the Development and Application of Cybersecurity StandardsYokogawa1
As security threats evolve and adapt, so too must organizations’ responses to them. The development and application of cybersecurity standards in support of current and new generation industrial automation and control systems (IACS) are of fundamental importance. This presentation will provide practical and useful information on how cybersecurity standards are progressing and how they are applied. The initial focus will be on current activities in the development of the IEC 62443 IACS cybersecurity standards, and implications to the various stakeholders. An illustration will describe how to use the standards to frame the development of secure-by-design products and services, both current and future. Thereafter, the focus will shift to how IEC 62443 standards are used by other industry standards and securing IIoT and associated cloud systems. This is of particular importance in the context of the Open Process Automation Standard (O-PAS).
Asia NOC Bridges Business-wide Performance Objectives and KPIs through an Adv...Yokogawa1
Misalignment and conflicting performance objectives between management and front line operators is the root cause of a lot of profit erosion. Businesses need systematic ways to align senior management objectives and operating KPIs. This presentation will demonstrate how a National Oil Company in Asia utilized data analytics and KPI trees with drill-down capabilities to systematically align performance objectives and KPIs in its gas processing division to achieve profit driven operations. The presentation will also highlight how first principles digital twins can be incorporated to serve as a soft sensor to deliver further accuracy and rigour.
After fully exploiting digital computing technology to enable safe and efficient operation since the 1970s, the tank farm and terminal industry is in the midst of a major step change as organizations apply advanced analytics, artificial intelligence and machine learning to the massive operational data they have collected. Applications of digital transformation technologies are ultimately leading to the autonomous terminal. An autonomous terminal possesses comprehensive knowledge of its capabilities and limitations; it works with operators to provide maximum operational safety and efficiency. To realize the autonomous terminal, digital transformation is inevitable and includes fully digitalized execution, digitalized information exchange with all internal and external stakeholders, digitalized asset optimization and fully automated operations. Participants in this session will learn how to realize broad-based benefits and how operations should continuously improve in a sustainable manner.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.