Planning development of the city of Berlin with a specific focus on the urban regeneration policies and actions promoted by the City of Berlin and its main transformation in the last 30 years.

1. BERLIN
Planning, regeneration and transformation
Francesca Bragaglia & Alessandro Delladio
7VM – via Morgari 28.03.2019
Contacts:
Alessandro.delladio@polito.it
Francesca.bragaglia@polito.it

2. TABLE OF CONTENTS
PLANNING
1. Germany – administrative organization
2. Evolution of Spatial Planning Acts in Germany
3. Planning levels and tools in Germany
4. Berlin – framework
5. Berlin - Planning documents
REGENERATION
6. The urban regeneration process
7. A program of urban regeneration for the city of Berlin
8. Urban requalification program
TRANSFORMATION
9. Which kind of transformation? Some cases

3. PLANNING

4. FEDERAL
STATE
STATE
REGION
TOWN
1.GERMANY
ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANISATION

5. 2. EVOLUTION OF SPATIAL PLANNING ACTS IN GERMANY
Federal Building Act
(Bundesbaugesetz)
• Plan Notation Ordinance
(Planzeichenwerordnung)
• Land Utilisation Ordinance
– 1962
(Baunutzungsverordnung)
Federal Spatial
Planning Act
(Raumordnung
sgesetz –
ROG)
Urban
Development
Promotion Act
(supplement of
the FBA)
Federal
Building Code
(FBA + UDPA)
Reunification of
Germany
Building and
Spatial
Planning Act
(FBC + spatial
planning laws
across W/E
Germany)
Federal Building Code
(transposition of EU directives)
• 2001: EIA Amending Directive,
IPPC Directive and other
environmental protection
directives
• 2004: SEA Directive and
European Law Adaption Act
for the Construction Sector
1960 1965 1971 1986 1990 1998
2001
2004

6. 3. PLANNING LEVELS AND TOOLS
Federal spatial
planning
Parliament &
Government
National planning framework
Foundations and principles on the planning
system
State spatial
planning
Land
State Development Plan – State Spatial
Structure – State Development programme
Landscape plans and programs
Regional
planning
Land
Planning Regions
Regional plan – Regional Spatial Structure
programme – Area Development plan
Local
planning
Municipality
Land Use Plan
Local Development Plans

7. Ku’damm Straße
Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gedächtniskirche
Zoologischer Garten
Governative district
Leipzigerplatz
Potsdamerplatz
Museumsinsel
Karl Marx Alee
East Side Gallery
Tempelhof
4.BERLIN
Credits: Thomas Wolf
Credits: Alessandro Delladio
Credits: AvdaCredits: Aazarus
Credits: Alessandro Delladio
Credits: Jean-Pierre Dalbéra
Credits: Francesca Bragaglia

8. 1950
First Land Use Plan
(afer WWII)
1961
Construction of the
Wall & Buildings Plan
for the West side
1964
Second Land Use
Plan (West side)
1969
General
Development Plan
(East side)
1984
IBA & third Land Use
Plan (West side)
1990
Reunification of
Germany and of the
Berlin City
1991
Germany Capital
City: from Bonn to
Berlin
1992 – early 2000s
Economical crisis of
the reunified city
1994
Fourth Land Use
Plan for the whole
city
4.BERLIN
Credits: Lorenzo AttardoCredits: WikimediaCredits: Thierry Noir

9. DATA: City of Berlin, 2015
4.1 BERLIN
SOME DATA
INHABITANTS: 3.711.931 (2017)
SURFACE: 891,8 km²

10. DATA: City of Berlin, 2015
4.2 BERLIN, STILL «POOR BUT SEXY»?
Klaus Wowereit, former city major (2001-2014)
15.999 13.899 17.025 18.908
45.756
63.974
80.109
104.209
0
20.000
40.000
60.000
80.000
100.000
120.000
140.000
1991 2001 2011 2017
Structural change in the berlin economy
GROSS VALUE ADDED
(Millions €) manufacturing industry
GROSS VALUE ADDED
(Millions €) service industry

11. Who owns the dwellings in Berlin?
Berlin Constitution, Article 28, “Every person has the right to
appropriate housing. The state supports the development and
maintenance of appropriate housing, especially for people with low
income…”
9th October 2018
'Poor but sexy' no more:
property boom drives out
Berlin's artists
The German capital once attracted
talent from across the world with its
cheap rents, but gentrification is
making an exodus already seen in
London and New York
4.2 BERLIN, still «POOR BUT SEXY»?
DATA: City of Berlin, 2015

12. 5. BERLIN - PLANNING DOCUMENTS
Berlin + State of Brandenburg
Joint planning for Berlin-Brandenburg
Spatial structure plans for the entire region or certain
locations within the federal states are prepared in
collaboration. This task is discharged by the Joint Spatial
Planning Department of Berlin-Brandenburg (GL).
Regional Development Programme 2007
Landesentwicklungsprogramm (LePro)
State Development Plan for the Capital Region Berlin-
Brandenburg
Landesentwicklungsplan Hauptstadtregion Berlin-
Brandenburg (LEP HR)
State Development Plan for the Location and the
Development of the new International Airport - BBI
Landesentwicklungsplan Flughafenstandortentwicklung (LEP
FS)
LePro 2007

13. FEDERAL LEGISLATION
BERLIN
PLANNING LEGISLATION
BERLIN
ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION
Land Use Plan - Flächennutzungsplanung Sectoral Development Plans -
Stadtentwiklungspläne
(housing, industry, climate, energy and
drains, transport, public utilities)
Landscape Programme -
Landschafstsprogramm
Local Development Plans -
Bebauungspläne
Intermediate Area Plans -
Bezirksentwicklungsplanung
(for each city district)
Local Landscape Plans - Landschaftspläne
Strategic Area Planning Concepts –
Stadtplanerische Konzepte
(Tegel airport, City West, Nördlicher Cityrand,
Spreeraum Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg,
Südliche Friedrichstadt)
Area Planning Concepts - Planwerke
(Nordostraum, Westraum, Innere Stadt,
Südostraum)
Berlin + State of Brandenburg
Joint planning for Berlin-Brandenburg
5. BERLIN - PLANNING DOCUMENTS

14. 5. BERLIN – PLANNING DOCUMENTS
STRATEGIC PLAN
STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENT
CONCEPT
Stadtentwicklungnsconzept Berlin 2030
Strategies:
1. Strengthening the economy with
smart knowledge
2. Unleashing strengths through
creativity
3. Safeguarding employment through
education and skills
4. Reinforcing neighbourhood diversity
5. City and green growing together
6. Laying the groundwork for a
climate-friendly metropolis
7. Improving accessibility and city-
friendly mobility
8. Shaping the future together
City of Berlin, 2015

16. REGENERATION

17. It is very difficult to give a clear and unique definition of urban regeneration, because the approaches to
regeneration have been very different depending on the socio-economic and economic circumstances and
today the crisis is changing again the urban regeneration agenda. In any case, with urban regeneration we
mean the season of the “European Lesson”, characterized by the integrated approach to urban issues
that has diametrically changed the way of acting on areas in crisis.
The main goal of urban regeneration esperciences is fighting against socio-economic malaise at the local
level, the consequent action model is a place-based action model, whose aim was breaking the
cumulative process by valorising local resources, with an Integrated Area Development (IAD) approach
(Saccomani, 2016). The basic areas of intervention of urban regeneration are the physical, the economic,
the social and the environmental dimensions (…) (Roberts, Skyes, Granger, 2016)
Nb: Urban regeneration is not just about physical transformation!
URBAN REGENERATION KEYWORDS:
AREA-BASED APPROACH, INTEGRATED APPROACH, PARTICIPATION, PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP
What is urban regeneration?
6. THE URBAN REGENERATION PROCESS

18. 6. THE URBAN REGENERATION PROCESS

19. The "Social City" urban regeneration program helps to stabilise
and recover the most disadvantaged districts in urban,
economic and social terms. In response to this situation, the
Berlin Senate introduced intervention strategy to support social
urban development in the affected neighborhoods. The Berlin
Quartiersmanagement program is at the heart of this strategy.
Which areas are involved in QuartiersManagement?
Since 1999, the program “Social City“ has worked towards the
stabilization and development of areas facing social
discrimination. Unemployment, dependence on state aid and the
issues arising from a lack of social and ethnical integration affect
the everyday life and the future prospects of the people living in
those areas.
Based on socio-demographic indicators, the neighborhoods
were initally classified as either prevention areas or areas for
medium to large-scale intervention and are now provided
with technical and financial support at different levels.
7. A PROGRAM OF URBAN REGENERATION
FOR THE CITY OF BERLIN

21. 7. SCHILLERPROMENADE QUARTIERSMANAGEMENT
(SCHILLERKIEZ – BERLIN)
• The area is well connected by public transport and has a good potential for development since the Tempelhof airport
has been closed.
• The proportion of migrant population is at about 52%.
• High unemployment and fluctuation rates in the area were arguments to designate the neighborhood as a
Neighborhood Management area in 1999.

22. 7. SCHILLERPROMENADE QUARTIERSMANAGEMENT
(SCHILLERKIEZ – BERLIN) Current actions:
Education, training, youngs:
Improvement of the educational offer; Improvement of
facilities for young people; Parental work / local
education networks
Work and business:
Networking the local economy with social and cultural
institutions; Initiation of trade network / commercial
customers
Neighborhood:
construction of a civic center; Strengthening self-
organization
Public space:
Renewal of the road network and sidewalks; Public
spaces recovery; better lighting; better awareness of
waste issues
Participation, networking and involvement of
partners:
Better and more direct communication with the
inhabitants; Neighborhood activities in order to boost
integration and the activation of residents

25. Stadtumabau-Programm
The program, developed by the
Federal Government, makes an
effective nationwide contribution to
the functioning and social stability
of cities and municipalities. The
public projects implemented
provide additional impetus for
private investment and initiatives.
In Berlin, some of the urban
redevelopment projects are co-
financed by the European
Regional Development Fund.
The overarching objective for
all urban redevelopment areas
is their structural improvement
and long-term stabilization through
structural adaptations to
demographic, economic, social
and climatic changes.
8. URBAN REQUALIFICATION PROGRAM

26. TRANSFORMATION

27. In Berlin it is possible to observe different forms of urban
transformation and different levels of citizens involvement:
9. WHICH KIND OF TRANSFORMATION?

28. SPACE AREA (ha)
Brownfields 500
Abandoned infrastructures 100
Buildings in the easter part of the city 140
Disused cemeteries 143
Small building plots (1000 ca.) 170
9.1 BERLIN – TEMPORARY USE
Empty spaces:
14,4% Berlin’s green and open spaces
3,4% City’s total area
≠ dead spaces
TEMPORARY USE – ZWISCHENNUTZUNG
(informal & formal)
Flea markets, beer gardens, urban beaches and
open air bars (over 60), community gardens,
alternative living projects…
Credits: Alessandro Delladio
Credits: Lorenzo Attardo

29. 9.2 TEMPELHOF AIRPORT - BERLIN
• Tempelhof airport closed in 2008
• 300 hectares of green area in a central district of the city, great
economic value of the area
• Area owned by the municipality of Berlin
• Different ideas on the future of the area: for the municipality of
Berlin an area where to develop new residences, offices and
shops; for the inhabitants of the area and of Berlin it is a common
good to be preserved as a public park.

30. 9.2 TEMPELHOF AIRPORT
• The 100% Tempelhofer Feld association of
inhabitants manages to collect the necessary
signatures to request a referendum on the
future of TempelhofIn
• 2014 the majority of Berliners vote to leave the
area as a public park
• In the area several associations have started
temporary uses (e.g. community gardens)
The inhabitants' project…

31. Credits: Francesca Bragaglia

32. Credits: Francesca Bragaglia

33. Credits: Francesca Bragaglia

34. Credits: Francesca Bragaglia

35. Credits: Francesca Bragaglia

36. Credits: Francesca Bragaglia

37. Credits: Francesca Bragaglia

38. Credits: Francesca Bragaglia

39. The development of the areas along the
Spree river start immediately after the
reunification of the city.
In 1990/1992 the banks of the Spree were
included in the plan to convert the port
area of Ostbahnof, which, in line with the
strategic guidelines of Planwerk Innestadt,
provides a new skyline on the eastern
waterfront, consisting of major
architectural emergencies for tertiary
activities.
In 2001, the fusion of the Friedrichshain
and Kreuzberg districts introduced the
opportunity to draw up an unified
development plan which would include the
conversion of the western waterfront. The
document "Leitblid Spreeraum
Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg“ (2002),
provides:
1. a cycle/pedestrian path along the river
2. a public park
3. 30 thousand new jobs
9.3 SPREERAUM

40. 9.3 SPREERAUM: HOLZMARKT
“The Holzmarkt is the complete antiapproach to urban space development.
It doubts everything, and questions every standard”
Johannes Husten (Holzmarkt activist)
Occupied by squatter groups in 1990, the area became immediately an informal space
for creativity and public initiatives. In the middle of 90s was founded an association for
the management of the area setting the basis for protests against the implementation of
the Mediaspree project.
Holzmarkt contains permanent infrastructure of more or less general character as well
as dynamic structures for temporary changes. It is considered one of the most
successfull examples of bottom-up (better, self organized) initiatives of social
regeneration of an urban area after the reunification of Berlin.
Credits: Lorenzo Attardo Credits: Lorenzo Attardo Credits: Lorenzo Attardo
Source: Hanna Larqvist

41. PHASES OF THE PROTEST
2007 – Against the Mediaspree Project was submitted the petition “Mediaspree Versenken!”
(Mediaspree sink!) by the activists of the group «Spreeufer fur alle!»
2008 – On July 13, a local consultative referendum was called in which 87% of voters
(30,000 people) votes for the maintenance of temporary uses and existing activities on the
banks of the river.
2008 - An Special (non-binding) Commission for the Spreeraum is formed at local level, made
up of politicians from the district, four deputies from the city, representatives of the Senate,
the landlords of the areas and citizens, with the aim of working on proposals for alternative
transformations to the Mediaspree project.
MEDIASPREE PROJECT
Facts: 2002 – Urban Development Programme Stadtbaum Ost (public funds are invested for
the development of the eastern side of the Spree-waterfront); 2004 – fundation of the joint
public and private company «Mediaspree e. V.»; 2005 – Urban Development Programme
Stadtbaum West (public funds are invested for the development of the western side of the
Spree-waterfront); 2008 – Ending of public funds and dissolution of «Mediaspree e. V.»
company
Area: The area lies between the Jannowitz- and Elsen- bridges, the S-Bahn railway and the
Schesische Straße.
Dimension: 180ha
Property: Mixed public-private property (big real estate companies, Berlin Land and Senate)
Expected transformations: development of the tertiary sector along the waterfront,
localization of creative industries, re-functionalisation of abandoned areas and areas for
temporary use
Credits: Ulrich Hofmann
and Adrian Lang
Credits: Christian Link
9.3 SPREERAUM: MEDIASPREE

42. Before our trip to Berlin a reading suggestion
to better understand the recent dynamics of
the city…
TO CONCLUDE
Internazionale, 25/31 gennaio 2019 • Numero 1291:
- «Berlino. Una città al bivio» (Beier L.-O., Schmundt H.,
Weiderman V.)
- «La casa bene comune» (Götz S.)
Colomb, C. (2012), “Staging the new Berlin. Place marketing
and the politics of urban reinvention post-1989”, Routledge,
London
Mazzoleni C. (2009), «La costruzione dello spazio urbano,
l’esperienza di Berlino», FrancoAngeli, Milano

43. REFERENCES
Cassens, H. J. (2002), “Regional Planning in Germany. Some key aspects and experiences”
Colomb, C. (2012), “Staging the new Berlin. Place marketing and the politics of urban reinvention post-1989”, Routledge, London
CEC – Commission of the European Communities (1997), “The EU Compendium of Spatial Planning Systems and Policies”, Regional Development Studies, 28, Luxembourg:
European Communities.
COMMIN – The Baltic spatial conceptshare (2007), “The Structure of Government and Administration and Planning System in the Federal Republic of Germany”
De Girolamo F. (2014), «Ruolo della temporaneità nei processi di rigenerazione delle aree-intervallo. Il caso Mediaspree», Tesi di Dottorato, Università «La Sapienza» di
Roma
Genz, C. (2015), ”The Wide Field of Participation. An essay on the struggle for citizen participation and the future of the Tempelhof Field”
Hilbrandt, H. (2017), “Insurgent participation: consensus and contestation in planning the redevelopment of Berlin-Tempelhof airport”, Urban Geography, 38(4), 537-556
Kabisch, N., & Haase, D. (2014). Green justice or just green? Provision of urban green spaces in Berlin, Germany. Landscape and Urban Planning, 122, 129-139.
Larqvist H. (2015), ”FREE BERLIN! Enable urban space for creativity, inspired by free space in Berlin”, Master Thesis, Chalmers University of Technology
Mertins G. e Paal M. (2006), “Regional planning in Germany. Institutional framework, instruments and effectiveness”
Muñoz Gielen, D., Tasan-Kok, T. (2010), “Flexibility in Planning and the Consequences for Public-value Capturing in UK, Spain and the Netherlands”. European Planning
Studies
Quartiers Management - Schiller promenade, https://www.quartiersmanagement-berlin.de/quartiere/schillerpromenade.html (accessed 25.03.2019)
Stadt Berlin – Senatsverwaltung für Stadtentwicklung und Umwelt (2015a), Berlin Strategy – Urban Development Concept Berlin 2030
Stadt Berlin – Senatsverwaltung für Stadtentwicklung und Umwelt (2015b), Land Use Plan Berlin - Background and Contents
Turowski, G. (2002), «Spatial Planning in Germany: structures and concepts». Akademie für Raumforschung und Landesplanung, Hannover, ARL