Belajar tentang analisis mengenai dampak lingkungan hidup (amdal) beberapa parameter yang mempengaruhi kualitas air dari asupan pakan kegiatan budidaya perikanan air tawar dan asupan kandungan organik dalam air limbah pada badan air
This document summarizes the results of a study evaluating different brands of nitrate test strips for measuring soil nitrate levels. The study involved preparing standard nitrate solutions of known concentrations and testing each brand of strips against the standards. Most strips were evaluated after a 1 minute development time, though some required 60 seconds. The measured values from each strip were compared to the known standard values. The results showed varying accuracy between brands, with some performing better than others at measuring the range of nitrate concentrations found in agricultural soils. The study aimed to identify test strips accurate for the low nitrate levels required by some crops.
Laboratory manual of water supply and sewerage engineeringTaufique Hasan
This document provides the procedure for determining the total alkalinity of water through titration. It defines alkalinity as the capacity of water to neutralize acids and discusses the significance of alkalinity measurements in water and wastewater treatment. The procedure involves titrating a water sample with sulfuric acid to two end points using phenolphthalein and methyl orange indicators. The ml of acid used is then used to calculate the total, hydroxide, carbonate, and bicarbonate alkalinity concentrations in the sample.
11 - Modern Water Monitoring overview_Sept 15indiawrm
This document summarizes Modern Water's real-time water quality monitoring technologies, including fluorometers to detect BOD, algal blooms, petroleum hydrocarbons, and toxicity. It discusses their fluorometry and BODChek technologies which use tryptophan fluorescence to monitor organic pollution. The document also mentions their technologies for monitoring algae, petroleum hydrocarbons, heavy metals, and toxicity using Microtox reagents and systems. It provides details on their online and portable monitoring instruments and environmental test kits, and describes their operations in India through distribution partners.
Acoustic Attenuation Specfroscope (AAS) as Process Spectroscope for Drilling Mud
With the new redundant Ultrasonic sensors from IBJ technology (www.ibj-technology.com) powerful process-spectroscope can be built up. Beneficial is to use multiple devices to monitor the process of drilling in deepwater drilling.
The sound spectroscpe are very helpful in finding oil and gas in deeper formations. Particularly useful is use in pressurized drilling muds. The study of nonlinear vibrations in the sound and ultrasonic range is a very practical and high resolution methods to identify the flow of liquids or gases, preferably hydrocarbons in the well bore in real time during the drilling.
The sound pressure is the function to ensure enough also in gas. All muds, regardless of whether oil based or water based lb/gal can be safely monitored with the highest densities of up to about 20 lb / gal on inflow.
Furthermore, changes in the turbulence or the profile of the flow can be detected in the pipes immediately.
Evaluation of sound velocity is so high resolution, even the smallest tributaries are recognized by gaseous or liquid hydrocarbons.
Each process is customizable by the sampling rate and the FFT analysis.
With multiple devices along the mud riser an expansion can be detected in a timely manner by gas.
The Ultrasonic sensors developed by IBJ technology robust designed for use in the deep sea. Universally, these sensors can be fitted in all types of marine riser or mud lines. The Drilling Mud Spectroscopes can be with all solutions to the early gas kick detection and combine with the inflow control devices.
IBJ technology offers its solutions to all interested parties to use.
Comparison of the Performances of Two Commercial Membranes in Demineralizatio...IJRES Journal
In this work, comparison of the performances of two commercial membranes in demineralization of drinking water of M’rirt city (conductivity 2140 μS/cm) by nanofiltration in continuous mode was carried out. The pilot used (supplied by the French Company TIA, Techniques Industrilles Appliquées) is an industrial nanofiltration pilot plant having two modules equipped with various spiral commercial membranes with an area of 7.6 m2. Two configurations were tested: simple pass and supplied batch configuration. The water parameters were followed as a function of the running conditions (time, pressure) in order to follow the behaviour of the membranes tested.
Metrohm is the global market leader in titration and ion analysis equipment. They manufacture exclusively in Switzerland and provide comprehensive support services to water laboratories, including over 1300 free applications. Metrohm works with customers to develop customized solutions for water analysis to ensure compliance with various regulatory standards around parameters such as pH, conductivity, anions, cations and metals.
Reed Bed System an Efficient Treatment Removal of Sewage Wastewater ParametersIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on using a reed bed system to treat sewage wastewater. Reed bed systems are a low-cost alternative to conventional wastewater treatment. The study constructed a model reed bed system using plastic containers layered with gravel, sand, soil and planted with reeds. Wastewater samples from a local sewage drain were treated in the model system for 5, 10, 15 and 20 days. Testing showed the reed bed system reduced levels of pH, odor, color, conductivity, alkalinity, COD and BOD over time, with higher removal rates at longer detention periods. The reed bed system proved an efficient and low-cost method for wastewater treatment
This document discusses using smart materials with infrared spectrometry to determine hydrocarbons. It outlines using polymer-coated sensors and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy to detect analytes like chlorinated hydrocarbons, pesticides, and BTEX compounds. Examples are given of using Teflon AF films to simultaneously detect various chlorinated compounds and plasticized PVC films for pesticide analysis. Gas-phase studies using sparging demonstrated multi-component analysis of solvent residues in pharmaceuticals. The potential applications of these materials-based sensors include environmental monitoring, industrial process control, and occupational health screening.
Laboratory manual of water supply and sewerage engineeringTaufique Hasan
This document provides the procedure for determining the total alkalinity of water through titration. It defines alkalinity as the capacity of water to neutralize acids and discusses the significance of alkalinity measurements in water and wastewater treatment. The procedure involves titrating a water sample with sulfuric acid to two end points using phenolphthalein and methyl orange indicators. The ml of acid used is then used to calculate the total, hydroxide, carbonate, and bicarbonate alkalinity concentrations in the sample.
11 - Modern Water Monitoring overview_Sept 15indiawrm
This document summarizes Modern Water's real-time water quality monitoring technologies, including fluorometers to detect BOD, algal blooms, petroleum hydrocarbons, and toxicity. It discusses their fluorometry and BODChek technologies which use tryptophan fluorescence to monitor organic pollution. The document also mentions their technologies for monitoring algae, petroleum hydrocarbons, heavy metals, and toxicity using Microtox reagents and systems. It provides details on their online and portable monitoring instruments and environmental test kits, and describes their operations in India through distribution partners.
Acoustic Attenuation Specfroscope (AAS) as Process Spectroscope for Drilling Mud
With the new redundant Ultrasonic sensors from IBJ technology (www.ibj-technology.com) powerful process-spectroscope can be built up. Beneficial is to use multiple devices to monitor the process of drilling in deepwater drilling.
The sound spectroscpe are very helpful in finding oil and gas in deeper formations. Particularly useful is use in pressurized drilling muds. The study of nonlinear vibrations in the sound and ultrasonic range is a very practical and high resolution methods to identify the flow of liquids or gases, preferably hydrocarbons in the well bore in real time during the drilling.
The sound pressure is the function to ensure enough also in gas. All muds, regardless of whether oil based or water based lb/gal can be safely monitored with the highest densities of up to about 20 lb / gal on inflow.
Furthermore, changes in the turbulence or the profile of the flow can be detected in the pipes immediately.
Evaluation of sound velocity is so high resolution, even the smallest tributaries are recognized by gaseous or liquid hydrocarbons.
Each process is customizable by the sampling rate and the FFT analysis.
With multiple devices along the mud riser an expansion can be detected in a timely manner by gas.
The Ultrasonic sensors developed by IBJ technology robust designed for use in the deep sea. Universally, these sensors can be fitted in all types of marine riser or mud lines. The Drilling Mud Spectroscopes can be with all solutions to the early gas kick detection and combine with the inflow control devices.
IBJ technology offers its solutions to all interested parties to use.
Comparison of the Performances of Two Commercial Membranes in Demineralizatio...IJRES Journal
In this work, comparison of the performances of two commercial membranes in demineralization of drinking water of M’rirt city (conductivity 2140 μS/cm) by nanofiltration in continuous mode was carried out. The pilot used (supplied by the French Company TIA, Techniques Industrilles Appliquées) is an industrial nanofiltration pilot plant having two modules equipped with various spiral commercial membranes with an area of 7.6 m2. Two configurations were tested: simple pass and supplied batch configuration. The water parameters were followed as a function of the running conditions (time, pressure) in order to follow the behaviour of the membranes tested.
Metrohm is the global market leader in titration and ion analysis equipment. They manufacture exclusively in Switzerland and provide comprehensive support services to water laboratories, including over 1300 free applications. Metrohm works with customers to develop customized solutions for water analysis to ensure compliance with various regulatory standards around parameters such as pH, conductivity, anions, cations and metals.
Reed Bed System an Efficient Treatment Removal of Sewage Wastewater ParametersIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on using a reed bed system to treat sewage wastewater. Reed bed systems are a low-cost alternative to conventional wastewater treatment. The study constructed a model reed bed system using plastic containers layered with gravel, sand, soil and planted with reeds. Wastewater samples from a local sewage drain were treated in the model system for 5, 10, 15 and 20 days. Testing showed the reed bed system reduced levels of pH, odor, color, conductivity, alkalinity, COD and BOD over time, with higher removal rates at longer detention periods. The reed bed system proved an efficient and low-cost method for wastewater treatment
This document discusses using smart materials with infrared spectrometry to determine hydrocarbons. It outlines using polymer-coated sensors and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy to detect analytes like chlorinated hydrocarbons, pesticides, and BTEX compounds. Examples are given of using Teflon AF films to simultaneously detect various chlorinated compounds and plasticized PVC films for pesticide analysis. Gas-phase studies using sparging demonstrated multi-component analysis of solvent residues in pharmaceuticals. The potential applications of these materials-based sensors include environmental monitoring, industrial process control, and occupational health screening.
Abstract— The water quality was studied for selected samples from groundwater and network water-supply. The values of NH3, NO3-, pH, TDS, alkalinity, hardness, Pb, Cd, Fe3+ and Mn2+ were estimated. Ammonia values ranged between 0.07-0.7 ppm. Nitrate values ranged between 2.4 and 0.35 ppm. The TDS was between 645 ppm and 480 ppm. For Fe3+ and Mn2+ the values are below the limits of WHO except for well 9; and manganese in wells 6-10. Several wells showed values of Cd above the Saudi STD. The network water-supply in Tabuk city was investigated. The TDS values for these samples were between 500-600 ppm. The hardness values exceed the Saudi STD limit. When ammonia was tested, only one sample showed high value. Chloride level was below 158 ppm, but sulfate values for most samples were 128-222 ppm. For iron only one sample (well no. 9) was above the permissible limit.
This presentation discusses the drinking water quality parameters, drinking water quality standards, water quality index and classification of water bodies and standards
This document describes a new method for extracting trace amounts of mercury from natural waters using silver and gold nanoparticles impregnated in nylon membrane filters. Water samples are treated to convert all mercury species to Hg2+ and then reduced to elemental Hg0. The mercury is then collected on the nanoparticle-coated membrane filters during filtration. Mercury levels are then determined by thermal desorption from the filters using a mercury analyzer. This new method achieves a lower limit of detection of 0.04 ng compared to the traditional cold vapor generation method, and avoids additional sample treatment and contamination risks. Mercury was also found to be stable on the filters for at least 5 months without loss.
The document discusses turbidity and turbidimeters. It defines turbidity as the cloudiness of water caused by suspended particles, which can impact water quality. Common causes of turbidity include phytoplankton, sediments from erosion, resuspended sediments, waste discharge, urban runoff and algae growth. The document outlines how turbidity is measured using turbidimeters and the principles behind the measurements. It provides an example specification for the Hach Model 850 turbidimeter. The overall document examines turbidity, its causes and risks, as well as methods for measuring and analyzing turbidity levels.
The Effects of Sewage Treatment Works on Watercourses - T.SwainTom Swain
This dissertation investigates the effects of sewage treatment effluents on receiving watercourses. Seven sewage treatment works with different treatment technologies were sampled for a range of 14 water quality parameters both upstream and downstream of the effluent discharge point. The aim was to understand if effluents have a significant effect on water quality in receiving watercourses. Statistical analysis found only one site had a significant difference in pH levels between upstream and downstream samples. Further analysis indicated this was likely due to road salt and increased nitrate inputs causing eutrophication, not the effluent. Overall, the study found sewage treatment works are having a negligible effect on watercourses, with technical improvements reducing pollutant concentrations in final effluents
This document summarizes Norit's membrane technology presentation. It introduces Norit, discusses their membrane applications in wastewater treatment, drinking water production, and leachate treatment. It provides examples of Norit membrane systems for municipal wastewater treatment plants, drinking water plants, and desalination. Case studies are presented on a wastewater treatment plant in Ootmarsum, Netherlands and a drinking water plant in Roetgen, Germany.
This document describes a nitrifying bioreactor technology developed by Oriental Aquamarine Biotech India Pvt. Ltd for removing ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate from wastewater. The technology uses a consortium of nitrifying bacteria immobilized on plastic beads to drive the nitrification process. Laboratory experiments show the bioreactor can reduce ammonia levels from 30 ppm to 0 ppm within 24 hours for aquaculture and domestic wastewater. It also effectively treats wastewater from metal industries containing heavy metals. The technology has been patented and is currently used for aquaculture wastewater treatment but has potential for wider municipal and industrial wastewater applications.
Lecture note of Industrial Waste Treatment (Elective -III) as per syllabus of Solapur university for BE Civil
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K ORchid College of Engg and Tech,
Solapur
Water quality laboratories and different water quality testing فہیمہ کاسی
This document discusses water quality laboratories and different types of water quality testing. It describes three levels of water quality laboratories - basic, intermediate, and advanced - which differ in location, staffing, equipment, and testing capabilities. The document also outlines various water quality tests, including physical, chemical, and microbiological tests. Physical tests measure properties like turbidity, pH, and electrical conductivity. Chemical tests analyze parameters such as chlorides, sulfates, and bicarbonates. Microbiological tests qualitatively and quantitatively analyze microbes like coliform bacteria.
Novel pH sensor based on fiber optic coated bromophenol blue and cresol redTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Fabrication of pH sensor based on fiber optic coated bromophenol blue and cresol red has been done. Briefly, jacket in the middle part of the fiber optic was removed for 5 cm. Then the core of each of fiber optics was washed in ethanol. Nitric acid, demineralized water, and ethanol again consecutively. Then the cleaned core was coated using active material using sol-gel immobilization technique. Tetraehyl orthosilicate was used as a binder in the immobilization of active materials. Bromophenol blue will start change the color to yellow at below pH 3.00±0.01 and blue at above pH 4.60±0.01, while the cresol red will start change the color to yellow at below pH 7.20±0.01 and violet at above pH 8.80±0.01. The pH sensors which have been made show the sigmoidal response over pH from 1.00±0.01 to 11.00±0.01. The sensor has a better performance in comparation with the other sensor.
Enzyme Based Analytical Chemistry - Nitrate and the U.S. EPAAnna-Marie Davidson
This document discusses the use of nitrate reductase enzymes for analytical chemistry applications such as nitrate analysis. It provides background on how enzymes work and their advantages for analysis, including selectivity, sensitivity, specificity, and safety. It then focuses on the production and use of nitrate reductase enzymes, including their validation for nitrate testing according to EPA standards. The document promotes the use of these enzymes as a non-toxic alternative to cadmium-based methods for nitrate analysis in areas like water quality monitoring.
IRJET- Design and Fabrication of a Micro-Respirometer to Measure the Short-Te...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and fabrication of a micro-respirometer to measure the short-term respiratory quotient (RQ) of wastewater samples. The researchers developed a low-cost respirometer using locally available materials to determine oxygen consumption rate, carbon dioxide evolution rate, and RQ of wastewater samples. They tested wastewater samples from various sources covering a range of chemical oxygen demand levels. Samples from a pharmaceutical industry showed the highest carbon dioxide evolution rate and RQ above one. A mixed wastewater sample showed the highest RQ for low-range samples. The respirometer allows wastewater treatment plant operators to assess influent wastewater characteristics to inform plant operation.
YSI Activated Sludge - 3 Things You Need to Know to Improve Process ControlXylem Inc.
Join YSI’s wastewater expert, Dr. Rob Smith, as he discusses activated sludge at municipal water resource recovery facilities. Dr. Rob will review the three things you should know about activated sludge in water resource recovery facilities.
Optimization of the activated sludge process requires careful management of three critical parameters: aeration, sludge wasting, and sludge recirculation. Over the years, wastewater professionals have based their decisions on measurements from batch tests applied to grab samples. The batch measurements are representative of the process but are limited in frequency and subject to interpretation.
On the other hand, direct measurement of water chemistry is performed in the laboratory for demonstrating permit compliance on composited influent and effluent samples. The laboratory measurements provide measurements of important variables like oxygen, solids, ammonium and nitrate, but they are also limited in frequency and the samples are not representative of the process.
Online process monitoring provides the best of both strategies by directly measuring the important variables in representative samples continuously. This webinar discusses online process monitoring and control of activated sludge. Topics include:
1. Measurement principle
2. Operation and maintenance
3. Applications for energy conservation and nutrient removal.
This document provides instructions for measuring chemical oxygen demand (COD) using the dichromate reactor digestion method. Key points include:
- The test measures COD concentrations from 0.7-40 mg/L (ULR range), 3-150 mg/L (LR range), 20-1500 mg/L (HR range), and 200-15,000 mg/L (HR Plus range).
- Samples are digested using COD reagent vials in a heated reactor to oxidize organic compounds. Absorbance of digested samples is then measured colorimetrically.
- Interferences from chloride are removed by mercuric sulfate in the reagent vials. Samples with high chloride must
1. The document describes a study on using organosilane nanovessels created via chemical vapor deposition of organosilanes using a polystyrene nanosphere template for crystallizing alkanes at the nanoscale.
2. The nanovessels were found to have an average volume of around 284,000 nm3 and contact angle of 82±6°, and were able to concentrate deposited alkane materials near the vessel structure.
3. Factors investigated included the reaction vessel size, with smaller 100 mL jars producing multilayered nanostructures due to faster heating and higher vapor pressures, while larger 3 L desiccators resulted in monolayer structures. Reaction time studies found rings forming quickly within 10
The document investigates the efficiency of a photo-Fenton-like process (UV/H2O2/Fe0) for removing the pesticide diazinon from aqueous solutions. Key findings include:
1) Optimal parameters for diazinon removal were an H2O2 to Fe0 molar ratio of 1:1, pH of 4, reaction time of 30 minutes, and initial diazinon concentration of 10 mg/L.
2) Under these conditions, diazinon removal and COD reduction were 83.05% and 71.34% respectively.
3) The photo-Fenton-like process is suggested as an effective pretreatment for biological
Spectroscopic and Thermal Analysis of Composting during Agitated Pile and Rot...Shreyas Nangalia
This document discusses using spectroscopic and thermal analysis techniques to analyze samples during the composting of water hyacinth. It begins with an overview of water hyacinth as an invasive plant and issues with its management. It then discusses composting as a potential management strategy and introduces the study which involves composting water hyacinth using agitated pile and rotary drum methods, along with different waste combinations. Samples will be taken from each method and analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, differential thermogravimetry, and differential scanning calorimetry to characterize the composting process without time-consuming chemical analysis. The results will help better understand organic matter transformations during water hy
This document discusses various methods for analyzing water quality parameters. It describes how to collect water samples, including using sampling devices like the Kemmerer and Van Dorn samplers. Common constituents found in natural river water are listed, such as ions from inorganic salts and dissolved or colloidal compounds from decomposing plant material. Methods are provided for measuring parameters like pH, dissolved oxygen, and ions, including using a pH meter, Winkler titration for dissolved oxygen, and collecting samples in appropriate bottles for different analyses.
IRJET- Performance of Citrus Aurantium Peel Adsorbent in Textile Wastewater T...IRJET Journal
This document presents research on using Citrus Aurantium (orange) peel as a low-cost adsorbent to remove dyes from textile wastewater. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to optimize parameters like contact time, adsorbent dosage, and pH. The maximum dye removal efficiency of 82.1% was achieved using a dosage of 2g/L of Citrus Aurantium at pH 3 for a contact time of 120 minutes. Similar experiments at pH 7 and 12 achieved removal efficiencies of 74.4% and 71.7%, respectively. The study demonstrates that Citrus Aurantium peel has potential as an effective and low-cost adsorbent for treating textile wastew
Abstract— The water quality was studied for selected samples from groundwater and network water-supply. The values of NH3, NO3-, pH, TDS, alkalinity, hardness, Pb, Cd, Fe3+ and Mn2+ were estimated. Ammonia values ranged between 0.07-0.7 ppm. Nitrate values ranged between 2.4 and 0.35 ppm. The TDS was between 645 ppm and 480 ppm. For Fe3+ and Mn2+ the values are below the limits of WHO except for well 9; and manganese in wells 6-10. Several wells showed values of Cd above the Saudi STD. The network water-supply in Tabuk city was investigated. The TDS values for these samples were between 500-600 ppm. The hardness values exceed the Saudi STD limit. When ammonia was tested, only one sample showed high value. Chloride level was below 158 ppm, but sulfate values for most samples were 128-222 ppm. For iron only one sample (well no. 9) was above the permissible limit.
This presentation discusses the drinking water quality parameters, drinking water quality standards, water quality index and classification of water bodies and standards
This document describes a new method for extracting trace amounts of mercury from natural waters using silver and gold nanoparticles impregnated in nylon membrane filters. Water samples are treated to convert all mercury species to Hg2+ and then reduced to elemental Hg0. The mercury is then collected on the nanoparticle-coated membrane filters during filtration. Mercury levels are then determined by thermal desorption from the filters using a mercury analyzer. This new method achieves a lower limit of detection of 0.04 ng compared to the traditional cold vapor generation method, and avoids additional sample treatment and contamination risks. Mercury was also found to be stable on the filters for at least 5 months without loss.
The document discusses turbidity and turbidimeters. It defines turbidity as the cloudiness of water caused by suspended particles, which can impact water quality. Common causes of turbidity include phytoplankton, sediments from erosion, resuspended sediments, waste discharge, urban runoff and algae growth. The document outlines how turbidity is measured using turbidimeters and the principles behind the measurements. It provides an example specification for the Hach Model 850 turbidimeter. The overall document examines turbidity, its causes and risks, as well as methods for measuring and analyzing turbidity levels.
The Effects of Sewage Treatment Works on Watercourses - T.SwainTom Swain
This dissertation investigates the effects of sewage treatment effluents on receiving watercourses. Seven sewage treatment works with different treatment technologies were sampled for a range of 14 water quality parameters both upstream and downstream of the effluent discharge point. The aim was to understand if effluents have a significant effect on water quality in receiving watercourses. Statistical analysis found only one site had a significant difference in pH levels between upstream and downstream samples. Further analysis indicated this was likely due to road salt and increased nitrate inputs causing eutrophication, not the effluent. Overall, the study found sewage treatment works are having a negligible effect on watercourses, with technical improvements reducing pollutant concentrations in final effluents
This document summarizes Norit's membrane technology presentation. It introduces Norit, discusses their membrane applications in wastewater treatment, drinking water production, and leachate treatment. It provides examples of Norit membrane systems for municipal wastewater treatment plants, drinking water plants, and desalination. Case studies are presented on a wastewater treatment plant in Ootmarsum, Netherlands and a drinking water plant in Roetgen, Germany.
This document describes a nitrifying bioreactor technology developed by Oriental Aquamarine Biotech India Pvt. Ltd for removing ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate from wastewater. The technology uses a consortium of nitrifying bacteria immobilized on plastic beads to drive the nitrification process. Laboratory experiments show the bioreactor can reduce ammonia levels from 30 ppm to 0 ppm within 24 hours for aquaculture and domestic wastewater. It also effectively treats wastewater from metal industries containing heavy metals. The technology has been patented and is currently used for aquaculture wastewater treatment but has potential for wider municipal and industrial wastewater applications.
Lecture note of Industrial Waste Treatment (Elective -III) as per syllabus of Solapur university for BE Civil
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K ORchid College of Engg and Tech,
Solapur
Water quality laboratories and different water quality testing فہیمہ کاسی
This document discusses water quality laboratories and different types of water quality testing. It describes three levels of water quality laboratories - basic, intermediate, and advanced - which differ in location, staffing, equipment, and testing capabilities. The document also outlines various water quality tests, including physical, chemical, and microbiological tests. Physical tests measure properties like turbidity, pH, and electrical conductivity. Chemical tests analyze parameters such as chlorides, sulfates, and bicarbonates. Microbiological tests qualitatively and quantitatively analyze microbes like coliform bacteria.
Novel pH sensor based on fiber optic coated bromophenol blue and cresol redTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Fabrication of pH sensor based on fiber optic coated bromophenol blue and cresol red has been done. Briefly, jacket in the middle part of the fiber optic was removed for 5 cm. Then the core of each of fiber optics was washed in ethanol. Nitric acid, demineralized water, and ethanol again consecutively. Then the cleaned core was coated using active material using sol-gel immobilization technique. Tetraehyl orthosilicate was used as a binder in the immobilization of active materials. Bromophenol blue will start change the color to yellow at below pH 3.00±0.01 and blue at above pH 4.60±0.01, while the cresol red will start change the color to yellow at below pH 7.20±0.01 and violet at above pH 8.80±0.01. The pH sensors which have been made show the sigmoidal response over pH from 1.00±0.01 to 11.00±0.01. The sensor has a better performance in comparation with the other sensor.
Enzyme Based Analytical Chemistry - Nitrate and the U.S. EPAAnna-Marie Davidson
This document discusses the use of nitrate reductase enzymes for analytical chemistry applications such as nitrate analysis. It provides background on how enzymes work and their advantages for analysis, including selectivity, sensitivity, specificity, and safety. It then focuses on the production and use of nitrate reductase enzymes, including their validation for nitrate testing according to EPA standards. The document promotes the use of these enzymes as a non-toxic alternative to cadmium-based methods for nitrate analysis in areas like water quality monitoring.
IRJET- Design and Fabrication of a Micro-Respirometer to Measure the Short-Te...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and fabrication of a micro-respirometer to measure the short-term respiratory quotient (RQ) of wastewater samples. The researchers developed a low-cost respirometer using locally available materials to determine oxygen consumption rate, carbon dioxide evolution rate, and RQ of wastewater samples. They tested wastewater samples from various sources covering a range of chemical oxygen demand levels. Samples from a pharmaceutical industry showed the highest carbon dioxide evolution rate and RQ above one. A mixed wastewater sample showed the highest RQ for low-range samples. The respirometer allows wastewater treatment plant operators to assess influent wastewater characteristics to inform plant operation.
YSI Activated Sludge - 3 Things You Need to Know to Improve Process ControlXylem Inc.
Join YSI’s wastewater expert, Dr. Rob Smith, as he discusses activated sludge at municipal water resource recovery facilities. Dr. Rob will review the three things you should know about activated sludge in water resource recovery facilities.
Optimization of the activated sludge process requires careful management of three critical parameters: aeration, sludge wasting, and sludge recirculation. Over the years, wastewater professionals have based their decisions on measurements from batch tests applied to grab samples. The batch measurements are representative of the process but are limited in frequency and subject to interpretation.
On the other hand, direct measurement of water chemistry is performed in the laboratory for demonstrating permit compliance on composited influent and effluent samples. The laboratory measurements provide measurements of important variables like oxygen, solids, ammonium and nitrate, but they are also limited in frequency and the samples are not representative of the process.
Online process monitoring provides the best of both strategies by directly measuring the important variables in representative samples continuously. This webinar discusses online process monitoring and control of activated sludge. Topics include:
1. Measurement principle
2. Operation and maintenance
3. Applications for energy conservation and nutrient removal.
This document provides instructions for measuring chemical oxygen demand (COD) using the dichromate reactor digestion method. Key points include:
- The test measures COD concentrations from 0.7-40 mg/L (ULR range), 3-150 mg/L (LR range), 20-1500 mg/L (HR range), and 200-15,000 mg/L (HR Plus range).
- Samples are digested using COD reagent vials in a heated reactor to oxidize organic compounds. Absorbance of digested samples is then measured colorimetrically.
- Interferences from chloride are removed by mercuric sulfate in the reagent vials. Samples with high chloride must
1. The document describes a study on using organosilane nanovessels created via chemical vapor deposition of organosilanes using a polystyrene nanosphere template for crystallizing alkanes at the nanoscale.
2. The nanovessels were found to have an average volume of around 284,000 nm3 and contact angle of 82±6°, and were able to concentrate deposited alkane materials near the vessel structure.
3. Factors investigated included the reaction vessel size, with smaller 100 mL jars producing multilayered nanostructures due to faster heating and higher vapor pressures, while larger 3 L desiccators resulted in monolayer structures. Reaction time studies found rings forming quickly within 10
The document investigates the efficiency of a photo-Fenton-like process (UV/H2O2/Fe0) for removing the pesticide diazinon from aqueous solutions. Key findings include:
1) Optimal parameters for diazinon removal were an H2O2 to Fe0 molar ratio of 1:1, pH of 4, reaction time of 30 minutes, and initial diazinon concentration of 10 mg/L.
2) Under these conditions, diazinon removal and COD reduction were 83.05% and 71.34% respectively.
3) The photo-Fenton-like process is suggested as an effective pretreatment for biological
Spectroscopic and Thermal Analysis of Composting during Agitated Pile and Rot...Shreyas Nangalia
This document discusses using spectroscopic and thermal analysis techniques to analyze samples during the composting of water hyacinth. It begins with an overview of water hyacinth as an invasive plant and issues with its management. It then discusses composting as a potential management strategy and introduces the study which involves composting water hyacinth using agitated pile and rotary drum methods, along with different waste combinations. Samples will be taken from each method and analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, differential thermogravimetry, and differential scanning calorimetry to characterize the composting process without time-consuming chemical analysis. The results will help better understand organic matter transformations during water hy
This document discusses various methods for analyzing water quality parameters. It describes how to collect water samples, including using sampling devices like the Kemmerer and Van Dorn samplers. Common constituents found in natural river water are listed, such as ions from inorganic salts and dissolved or colloidal compounds from decomposing plant material. Methods are provided for measuring parameters like pH, dissolved oxygen, and ions, including using a pH meter, Winkler titration for dissolved oxygen, and collecting samples in appropriate bottles for different analyses.
IRJET- Performance of Citrus Aurantium Peel Adsorbent in Textile Wastewater T...IRJET Journal
This document presents research on using Citrus Aurantium (orange) peel as a low-cost adsorbent to remove dyes from textile wastewater. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to optimize parameters like contact time, adsorbent dosage, and pH. The maximum dye removal efficiency of 82.1% was achieved using a dosage of 2g/L of Citrus Aurantium at pH 3 for a contact time of 120 minutes. Similar experiments at pH 7 and 12 achieved removal efficiencies of 74.4% and 71.7%, respectively. The study demonstrates that Citrus Aurantium peel has potential as an effective and low-cost adsorbent for treating textile wastew
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Makalah ini membahas tentang berbagai jenis wadah yang dapat digunakan untuk budi daya ikan seperti kolam, bak, akuarium, dan keramba jaring terapung. Wadah-wadah tersebut dibedakan berdasarkan konstruksinya dan persiapannya sesuai dengan tingkat produksi dan lokasi perairannya. Makalah ini juga menjelaskan bahwa kegiatan budi daya ikan air tawar umumnya dilakukan di dataran rendah, sed
PerMenKes No. 736 Tahun 2010 tentang Tata Laksana Kualitas Air MinumJoy Irman
Pemerintah Indonesia berencana memperluas program vaksinasi COVID-19 ke seluruh provinsi. Targetnya, vaksinasi bisa mencakup seluruh warga Indonesia hingga akhir 2022. Hal ini penting untuk mencapai kekebalan komunitas dan memutus mata rantai penyebaran virus.
Laporan mengenai pengamatan parameter ekosistem danau di 4 stasiun menunjukkan adanya variasi suhu udara, suhu air, kecerahan, total suspended solid (TSS), dissolved oxygen (DO), karbon dioksida bebas, alkalinitas, pH, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), densitas dan diversitas plankton di setiap stasiun.
Dokumen tersebut membahas sumber daya alam di berbagai provinsi di Sumatera seperti minyak bumi, batu bara, kelapa sawit, karet, bijih timah, serta komoditas ekspor utama provinsi Bengkulu seperti batu bara dan karet.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang sifat-sifat sumberdaya ikan yang bersifat terbaharukan, milik bersama, dan akses terbuka serta cara-cara pengelolaan sumberdaya perikanan yang lestari seperti mengatur jumlah alat tangkap dan wilayah penangkapan."
Toksikologi Umum dan Toksikologi LingkunganNur Angraini
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang toksikologi umum dan lingkungan. Secara umum membahas prinsip toksikologi, pengertian dan konsep dasar toksikologi lingkungan, sejarah perkembangan toksikologi dan hubungannya dengan ilmu lain, serta aspek umum toksikologi dalam pendekatan dampak polutan terhadap sistem hidup.
Peraturan Pemerintah No. 82 Tahun 2001 tentang Pengelolaan Kualitas Air dan P...infosanitasi
Dokumen tersebut berisi parameter dan baku mutu air kelas 1 sesuai dengan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 82 Tahun 2001 tentang Pengelolaan Kualitas Air dan Pengendalian Pencemaran Air. Terdapat 44 parameter yang diatur beserta satuan dan nilai maksimum yang diperbolehkan untuk masing-masing parameter. Keterangan tambahan memberikan definisi parameter dan satuan yang digunakan.
Similar to Belajar tentang analisis mengenai dampak lingkungan hidup (amdal) beberapa parameter yang mempengaruhi kualitas air dari asupan pakan kegiatan budidaya perikanan air tawar dan asupan kandungan organik dalam air limbah pada badan air
This document summarizes a study that evaluated two water quality labs at the University of Arkansas to determine if there were significant differences in their measurement of nitrate concentrations in surface water samples. Standards with nitrate concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 10 mg/L NO3-N were tested in each lab to examine precision and accuracy. Environmental samples from streams and lakes across Arkansas were also tested to evaluate performance over a broad range of concentrations. The goal was to ensure the labs could accurately measure nitrate levels near thresholds important for algal growth in surface waters.
Determination of nitrate in polluted water with new coupling reagent hydroxam...Alexander Decker
This document describes a new rapid and sensitive spectrophotometric method for determining nitrate levels in polluted water samples using hydroxamic acids as coupling reagents. The method involves reacting hydroxamic acids with nitrate in concentrated sulfuric acid to form colored complexes, which are extracted with n-hexane. Calibration curves for three hydroxamic acids showed good linearity for nitrate detection down to picogram levels. The method was found to be accurate, stable, and tolerant of many interfering ions. It was successfully applied to analyze nitrate levels in water samples from various sites in Bhopal, India.
Study of nitrate adsorption characteristics on red soileSAT Journals
This study examines the adsorption characteristics of nitrate on red soil. Batch experiments were conducted to determine the optimum contact time, adsorbent dosage, and pH for nitrate removal. The results showed that equilibrium was reached after 130 minutes of contact time, with 86% removal efficiency at a dosage of 1400mg. Higher adsorption occurred at pH 6.0. Adsorption kinetics followed a first-order rate equation and adsorption isotherm data fitted well to Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models, indicating favorable single-layer adsorption of nitrate onto red soil. The red soil showed good removal efficiency and could potentially be used as an adsorbent for nitrate.
This document summarizes a study on the nitrate adsorption characteristics of red soil. The objectives were to determine the optimum contact time, adsorbent dosage, and pH for nitrate removal. Batch experiments showed that equilibrium was reached after 130 minutes of contact time, with 86% removal efficiency at a dosage of 1400mg. Higher adsorption occurred at pH 6.0. The adsorption kinetics followed a first order rate equation and the data fit the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models well. The results indicate that red soil is effective at removing nitrate.
DEVELOPMENT OF A NITRATE CONCENTRATON PREDICTION MODEL USING UVEvan Forney
This document describes Evan Forney's master's thesis project which aimed to develop a model to predict nitrate concentration in municipal wastewater effluent using UV/Vis spectroscopy. Forney collected samples from a wastewater treatment plant and measured actual nitrate, nitrite, and TOC concentrations. Absorbance measurements were taken at two wavelengths and used to develop a prediction model from 30 calibration samples. The model was tested on 10 additional samples and showed good correlation between measured and predicted nitrate concentrations. The results suggest UV/Vis spectroscopy could be used to quickly monitor and detect potential treatment upsets related to the nitrogen removal process.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
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This project developed mathematical models for removing nitrates from wastewater using bagasse ash, a byproduct of the sugar industry. Experiments were conducted to test bagasse ash and activated carbon as adsorbents. Samples were taken over time to analyze how nitrate concentration decreased with different adsorbent doses and initial concentrations. The results showed that both adsorbents effectively removed nitrates, with maximum removal occurring at a 20 gm dose. Bagasse ash was determined to be a good, low-cost adsorbent for nitrate removal. Future work could optimize removal by studying the effects of pH, stirring rate, and temperature on the adsorption process.
High Rate of Water Biodenitrification Using Anthracite as Hyphomicrobium Deni...theijes
Pure culture of Hyphomicrobium denitrificans DSM 1869 was immobilized on anthracite and utilized for biological denitrification in 50-ml flasks employing methanol and acetic acid as carbon source. The results demonstrate that acetic acid was a suitable carbon source for H. denitrificans to remove high nitrate concentrations. The maximum denitrification rate was 233.1 mg NO3-N/g MLSS.h and the highest NO3-N removal efficiency was obtained when using C/N ratio of 4.0 and acetic acid as the carbon source. C/N ratio can significantly affect denitrification in different operational conditions. The low C/N ratios did not allow the denitrification process to be completed in case of high NO3-Nconcentrations. High C/N ratio increased the rate of nitrate conversion when using acetic acid as a carbon source; but added a pollutant to denitrified water when using methanol as a carbon source. The results demonstrated that H. denitrificans was a suitable bacterium for denitrifying high NO3-N concentrations.
IRJET- Batch Studies on Colour Removal Potential by Zinc Oxide NanoparticlesIRJET Journal
This study evaluated the potential of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) for removing two synthetic dyes: Reactive Black 8 (RB 8) and Direct Red 23 (DR 23). Batch experiments were conducted under varying pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage, and initial dye concentration. The results showed that ZnO NPs achieved higher removal of RB 8 at alkaline pH 9 (99.6%) compared to acidic pH 5 (18.2%). For DR 23, higher removal was observed at acidic pH 5 (98.5%) than alkaline pH 9 (25.3%). Both dyes had lower removal at higher initial concentrations. Maximum RB 8 and DR 23 removal occurred at 60 minutes and 80 minutes contact time
Performance of Fluidized Bed Biofilm Reactor for Nitrate RemovalIJRES Journal
Nitrate is present in the majority of water resources, and has reached serious level in many parts of the world, which is responsible for environmental problems. Hence it is necessary to remove nitrate. Biological denitrification provides the most economical means for nitrate removal. This paper represents the performance of Fluidized Bed Biofilm Reactor (FBBR) using bone china fine granules as biofilm carrier media for biological denitrification.
In this experimental work, the maximum average nitrogen removal efficiency of 93.71% at HRT of 30 minutes and optimum efficiency of 88.13% at HRT of 10 minutes is observed. For nitrogen loading rates varying from 0.48 to 28.80 kg N m-3 d-1, denitrification rates observed are 0.44 kg N m-3 d-1 to 17.26 kg N m-3 d-1. Optimum nitrogen loading rate and denitrification rate observed are 10.08 kg N m-3 d-1 and 8.88 kg N m-3 d-1 respectively. The results justify the usefulness of FBBR for denitrification.
SEDIMENT QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF AVARAGERE LAKE, DAVANAGERE CITY - A CASE STUDYAM Publications
Avaragere Lake in Davangere was studied for chemical and physical parameters at five locations, for a period of six months (April 2014 to Sep 2014). Lake has been subjected to human interferences regularly and water quality was to be getting deteriorated profoundly. Major anthropogenic activities practiced in and around the stretch: agriculture, discharging of sewage waste etc was generating serious threat to the biota of the lake by altering the physical, chemical and biological concentration of the lake system. The other possibility is that since there are no major industries in the project area, the major source of organic pollutants is only the domestic source.
Monthly data’s been collected. Different parameters studied were pH, Conductivity, organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, copper, iron, organothiophosphate and pyrethroid content. The results obtained from the above study indicate that the water of Avaragere Lake organothiophosphate and pyrethroid content shows very low concentrations even at nanogram. Manganese and iron concentrations of sediment sample in avaragere lake shows high level of pollution and ecological balance of Lake is totally disturbed.
IRJET- Biosorption and Optimization Studies on Congo Red Dye with Fanwort...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the biosorption of Congo Red dye using fanwort powder. The researchers characterized the fanwort powder and dye-loaded powder using FTIR, XRD, and SEM analysis. Equilibrium studies were conducted to determine the effects of contact time, biosorbent size, and pH on the biosorption process. The optimum conditions for biosorption were found to be a contact time of 40 minutes, biosorbent size of 53 μm, and pH of 5. Kinetic, isotherm, and thermodynamic studies were also included to understand the biosorption process. A Box-Behnken design was used to optimize the process parameters.
The document summarizes water quality tests conducted on Four Mile Creek near Muskegon Community College campus in November 2013. Samples were tested using LaMotte and Vernier methods for pH, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, salinity, total dissolved solids, nitrates, and phosphates. The creek was found to have a near-optimal pH but poor dissolved oxygen levels. High salinity, total dissolved solids, and nutrients likely resulted from runoff from nearby residential and commercial areas. While supporting some aquatic life, the creek's overall water quality was deemed poor and in need of ongoing monitoring.
IRJET- Colours Removal using Iron Oxide Nano PaarticlesIRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study on using iron oxide nanoparticles to remove two types of dyes (Reactive green 19A and Direct yellow 12) from aqueous solutions. Key findings include:
1) Reactive green 19A removal was most efficient at alkaline pH 9, while Direct yellow 12 removal worked best at neutral pH 7.
2) Dye removal efficiency decreased as the initial dye concentration increased.
3) The highest dye removal rates of 99.99% for Reactive green 19A and 99.9% for Direct yellow 12 were achieved with 400mg of iron oxide nanoparticles at a contact time of 80 minutes and initial dye concentration of 10mg/L.
Monitored Natural Attenuation Of Groundwater NitrateVicMadrid
The document summarizes a presentation about using various analytical tools and methods to characterize natural attenuation of groundwater nitrate contamination through denitrification. Specifically, it discusses analyzing nitrate isotopic composition and measuring excess nitrogen in groundwater to identify denitrification and determine its rate and extent. It provides an example case study of using these methods to monitor natural attenuation at a contaminated site.
This study investigated the removal of nitrate from water using granular ferric hydroxide (GFH) as an adsorbent. The effects of initial pH, contact time, initial nitrate concentration, and adsorbent mass on nitrate adsorption were examined. It was found that alkaline pH of 9.5 resulted in the highest adsorption, and adsorption capacity increased with increasing initial nitrate concentration and decreasing adsorbent mass. Maximum nitrate removal occurred within 2-3 minutes of contact time. Kinetic studies showed the adsorption process followed pseudo-second order reaction kinetics. This method was able to reduce nitrate concentrations below standard levels for drinking water.
Similar to Belajar tentang analisis mengenai dampak lingkungan hidup (amdal) beberapa parameter yang mempengaruhi kualitas air dari asupan pakan kegiatan budidaya perikanan air tawar dan asupan kandungan organik dalam air limbah pada badan air (20)
Dokumen tersebut memberikan tabel penghitung daya dukung perairan untuk budidaya ikan pada keramba jaring apung berdasarkan parameter-parameter yang diukur dari penelitian lapangan. Tabel tersebut diharapkan bermanfaat sebagai referensi untuk mengevaluasi kegiatan budidaya di kantor.
Tabel penghitung tekanan atmosfir dan hidrostatis pada lapisan kedalaman air...helmut simamora
Dokumen ini berisi tabel penghitungan tekanan atmosfir dan tekanan hidrostatis pada lapisan kedalaman air danau dengan memasukkan data hasil penelitian lapangan seperti konsentrasi oksigen, suhu, tekanan atmosfir, dan tekanan hidrostatis. Tabel ini digunakan untuk memperkirakan tekanan gas yang dihasilkan dan jumlah tekanan gas yang terakumulasi sebagai keseimbangan tekanan absolut pada tiap lapisan kedalaman danau.
This document summarizes the prevailing winds and weather features for different seasons in North Sumatra, Indonesia. The Northeast Monsoon season from December to early March brings northeasterly winds and widespread heavy rain initially, becoming windier and drier later. Thunderstorms are common in the afternoon during the Inter-monsoon periods in late March through May and again in October through November. The Southwest Monsoon season from June through September sees southeasterly winds and occasional strong wind squalls as well as afternoon thunderstorms.
Faktor konversi satuan panjang non metrik menjadi metrichelmut simamora
This document provides conversion factors for converting between non-metric and metric units of length. It lists common non-metric units such as inches, feet, yards, miles, and their equivalent lengths in metric units like centimeters, meters, and kilometers. For example, to convert inches to centimeters, multiply inches by 2.54, and to convert feet to meters, multiply feet by 0.3048.
Tabel penghitung reaksi kinetik setelah makan berdasarkan gula darahhelmut simamora
Dokumen ini berisi tabel penghitung reaksi kinetik setelah makan berdasarkan kadar gula darah. Tabel ini dapat diisi dengan nilai kadar gula darah, konsentrasi karbohidrat makanan, nilai awal kadar gula darah, indeks glikemik, kadar gula darah setelah insulin, dan perhitungan reaksi kinetiknya. Tabel ini disusun untuk digunakan sebagai referensi pribadi.
Tabel kebutuhan air bersih dan air limbah (padat dan cair) yang dihasilkan se...helmut simamora
Tabel menunjukkan perhitungan kebutuhan air bersih dan limbah harian per orang serta kapasitas instalasi pengolahan air limbah berdasarkan jumlah penduduk. Kebutuhan air bersih rata-rata per orang adalah 0,09 m3/hari sedangkan untuk hotel 0,34 m3/hari. Debit limbah yang dihasilkan rata-rata 0,03 m3/hari per orang. Volume tangki septik dan luas area resapan ditentukan berdasarkan jumlah
Tabel penghitung radiasi sinar matahari pada permukaan ekstraterestrialhelmut simamora
Dokumen ini memberikan informasi tentang tabel penghitung radiasi sinar matahari pada permukaan ekstraterrestrial yang disusun oleh Helmut Todotuasimamora dari Dinas Lingkungan Hidup Kabupaten Samosir Provinsi Sumatera Utara. Tabel ini berisi input data seperti jumlah hari, latitude, sudut deklinasi matahari, derajat, lama hari, dan lama waktu jam sudut jatuh matahari per hari yang dihitung berdasarkan hasil prakiraan/
Tabel menunjukkan kandungan nutrisi tanah yang ideal untuk berbagai komponen lingkungan seperti air hujan, tajuk hutan, daun gugur, seresah hutan, batu padas yang basah, dan akar. Nutrisi yang diukur meliputi nitrogen, fosfor, kalium, kalsium, dan magnesium.
Tabel penghitung kebutuhan cairan yang ideal dalam mengantisipasi dehidrasi c...helmut simamora
Dokumen ini memberikan tabel penghitung kebutuhan cairan ideal untuk mengantisipasi dehidrasi cairan plasma tubuh berdasarkan berat badan dan berat jenis plasma. Dokumen ini ditujukan untuk istri, anak, dan masyarakat Kabupaten Samosir sebagai referensi kesehatan.
Tabel penghitung laju penguapan dan kalor matahari berdasarkan suhu dan luas ...helmut simamora
Dokumen ini memberikan tabel perhitungan laju penguapan dan kalor matahari berdasarkan suhu dan luas dasar badan air, beserta petunjuk pengisian datanya. Tabel tersebut diisi dengan data hasil penelitian lapangan seperti suhu, luas dasar, ketinggian permukaan air, waktu, dan diestimasi laju penguapan serta kalor matahari. Dokumen ini ditujukan untuk istrinya, anak-anaknya, lembaga lingkungan Samosir, m
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Recycling and Disposal on SWM Raymond Einyu pptxRayLetai1
Increasing urbanization, rural–urban migration, rising standards of living, and rapid development associated with population growth have resulted in increased solid waste generation by industrial, domestic and other activities in Nairobi City. It has been noted in other contexts too that increasing population, changing consumption patterns, economic development, changing income, urbanization and industrialization all contribute to the increased generation of waste.
With the increasing urban population in Kenya, which is estimated to be growing at a rate higher than that of the country’s general population, waste generation and management is already a major challenge. The industrialization and urbanization process in the country, dominated by one major city – Nairobi, which has around four times the population of the next largest urban centre (Mombasa) – has witnessed an exponential increase in the generation of solid waste. It is projected that by 2030, about 50 per cent of the Kenyan population will be urban.
Aim:
A healthy, safe, secure and sustainable solid waste management system fit for a world – class city.
Improve and protect the public health of Nairobi residents and visitors.
Ecological health, diversity and productivity and maximize resource recovery through the participatory approach.
Goals:
Build awareness and capacity for source separation as essential components of sustainable waste management.
Build new environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for safe disposal of residual waste and replacing current dumpsites which should be commissioned.
Current solid waste management situation:
The status.
Solid waste generation rate is at 2240 tones / day
collection efficiently is at about 50%.
Actors i.e. city authorities, CBO’s , private firms and self-disposal
Current SWM Situation in Nairobi City:
Solid waste generation – collection – dumping
Good Practices:
• Separation – recycling – marketing.
• Open dumpsite dandora dump site through public education on source separation of waste, of which the situation can be reversed.
• Nairobi is one of the C40 cities in this respect , various actors in the solid waste management space have adopted a variety of technologies to reduce short lived climate pollutants including source separation , recycling , marketing of the recycled products.
• Through the network, it should expect to benefit from expertise of the different actors in the network in terms of applicable technologies and practices in reducing the short-lived climate pollutants.
Good practices:
Despite the dismal collection of solid waste in Nairobi city, there are practices and activities of informal actors (CBOs, CBO-SACCOs and yard shop operators) and other formal industrial actors on solid waste collection, recycling and waste reduction.
Practices and activities of these actor groups are viewed as innovations with the potential to change the way solid waste is handled.
CHALLENGES:
• Resource Allocation.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Belajar tentang analisis mengenai dampak lingkungan hidup (amdal) beberapa parameter yang mempengaruhi kualitas air dari asupan pakan kegiatan budidaya perikanan air tawar dan asupan kandungan organik dalam air limbah pada badan air
1. Inspirasi dari kutipan ilmiah yang dituangkan ke dalam suatu kreasi, disusun
dan digunakan sebagai referensi pribadi untuk mendukung kegiatan kerja di kantor. Semoga bermanfaat
O L E H :
H E L M U T T O D O T U A S I M AM O R A
BADAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUP, PENELITIAN DAN PENGEMBANGAN
KABUPATEN SAMOSIR PROVINSI SUMATERA UTARA
BELAJAR TENTANG ANALISIS MENGENAI DAMPAK LINGKUNGAN HIDUP
(AMDAL) TENTANG BEBERAPA PARAMETER YANG MEMPENGARUHI
KUALITAS AIR DARI ASUPAN PAKAN KEGIATAN BUDIDAYA PERIKANAN AIR TAWAR
DAN ASUPAN KANDUNGAN ORGANIK DALAM AIR LIMBAH
PADA BADAN AIR
2. PENGUKURAN KANDUNGAN NITRAT
How is Nitrate measured?
A common method for nitrate measurement is Method 353.2.
Samples are run through a cadmium column to reduce nitrate
to nitrite. Nitrites react with an added reagent and generate a
red coloured solution whose absorbance is then measured
spectrophotometrically at 543 nm. The absorbance of the
solution is directly proportional to the concentration of nitrite
in the sample. Another method used for the detection of
nitrate in water is the nitrate electrode method. This method
operates in a similar fashion to a dissolved oxygen meter,
where an electric potential of a solution is correlated to the
concentration of nitrates in mg/L. Nitrate concentrations can
be reported as mg/L NO3 or as mg/L nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-
N).
3. PENGARUH NITRAT
Why is Nitrate important?
Nitrogen is a major nutrient for microbial life and is therefore very
important with regards to its effects on the environment. Among
nitrogen containing compounds, nitrate is the most common form
in water. All other dissolved forms of nitrogen (nitrite, ammonia
and organic nitrogen) get oxidized to nitrate over time. Nitrates are
found in both ground and surface water, originating from the
natural decaying process of biological matter. Many anthropogenic
sources also contribute to nitrate levels in the environment such as
industrial and municipal wastewater discharge and agricultural
runoff containing nitrogen based fertilizers and livestock manure.
Nitrate has a high solubility in water and will not be filtered out like
other contaminants as it seeps through the soil layers to
groundwater level. Measurement of nitrate is important for several
applications.
4. KANDUNGAN NITRAT DALAM LIMBAH
In the drinking water industry, maximum contaminant levels
of 50 mg/L NO3 in the EU and 10 mg/L NO3-N in the USA
have been established for public safety. When nitrate enters
the bloodstream of humans they reduce the ability of red
blood cells to carry oxygen, which has serious health effects.
This is particularly important for infants under the age of 6
months where excessive levels of nitrates in their bloodstream
leads to a health condition known as methemoglobinemia or
“blue baby syndrome”. Thus, measuring and removing nitrate
from drinking water are important.
Wastewater contains high amounts of nitrates from human
sewage and industrial process waste. Monitoring nitrate in
wastewater is important to ensure proper removal prior to
discharging into the environment.
5. PEMANTAUAN LEVEL KANDUNGAN NITRAT
From an environmental perspective, monitoring nitrate levels in
surface water can indicate the potential for eutrophication or
“nutrient pollution”. The influx of nutrients to surface waters can
cause accelerated algal growth. When the large algae blooms die
out, bacterial action increases expending oxygen levels. Waters may
become hypoxic or anoxic, causing stress and possible death of
aquatic life. Monitoring nitrate input to surface waters not only
protects the health of the water body, but the safety of those who
rely on the source.
Measuring Nitrate with UV-VIS technology
Measuring nitrates and or/nitrites with UV-VIS technology is a
practical and reagentless solution for real-time monitoring. Nitrate
ions have natural absorbance peaks in the 200-220 nm wavelength
range in the UV spectrum. As the concentration of nitrates in water
or wastewater increases, the absorbance of light in this distinct
wavelength range will also increase.
6. Common interferences with nitrate measurement at 220 nm, such as
organic compounds, nitrite, iron (II), hexavalent chromium and turbidity
or suspended solids are compensated for by measuring absorbance at
additional reference wavelengths in the UV-VIS spectrum where the
interfering compounds absorb, but nitrates do not. This multiple
wavelength approach ensures a high degree of precision and accuracy.
Where is Nitrate measured?
Influent of a drinking water plant from a ground or surface water source
After blending of multiple sources to determine reduction
Effluent drinking water for compliance assurance
Pre and post ion exchange or reverse osmosis for removal efficiency
In process for nitrogen removal from wastewater
Environmental monitoring stations for contamination events or locating
source pollution
7. Nitrate test strips are an affordable tool for quickly measuring nitrate (NO3) in
soil and water, and can help farmers and crop advisers adjust fertilizer inputs
to match the nitrogen (N) needs of various types of crops. There are now a
variety of brands of nitrate test strips available, many of which are
manufactured for testing the quality of aquarium water, but may also be
suitable for soil testing. All of the brands of test strips are used in a similar
fashion: the strip is briefly dipped into an extractant solution (for soil) or in
water, and allowed to develop color during a standard interval of time, usually
ranging between 30 and 60 seconds. After color develops on the strip, a color
chart, calibrated to either parts per million (ppm) of NO3 or expressed in ppm
equivalents of nitrogen (NO3-N), is used to determine the NO3 concentration of
the sample. Multiplying Nitrate-N concentration by a factor of 4.43 converts
the reading to NO3 concentration. Because the strips may continue to develop
color with time, it is important to always read the strips at a standard time
interval, or the measurements will not be accurate or repeatable. More detailed
information on using the nitrate test strips for monitoring soil nitrate levels was
presented in several of our past bulletins, newsletters, and blogs.
8. KANDUNGAN NUTRISI DALAM TANAH
Depending on the soil type and crop nutrient requirements,
vegetable farmers need test strips that are accurate for soil NO3-N
concentrations ranging between from 5 to 30 ppm, which would
roughly correspond to a range of 10 to 60 ppm of NO3 in the nitrate
quick test extract solution. For strawberry production, and other
crops that have a slower N uptake rate than vegetables, growers
need test strips that are accurate over a narrower range of soil
NO3 concentrations (5 to 15 ppm NO3-N in soil). Past studies have
demonstrated that the Merckoquant test strip are accurate for
measuring soil NO3-N in the range of 10 to 40 ppm. Because more
brands of test strips have become commercially available in recent
years with varying ranges of sensitivity, and the need to identify test
strips that are accurate for measuring low concentrations of soil
NO3-N (0 to 15 ppm), we evaluated the accuracy and ease of using
six commercially available brands of test strips over a range of
nitrate concentrations found in commercial agricultural fields.
9. PROSEDUR
Procedures:
A stock solution of a known NO3 concentration was prepared by dissolving
a measured weight of sodium nitrate (NaNO3) into 1 liter of distilled
water. This stock solution was further dilluted with distilled water to
standard nitrate concentrations that matched the values of the color chips
of the various test strips evaluated in this study. The NO3 concentration of
each standard solution was confirmed by spectrophotometric analysis.
Each brand of strip was evaluated at NO3 concentrations corresponding to
the color chips provided by the manufacturer. The Hach Aquacheck and
Lamotte Instatest NO3/NO2 strips differed from the other brands because
the color chips were calibrated in equivalents of NO3-N rather than
NO3. For convenience of displaying and comparing the data, results for
these two brands were converted to NO3 (by multiplying the NO3-N values
by 4.43). The Merckoquant NO3/NO2 test strip was the brand originally
tested by UC Cooperative Extension for use with the soil nitrate quick test,
and was considered the standard in this evaluation. This strip measures to
a maximum of 500 ppm NO3, but was only evaluated up to 250 ppm
NO3 (56 ppm NO3-N) for this test.
10. Each brand of test strip was evaluated 4 times for each standard
NO3 solution corresponding to the manufacturer's chip color
chart. The procedure that we followed to determine
NO3 concentration was to dip the strip briefly in solution, and
hold it horizontally after removing it, allowing color to develop
for the interval specified by the manufacturer. Most strip
manufacturers recommended a 1-minute time interval between
wetting and reading the strip color.
11. The manufacturer for API 5-in-1 and LaMotte Instatest 5-Way
recommended reading test strips after 30 seconds, but results
appeared to be more accurate after a 60 second interval,
therefore all results reported for these strips are from readings
taken 60 seconds after placing the strip in the test
solution. After waiting the specified interval, the color of the
test strip was compared to the color chips provided by the
manufacturer. If the test strip color matched one of the chips,
then the value of the chip was recorded. In many cases, the
color of the test strip was between 2 of the standard chips, and
in these cases an estimate was made based on comparing the
intensity of the color development with the 2 closest matching
chips. Because this method relies on visual observations, all
tests were made in a room with ample lighting and by one
observer.
12. HASIL
Results:
The mean NO3 values measured using different brands of test
strips were compared to the standard solution values in Table
1. Some brands of test strips appeared to be accurate at specific
ranges of NO3 concentration. The Merckoquant NO3/NO2 brand
was the most accurate for the full range of NO3 concentrations
(Table 1). The next most accurate brand over the entire range of
NO3concentrations evaluated was the LaMotte Instatest
NO3/NO2.
13. The Hach Aquacheck was accurate for the range of 10 to 90 ppm
NO3 but measured NO3 lower than the standard solutions at
concentrations above 100 ppm NO3. The remaining brands of test
strips, LaMotte Instatest 5-way, API 5 in 1, Tetra 6 in 1 Easystrips,
all measured less NO3 than the standard solutions over the range of
20 to 200 ppm NO3. These strip brands should probably not be
used for the soil nitrate quick test and for assessing nitrate
concentration in irrigation water.
Although the LaMotte Instatest NO3/NO2 also had good accuracy
across the range of 20 ppm to 220 ppm NO3, it did not have a
standard color chip for evaluating NO3 at low concentrations, and
therefore may not be suitable for strawberries and other crops
where soil nitrate is typically in the 5 to 15 ppm NO3-N range. Both
the Merckoquant and Hach brands were accurate for measuring
NO3at low concentrations (10 to 40 ppm). Although the Hach
Aquacheck strip had a color standard of 5 ppm NO3, the strip was
not able to measure NO3 at a concentration below 10 ppm (Table 1).
17. AMONIA
Ammonia is toxic to fish if allowed to accumulate in fish
production systems. When ammonia accumulates to
toxic levels, fish can not extract energy from feed
efficiently.
If the ammonia concentration gets high enough, the fish
will become lethargic and eventually fall into a coma and
die. In properly managed fish ponds, ammonia seldom
accumulates to lethal concentrations. However, ammonia
can have so-called “sublethal” effects—such as reduced
growth, poor feed conversion, and reduced disease
resistance—at concentrations that are lower than lethal
concentrations.
18. PENGARUH pH
Effects of pH and temperature on ammonia toxicity Ammonia
in water is either unionized ammonia (NH3) or the
ammonium ion (NH4+). The techniques used to measure
ammonia provide a value that is the sum of both forms. The
value is reported as “total ammonia” or simply “ammonia.”
(In this publication, “ammonia” refers to the sum of both
forms; the specific forms will be referred to as appropriate.)
The relative proportion of the two forms present in water is
mainly affected by pH. Un-ionized ammonia is the toxic form
and predominates when pH is high.
Ammonium ion is relatively nontoxic and predominates when
pH is low. In general, less than 10% of ammonia is in the toxic
form when pH is less than 8.0. However, this proportion
increases dramatically as pH increases.
19. The proportion of toxic, un-ionized ammonia
increases as a function of pH and temperature. To
determine the proportion of un-ionized ammonia in
a water sample, draw a line from the pH of the water
straight up to the line that is closest to the water
temperature. From that point, draw a line to the
right until it intersects the graph’s vertical axis. That
point is an estimate of the percentage of un-ionized
ammonia in the water sample. Now, simply multiply
that number (divided by 100) by the total ammonia
concentration to estimate the un-ionized ammonia
concentration.
20. In ponds, pH fluctuates with the photosynthesis (which increases pH) and
respiration (which reduces pH) of pond organisms.
Therefore, the toxic form of ammonia predominates during the late
afternoon and early evening and ammonium predominates from before
sunrise through early morning. The equilibrium between NH3 and NH4+ is
also affected by temperature. At any given pH, more toxic ammonia is
present in warmer water than in cooler water.
Ammonia dynamics in fish ponds The measurement of ammonia
concentration (and that of many other water quality variables) provides
only a snapshot of conditions at the time a water sample is collected. A
single measurement provides no insight into the processes that affect
ammonia concentrations; it is simply the net result of processes that
produce ammonia and processes that remove or transform ammonia.
The relationships among these processes are complex, but the important
point is that the rates change differentially throughout the year and result
in the measured patterns.
21. Ammonia sources The main source of ammonia in fish ponds
is fish excretion. The rate at which fish excrete ammonia is
directly related to the feeding rate and the protein level in
feed. As dietary protein is broken down in the body, some of
the nitrogen is used to form protein (including muscle), some
is used for energy, and some is excreted through the gills as
ammonia. Thus, protein in feed is the ultimate source of most
ammonia in ponds where fish are fed.
Another main source of ammonia in fish ponds is diffusion
from the sediment. Large quantities of organic matter are
produced by algae or added to ponds as feed.
Fecal solids excreted by fish and dead algae settle to the pond
bottom, where they decompose. The decomposition of this
organic matter produces ammonia, which diffuses from the
sediment into the water column.
22. Ammonia sinks There are two main processes that result in the loss or
transformation of ammonia. The most important is the uptake of
ammonia by algae and other plants. Plants use the nitrogen as a
nutrient for growth, “packaging” the nitrogen in an organic form. Algal
photosynthesis acts like a “sponge” for ammonia, so anything that
increases overall algal growth will increase ammonia uptake. Such
factors include sufficient light, warm temperature, abundant nutrient
supply, and (to a point) algal density.
23. The other important process of ammonia transformation
in fish ponds is “nitrification.” Bacteria oxidize ammonia
in a two-step process, first to nitrite (NO2-) and then to
nitrate (NO3 -). The main factors that affect nitrification
rate are ammonia concentration, temperature and
dissolved oxygen concentration. During summer,
ammonia concentration is very low and so nitrification
rates are also very low. During winter, low temperature
suppresses microbial activity. During spring and fall,
ammonia concentration and temperature are
intermediate, conditions that favor maximum
nitrification rates. Spring and fall peaks of nitrite
concentration are commonly seen in fish ponds.
24. The effect of daily fluctuation in pH on un-ionized ammonia
concentration in fish ponds. The top horizontal line indicates a total
ammonia concentration of 2.5 mg N/L, which is assumed not to
change during the day. The two curved lines indicate daily changes
in un-ionized ammonia concentration where the maximum
afternoon pH is 9.0 or 9.5. These conditions indicate that fish may
be exposed to toxic, un-ionized ammonia concentrations for brief
periods during the late afternoon.
Other processes, such as the volatilization of ammonia gas from the
pond surface into the air, are responsible for a relatively small and
variable amount of ammonia loss from fish ponds.
When is ammonia most likely to be a problem? In fish ponds, it is
extremely unlikely that un-ionized ammonia would accumulate to a
concentration that would become toxic enough to kill fish. However,
unionized ammonia will occasionally accumulate to levels that
cause sub-lethal effects.
25. The following analysis is based on water quality criteria
for ammonia developed by the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA).
The EPA has established three kinds of criteria (one
acute and two chronic) for ammonia (expressed as
nitrogen), based on the duration of exposure. The acute
criterion is a 1-hour average exposure concentration and
is a function of pH. One chronic criterion is the 30-day
average concentration and is a function of pH and
temperature. The other chronic criterion is the highest 4-
day average within the 30-day period and is calculated as
2.5 times the 30-day chronic criterion. The EPA criteria
help determine when ammonia might be a problem.
26. During winter It is generally assumed that ammonia is not a problem in
the winter because feeding rates are very low. (Fish are fed on only the
warmest days of winter, usually when the water temperature is higher
than 50 °F.) However, ammonia concentration tends to be greater
during winter (2.5 to 4.0 mg/L, or even higher) than during summer
(less than 0.5 mg/L) (Fig. 3). The relatively low concentration during
summer can be attributed to intense photosynthesis by algae, which
removes ammonia. During winter, algae take up little ammonia but the
ammonia supply continues, primarily from the decomposition of
organic matter that accumulated on pond sediment during the growing
season. In general, the magnitude and duration of high ammonia
concentrations during the late fall and winter can be related to the total
amount of feed added to a pond during the preceding growing season.
PENGARUH MUSIM
27. The 30-day chronic criterion for ammonia (as nitrogen)
in winter ranges from about 1.5 to 3.0 mg/L, depending
on pH. Ammonia concentrations during the winter
usually exceed this criterion. This may cause stress in fish
at a time of year when the fish immune system is
suppressed because of low temperature.
After the crash of an algae bloom Some ponds have very
dense algae blooms dominated by one or two species. For
reasons that are not well understood, these blooms are
subject to spectacular collapse, often called a “crash,”
where all the algae suddenly die. When this occurs,
ammonia concentration increases rapidly because the
main mechanism for ammonia removal—algal uptake—
has been eliminated.
28. Rapid decomposition of dead algae reduces the
dissolved oxygen concentration and pH and
increases ammonia and carbon dioxide
concentrations.After the crash of an algae bloom,
ammonia concentration can increase to 6 to 8 mg/L
and the pH can decline to 7.8 to 8.0. The 4-day
chronic criterion, the appropriate criterion to apply.
Approximate annual variation of total ammonia
concentration in fish ponds. Ammonia concentration
is generally lowest during summer and highest
during winter.
29. following the crash of an algae bloom, ranges from about 2.0 mg/L
at pH 8.0 to about 3.0 mg/L at pH 7.8. Therefore, ammonia
concentration after the crash of an algae bloom may exceed the 4-
day chronic criterion.
Occasionally during the late afternoons in late summer or early fall
Seasonal variation in ammonia concentration depends on algal
density and photosynthesis. When these are high, ammonia
concentration is low. Daily variation in the concentration of toxic,
un-ionized ammonia depends on changes in pH (from
photosynthesis) and, to a much lesser extent, temperature. In the
late summer or early fall, ammonia concentration begins to increase
but daily changes in pH remain large. In these situations, fish may
be exposed to ammonia concentrations that exceed the acute
criterion for a few hours each day. If late afternoon pH is about 9.0,
the acute criterion is about 1.5 to 2.0 mg/L total ammonia-nitrogen.
30. Total ammonia-nitrogen concentrations during
summer are typically less than 0.5 mg/L, so fish are
unlikely to be stressed if the late afternoon pH is less
than 9.0. It is difficult to be more precise about the
risk of ammonia toxicity because of deficiencies in
the methodology used in research.
Nearly all ammonia toxicity tests are conducted in
systems that maintain a constant ammonia
concentration. These conditions do not reflect the
fluctuating concentrations of NH3 in ponds.
31. Accordingly, one must be careful when applying research results to
production situations. For example, in one study, growth of channel
catfish exposed to a constant ammonia concentration of 0.52 mg/L
NH3 was reduced by 50% relative to unexposed fish.
However, brief (2- to 3-hour) daily exposure to 0.92 mg/L NH3
(such as might occur in ponds) did not affect growth and feed
conversion ratio. The fact that many fish can acclimate to repeated
exposure to high concentrations of un-ionized ammonia is a further
complicating factor.
Ammonia management options On rare occasions ammonia
concentration becomes high enough to cause problems. What
practical steps can be taken if this occurs? The short answer is—not
much. Theoretically, there are several ways to reduce ammonia
concentration, but most approaches are impractical for the large
ponds used in commercial aquaculture.
32. Following is a discussion of some options, their practicality and
their effectiveness. Stop feeding or reduce feeding rate The primary
source of nearly all the ammonia in fish ponds is the protein in feed.
When feed protein is completely broken down (metabolized),
ammonia is produced within the fish and excreted through the gills
into pond water. Therefore, it seems reasonable to conclude that
ammonia levels in ponds can be controlled by manipulating feeding
rate or feed protein level. This is true to some extent, but it depends
on whether you want to control it over the short-run (days) or the
long-run (weeks or months). In the short-run, sharp reductions in
feeding rate have little immediate effect on ammonia concentration.
The ecological reason for this is based on the complex movement of
large amounts of nitrogen from one of the many components of the
pond ecosystem to another.
In essence, trying to reduce ammonia levels by withholding feed can
be compared with trying to stop a fully loaded freight train running
at top speed—it can be done but it takes a long time.
33. Producers can reduce the risk over the long-run by adjusting both
feeding rate and feed protein level. Limit feed to the amount that
will be consumed. In midsummer the maximum daily feeding rate
should be 100 to 125 pounds per acre. By feeding conservatively, the
potential for high ammonia in ponds and the risks associated with
sub-lethal exposure (disease, poor feed conversion, slow growth)
can be minimized.
Increase aeration The toxic form of ammonia (NH3) is a dissolved
gas, so some producers believe pond aeration is one way to get rid of
ammonia because it accelerates the diffusion of ammonia gas from
pond water to the air. However, research has demonstrated that
aeration is ineffective at reducing ammonia concentration because
the volume of water affected by aerators is quite small in
comparison with the total pond volume and because the
concentration of ammonia gas in water is typically fairly low
(especially in the morning). Intensive aeration may actually increase
ammonia concentration because it suspends pond sediments.
34. Add lime It has long been thought that liming ponds decreases
ammonia concentrations. In fact, using liming agents such as hydrated
lime or quick lime could actually make a potentially bad situation much
worse by causing an abrupt and large increase in pH. Increasing pH
shifts ammonia toward the form that is toxic to fish. In addition, the
calcium in lime can react with soluble phosphorus, removing it from
water and making it unavailable to algae.
In ponds with similar algal density, daily fluctuations of pH in low
alkalinity pond waters are more extreme than those in waters of
sufficient alkalinity (greater than 20 mg/L as CaCO3; see SRAC
Publication No. 464). Therefore, liming can moderate extreme pH
values, particularly those that occur during late afternoon when the
fraction of total ammonia that is in the toxic form is highest.
35. However, this technique is effective only in ponds with low
alkalinity. Most fish ponds have sufficient alkalinity. Increasing the
alkalinity above 20 mg/L as CaCO3 will not provide additional
benefit. Furthermore, liming does not address the root causes of
high ammonia concentration; it only shifts the distribution of
ammonia from the toxic to the non-toxic form by moderating high
pH in the afternoon. Fertilize with phosphorus Most of the
ammonia excreted by fish is taken up by algae, so anything that
increases algal growth will increase ammonia uptake. This fact is
the basis for the idea of fertilizing ponds with phosphorus fertilizer
to reduce ammonia levels. However, under “normal” pond
conditions, algae blooms in fish ponds are very dense and the rate of
algae growth is limited by the availability of light, not nutrients such
as phosphorus or nitrogen.
Therefore, adding phosphorus does nothing to reduce ammonia
concentration because algae are already growing as fast as possible
under the prevailing conditions.
36. The highest ammonia concentrations in fish ponds occur after the crash
of an algae bloom. Fertilization, particularly with phosphorus, may
accelerate the re-establishment of the bloom, but most ponds have
plenty of dissolved phosphorus (and other nutrients) to support a
bloom and do not need more.
Reduce pond depth Algal growth (and therefore the rate of ammonia
uptake by algae) in fish ponds is limited by the availability of light.
Anything that increases light increases ammonia uptake. Theoretically,
dense algae blooms in shallow ponds will remove ammonia more
effectively than the same dense blooms in deeper ponds. On balance,
however, there are probably more benefits associated with deeper
ponds (e.g., ease of fish harvest, water conservation, more stable
temperatures, reduced effect of sedimentation on interval between
renovations).
37. Increase pond depth Obviously, deeper ponds
contain more water than more shallow ponds.
Therefore, at a given feeding rate, deeper ponds
should have lower ammonia concentrations because
there is more water to dilute the ammonia excreted
by fish. In reality, deeper ponds do not usually have
enough water to significantly dilute ammonia when
compared to the large amounts of ammonia in
constant flux between various biotic and abiotic
compartments in ponds.
38. Furthermore, deeper ponds are more likely to stratify and the
lower layer of pond water (the hypolimnion) can become
enriched with ammonia and depleted of dissolved oxygen.
When this layer of water mixes with surface water in a
“turnover,” severe water quality problems may result. Flush
the pond with well water Ammonia can be flushed from
ponds, although pumping the huge volume of water required
to do so in large commercial ponds is costly, time-consuming
and unnecessarily wasteful. It is also deceptively ineffective as
an ammonia management tool. For
example, assume the ammonia concentration in a full, 10-acre
pond is 1 mg/L. The ammonia concentration after pumping
500 gpm continuously for 3 days (equivalent to about 8 inches
of water) will be 0.90 mg/L, a drop of only 0.10 mg/L.
39. Instead of simply running water through a pond as
in the example above, now assume that about 8
inches of water is discharged from the pond before
refilling with well water. In this case, the decline in
ammonia concentration will be slightly greater (to
0.83 mg/L), but even this decrease is not enough in
an emergency situation, particularly when the extra
time needed to drain the water before refilling is
considered. The difference in the two flushing
scenarios is related to the blending of pond water
with pumped water before discharge in the first case.
40. Just as paddlewheel aeration creates a zone of sufficient dissolved oxygen
concentration, pumping groundwater creates a zone of relatively low
ammonia concentration adjacent to the water inflow.
The effectiveness of this practice is questionable because it does not
address the root cause of the problem and wastes water. Flushing ponds is
not only ineffective, but highly undesirable because of concerns about
releasing pond
effluents into the environment.
Add bacterial amendments Common aquatic bacteria are an essential part
of the constant cycling of ammonia in a pond ecosystem. Some people
believe that ammonia accumulates in ponds because the wrong kind or
insufficient numbers of bacteria are present. If this were true, adding
concentrated formulations of bacteria would address the problem.
However, research with many brands of bacterial amendments has
consistently given the same result: Water quality is unaffected by the
addition of these supplements.
41. Standard pond management creates very favorable conditions for
bacterial growth. Bacterial growth and activity is limited more by
the availability of oxygen and by temperature than by the number of
bacterial cells. Also, the most abundant type of bacteria in many
amendments (and in pond water and sediment) is responsible for
the decomposition of organic matter. Therefore, if bacterial
amendments accelerate the decomposition of organic matter,
ammonia concentration would actually increase, not decrease.
Another kind of bacteria in amendments oxidizes ammonia to
nitrate. Adding them will not reduce the ammonia concentration
rapidly because the bacteria must grow for several weeks before
there is a large enough population to affect ammonia level.
Add a source of organic carbon If the dissolved oxygen
concentration is adequate, adding a source of organic carbon, such
as chopped hay, to intensive fish ponds can reduce ammonia
concentration.
42. Many bacteria in fish ponds are “starved” for organic carbon,
despite the addition of large amounts of feed. Organic matter in fish
ponds (dead algae cells, fish fecal solids, uneaten feed) does not
contain the optimum ratio of nutrients for bacterial growth. There is
more than enough nitrogen for bacterial growth so the excess is
released to the pond water.
Adding organic matter with a high concentration of carbon relative
to nitrogen promotes the “fixation” or “immobilization” of the
ammonia dissolved in water. Incorporating ammonia into bacterial
cells packages the nitrogen into a particulate form that is not toxic
to fish. The down side of this approach is that it is hard to apply
large amounts of organic matter to large ponds and the effect on
ammonia concentration is not rapid. Furthermore, aeration will
have to be increased to address the demand for oxygen by large
quantities of decomposing organic matter.
43. Add ion exchange materials
Certain naturally occurring materials, called zeolites, can adsorb
ammonia from water. These are practical to use in aquaria or other
small-scale, intensive fish-holding systems, but impractical for
largevolume fish ponds.
Some shrimp farmers in Southeast Asia have tried making monthly
applications of zeolite at 200 to 400 pounds per acre. However,
research has demonstrated that this practice is ineffective at reducing
ammonia concentration in ponds and it has now been abandoned.
Add acid In theory, adding acid (such as hydrochloric acid) to water
will reduce pH. This can shift the ammonia equilibrium to favor the
non-toxic form. However, a large amount of acid is necessary to reduce
the pH in well-buffered ponds and it would have to be mixed rapidly
throughout the pond to prevent “hot spots” that could kill fish.
Furthermore, adding acid would destroy much of the buffering capacity
(alkalinity) of the pond before any change
44. in pH could occur. Once the ammonia concentration is lowered, treated
ponds might require liming to restore the buffering capacity. Working
with strong mineral acids is a safety hazard for farm workers and for
fish.
How often should ammonia be measured?
From the foregoing discussion, you might assume that measuring
ammonia in ponds is unnecessary.
After all, research has indicated that brief daily exposure to ammonia
concentrations far higher than those measured in commercial ponds
does not affect fish growth. And, on the rare occasions when ammonia
does become a problem, there is nothing you can do about it. However,
there are some special circumstances when it is worthwhile to monitor
ammonia levels.
45. In the South, ammonia concentrations in most ponds usually start
increasing in September and peak about mid-October, about 5 to 6
weeks after the last stretch of high feeding rates. Then, about 2 to 4
weeks later, nitrite concentrations peak. This is a general pattern. It
does not apply to all ponds, and ammonia or nitrite problems can
occur with variable intensity at any time, especially between
September and March.
Thus, the magnitude of the ammonia elevation in the early fall can
indicate the severity of the nitrite spike that will follow. Salt can
protect fish against nitrite toxicosis (see SRAC Publication No. 462).
If enough salt is added to ponds to achieve chloride levels of 100 to
150 mg/L, there is no reason to measure ammonia even as a
predictor of high nitrite concentrations.
46. Ammonia should be measured every other day after the
crash of an algae bloom and weekly in the cooler months
of the year to identify ponds that may have a potential
problem with nitrite. Other than those times, it is
probably not necessary to measure ammonia in fish
ponds.
To summarize, fish producers should not be alarmed if
ammonia concentration becomes elevated, although a
high ammonia level often indicates that nitrite
concentrations may soon rise. In this case, farmers
should focus on protecting fish from nitrite poisoning by
adding salt, rather than on trying to manage the
ammonia problem.
47. Extra vigilance after an algae crash is also probably
warranted. Usually, the concentration of ammonia will
fall again once the bloom becomes re-established.
Because there is little that can be done to correct
problems with ammonia once they occur, the key to
ammonia management is to use fish culture practices
that minimize the likelihood of such problems.
This means stocking fish at a reasonable density,
harvesting as often as practical to keep the standing crop
from being too large, and using good feeding practices
that maximize the proportion of the feed consumed by
fish.
48. NITRAT
Nitrate in Ponds
Nitrate, NO3-N,
Nitrate is the final product from the breakdown of ammonia released
by the fish.
Nitrate is not especially harmful to freshwater fish but is a potent plant
fertilizer and can contribute to the growth of unsightly and unwelcome
algae, such as green water or blanketweed. Ideally, the levels of nitrate
in the fish pond should be controlled to help reduce the likelihood of
these unwelcome algae blooms occurring. It is recommended that a
Nitrate Test Kit is used to determine the quantity present in the pond
and control the concentration through water changes.
49. Nitrite in Ponds
As the ammonia in the water begins to reduce, the secondary break
down product, nitrite will begin to increase and this is also very
poisonous to fish.
Nitrite is a skin irritant and will cause the fish to display symptoms
of irritability such as rubbing themselves, jumping, or even
skimming across the surface of the pond. These symptoms are also
commonly associated with parasites and it is sensible to eliminate
nitrite as the cause before treating the pond.
Nitrite also has a rather sinister effect on the pond fishes blood, as it
will bind very tightly with the red pigment and thereby preventing
the blood cells from absorbing vital oxygen from the water. Once the
nitrite has become associated with the red pigment, it turns the
blood a dull brown color and hence the popular name for nitrite
poisoning is "brown blood disease".
50. A second group of micro-organisms, comprising mostly
species of Nitrobacter bacteria are responsible for breaking
down the nitrite into nitrate, which is the final breakdown
product but in the event of high nitrite levels occurring in the
pond, regular partial water changes need to be undertaken to
reduce the concentration of this pollutant.
Nitrite is an odorless, colorless substance and its presence can
be detected using a Test Kit
51. Thank You
Dedicated to :
1. My loving wife , Hutapea Olga Y.V, dr;
2. My loving daughter :
a. Simamora Michelle Renata Robertina;
b. Simamora Helga Martha Davina;
Also :
1. Environment, Research and Development Agency of Samosir Regency Government
of North Sumatera Province;
2. People of Samosir Regency
3. All of You
Alumni :
PSMIL – Universitas Padjadjaran
at Bandung