The document discusses the behavioral approach to psychology. It focuses on how external stimuli and the environment affect mental states and development, training individuals to exhibit certain behaviors based on their experiences. Behaviorism studies psychology objectively through observation and measurement of behavior, disregarding subjective experiences. All behavior is viewed as conditioned responses to stimuli based on reinforcement or punishment. Examples of influential behaviorism studies discussed include Pavlov's dogs, the Bobo doll experiment, Skinner's box, and the Little Albert experiment. Behavioral techniques like cognitive behavioral therapy and applied behavior analysis are used in treatment settings to modify behaviors.
BEHAVIORISM. SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY PPT.pptxJoanBayangan1
Behaviorism focuses on observable behaviors and their environmental causes. It argues that behaviors are learned through classical and operant conditioning, not innate factors. Key theorists include Watson, who established behaviorism, and Skinner, who developed radical behaviorism. Classical conditioning pairs a neutral stimulus with an innate response, while operant conditioning uses reinforcement and punishment to shape behaviors. Social cognitive theory expanded on behaviorism to include cognition and internal mental states. It emphasizes observational learning, where behavior is learned by watching others, and self-efficacy, one's belief in their own abilities. Bandura's Bobo doll experiments demonstrated children learning aggression through observation.
Behaviourism is a psychological theory that focuses on observable behaviors and reactions to stimuli rather than internal mental states. Some key behaviourist theorists include Ivan Pavlov, who discovered classical conditioning; Edward Thorndike, who introduced the law of effect and studied animal learning through puzzle boxes; John Watson, who promoted objective experimental methods and conducted controversial studies on humans; and B.F. Skinner, who developed operant conditioning and invented the Skinner box. Behaviourism views learning as occurring through conditioning processes involving stimuli, responses, and reinforcement or punishment.
Behaviorism is a theory that explains human and animal behavior in terms of conditioning and reinforcement, without considering internal mental states. It focuses on observable behaviors and events. John Watson established methodological behaviorism which rejected introspection and sought to understand behavior through objective measurement. B.F. Skinner developed radical behaviorism which included private events in analyzing behavior. Behaviorism influenced early approaches to behavior modification but was later challenged by humanistic and cognitive approaches which consider internal thoughts and feelings.
Behaviorism is a school of psychology that focuses on observable behaviors and reactions to stimuli rather than internal mental states. Some key contributors to behaviorism include Ivan Pavlov, who discovered classical conditioning through his experiments with dogs; John B. Watson, who established behaviorism as a scientific approach and conducted experiments on conditioning with infants; and Edward Thorndike, who formulated the law of effect and conducted puzzle box experiments on animal learning. Behaviorism became a dominant approach in psychology from the 1920s through the 1950s and focused on stimulus-response learning through conditioning.
Behaviorism in Psychology
Basic concepts, Major theorist and their contributions , Therapeutic Techniques, Current applications of behaviorism and research area
Behaviorism school of thought in psychologyNadeemShoukat3
Ishallah this video help you to comprehend about behaviorism school of thought, its major thinker, major experiment, advantages and disadvantages and much more
John B. Watson proposed the school of behaviorism, which focused on observable and measurable behaviors rather than internal mental states like consciousness. Behaviorism viewed all behaviors as responses to environmental stimuli, as shown through Ivan Pavlov's classical conditioning experiments on dogs and John Watson's own experiments conditioning emotional responses in an infant. Watson believed that behaviors could be controlled and shaped entirely by environmental forces through conditioning, without influence from heredity or innate differences. Behaviorism aimed to study psychology through an objective, scientific lens like other natural sciences.
THE ESSAY OF BEHAVIORISM THEORY OF LANGUAGE TEACHING AND LEARNING
The behaviorism is primarily associated with Pavlov (classical conditioning)in Russia and J.B Watson. While, B.F Skinner in United States(operant conditioning). The two types of possible conditioning that are classical and operant conditioning are explained as follows.
BEHAVIORISM. SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY PPT.pptxJoanBayangan1
Behaviorism focuses on observable behaviors and their environmental causes. It argues that behaviors are learned through classical and operant conditioning, not innate factors. Key theorists include Watson, who established behaviorism, and Skinner, who developed radical behaviorism. Classical conditioning pairs a neutral stimulus with an innate response, while operant conditioning uses reinforcement and punishment to shape behaviors. Social cognitive theory expanded on behaviorism to include cognition and internal mental states. It emphasizes observational learning, where behavior is learned by watching others, and self-efficacy, one's belief in their own abilities. Bandura's Bobo doll experiments demonstrated children learning aggression through observation.
Behaviourism is a psychological theory that focuses on observable behaviors and reactions to stimuli rather than internal mental states. Some key behaviourist theorists include Ivan Pavlov, who discovered classical conditioning; Edward Thorndike, who introduced the law of effect and studied animal learning through puzzle boxes; John Watson, who promoted objective experimental methods and conducted controversial studies on humans; and B.F. Skinner, who developed operant conditioning and invented the Skinner box. Behaviourism views learning as occurring through conditioning processes involving stimuli, responses, and reinforcement or punishment.
Behaviorism is a theory that explains human and animal behavior in terms of conditioning and reinforcement, without considering internal mental states. It focuses on observable behaviors and events. John Watson established methodological behaviorism which rejected introspection and sought to understand behavior through objective measurement. B.F. Skinner developed radical behaviorism which included private events in analyzing behavior. Behaviorism influenced early approaches to behavior modification but was later challenged by humanistic and cognitive approaches which consider internal thoughts and feelings.
Behaviorism is a school of psychology that focuses on observable behaviors and reactions to stimuli rather than internal mental states. Some key contributors to behaviorism include Ivan Pavlov, who discovered classical conditioning through his experiments with dogs; John B. Watson, who established behaviorism as a scientific approach and conducted experiments on conditioning with infants; and Edward Thorndike, who formulated the law of effect and conducted puzzle box experiments on animal learning. Behaviorism became a dominant approach in psychology from the 1920s through the 1950s and focused on stimulus-response learning through conditioning.
Behaviorism in Psychology
Basic concepts, Major theorist and their contributions , Therapeutic Techniques, Current applications of behaviorism and research area
Behaviorism school of thought in psychologyNadeemShoukat3
Ishallah this video help you to comprehend about behaviorism school of thought, its major thinker, major experiment, advantages and disadvantages and much more
John B. Watson proposed the school of behaviorism, which focused on observable and measurable behaviors rather than internal mental states like consciousness. Behaviorism viewed all behaviors as responses to environmental stimuli, as shown through Ivan Pavlov's classical conditioning experiments on dogs and John Watson's own experiments conditioning emotional responses in an infant. Watson believed that behaviors could be controlled and shaped entirely by environmental forces through conditioning, without influence from heredity or innate differences. Behaviorism aimed to study psychology through an objective, scientific lens like other natural sciences.
THE ESSAY OF BEHAVIORISM THEORY OF LANGUAGE TEACHING AND LEARNING
The behaviorism is primarily associated with Pavlov (classical conditioning)in Russia and J.B Watson. While, B.F Skinner in United States(operant conditioning). The two types of possible conditioning that are classical and operant conditioning are explained as follows.
Operant conditioning and classical conditioning are two major concepts in behaviorism. Operant conditioning involves using rewards and punishments to shape behaviors, while classical conditioning uses association to link stimuli and responses. Some classic studies that demonstrate these principles include Pavlov's dogs, which showed classical conditioning, and Little Albert, which showed a phobia could be conditioned in a human. Behaviorism takes a scientific approach but has been criticized for ignoring internal mental processes and long-term effectiveness of only targeting behaviors.
Behaviorism is a theory of learning based on the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning via interactions with the environment. Conditioning occurs through classical conditioning, where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innate response, and operant conditioning, where behaviors are reinforced or punished to increase or decrease the likelihood of their reoccurrence. Behaviorists focus on observable behaviors and environmental influences rather than internal mental states.
The document discusses the behaviorist theory of learning. It traces the origins and development of behaviorism from Pavlov's studies of classical conditioning to its establishment by Watson. The key idea of behaviorism is that learning can be understood through observable changes in behavior due to conditioning processes without reference to internal mental states. While behaviorism was influential in the early 20th century, it lost prominence in the 1950s due to limitations in explaining complex human learning and cognition. However, classical and operant conditioning remain important concepts in psychology.
Running head DISCIPLINE-BASED LITERATURE REVIEW 1Discipli.docxsusanschei
Running head: DISCIPLINE-BASED LITERATURE REVIEW 1
Discipline-Based Literature Review
Junius Applewhite
PSY 620
Professor: Jeral Kirwan
January 22, 2018
- 1 -
[no notes on this page]
DISCIPLINE-BASED LITERATURE REVIEW 2
Discipline-Based Literature Review
Introduction
Every human being in the world since birth until the time of death spends a huge amount
of time learning new things. People also learn how to improve what they already know or
learned in the past. Even though other forms of animals learn too, human beings are more
advanced in learning because they actually study the diverse means of learning, refining and
classifying material through Learning and Cognition discipline. Generally, this paper highlights
some constructs or categories that build some of the most current works in learning and
cognition. Besides focusing on these constructs, this paper will highlight any ethical concerns
that may be in existence. Among the constructs that will be featured in this paper is Operant
conditioning, Classical conditioning, Behaviorism and Social learning theory
Operant conditioning
Operant conditioning is a learning method that was developed by B. F. Skinner and that
occurs through punishments and rewards for behavior. There is a link created between behaviors
and consequences in operant conditioning. Practically, operant conditioning is a reversible
behavior study maintained through schedules of reinforcements (Saul, 2015). According to
operant conditioning, learning of a behavior cannot be achieved just through motivations and
internal thoughts. Skinner believed that a behavior’s external causes should be the only
considerations. Skinner’s theory of ‘operant’ only considers external factors that have effect on
a behavior as well as its consequences. Under operant conditioning, there are reinforcements and
punishments which both have effects on behavior.
- 2 -
1
1. since birth
from birth [Jeral Kirwan]
DISCIPLINE-BASED LITERATURE REVIEW 3
Reinforcement involves a process where a behavior’s frequency or rate is increased
through presenting a stimulus soon after the behavior display. The event that leads to
enhancement of probability of a behavior being repeated is known as a reinforcer. Reinforcers
are in two categories which include positive reinforcers and negative reinforcers. Positive
reinforcers are encouraging or favorable stimuli given after a behavior display. They strengthen
the chances of a behavior through provision of an extra thing. For instance, a student rewarded
for passing an exam is likely to work hard again and pass more exams so that he can get more
rewards. On the other hand, negative reinforce is the removal of unfavorable stimuli after a
behavior display. With the removal of unfavorable stimuli, the response o ...
The behaviorist perspective states that human behavior is learned through conditioning and environmental influences, not innate. It focuses on observable and measurable behaviors and their causes. Major theorists included Pavlov, Thorndike, Watson, and Skinner. Pavlov studied classical conditioning, Thorndike proposed laws of learning, Watson conducted early human experiments, and Skinner developed operant conditioning based on reinforcement and punishment. Neobehaviorism incorporated cognitive elements, exemplified by Tolman's cognitive maps and goal-directed behavior and Bandura's social learning theory, which posited that people learn through observation and modeling.
Behaviorism is a theory of learning that states all behaviors are learned through interaction with the environment. It focuses only on observable behaviors and their relationship to environmental stimuli. The two major types of conditioning are classical and operant conditioning. Operant conditioning involves reinforcing or punishing behaviors to increase or decrease their frequency. B.F. Skinner significantly expanded on operant conditioning principles through his research. Behaviorism provided a scientific framework for psychology but was later criticized for ignoring internal mental states.
This document provides an overview of learning concepts including classical and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning involves associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a response. Operant conditioning explains how behaviors are shaped by their consequences, such as reinforcement. Major figures who studied these concepts include Pavlov, Thorndike, Watson, and Skinner. Contemporary views acknowledge cognitive and biological factors in learning. Learning principles have applications in behavior modification, education, sports, and business.
Principles and Applications of Classical and operant conditioningppt.pptxsarahfauzna
Classical conditioning involves forming associations between stimuli and responses. Ivan Pavlov's famous experiments with dogs demonstrated this, showing that dogs could associate the sound of a bell (conditioned stimulus) with the delivery of food (unconditioned stimulus) and learn to salivate in response to the bell alone. Three key principles of classical conditioning are acquisition, where the association is formed; extinction, where the response weakens without reinforcement; and spontaneous recovery, where an extinguished response briefly returns. Stimulus generalization also occurs, where similar stimuli to the original conditioned stimulus can elicit the same response.
Behaviorism is a theory that behavior can be studied scientifically without reference to internal mental states. Behaviorists believe that all behaviors are learned through conditioning or observation of others. Some key behaviorist theorists include B.F. Skinner who developed principles of operant conditioning, Ivan Pavlov who discovered classical conditioning in dogs, and John B. Watson who argued behaviorism should study observable human behavior and its relationships to stimuli and responses. Behaviorists view humans as being controlled by their environments and neither inherently good nor bad by nature. However, behaviorism has been criticized for overgeneralizing from animal studies to humans and underestimating biological and cognitive influences on personality.
Learning involves relatively permanent changes in behavior due to experience. There are three main theories of learning: classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social learning. Classical conditioning involves associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response. Pavlov's dog experiment demonstrated this. Operant conditioning involves reinforcing behaviors with consequences to increase their likelihood. Skinner showed this using a Skinner box. Social learning involves observing and imitating others' behaviors and their consequences. Reinforcement strengthens behaviors through rewards or avoidance of punishment.
The document discusses several theories of learning:
1) Behavioral theories including Pavlov's classical conditioning, Thorndike's law of effect, and Skinner's operant conditioning which use reinforcement and consequences to shape behavior.
2) Social learning theory developed by Bandura which emphasizes learning from observing and modeling others, involving attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation.
3) Definitions of learning focus on acquisition of knowledge, skills, and attitudes through experience that enables better adaptation. Learning is explained as a reflective process that develops understanding or changes mental processes.
This document provides an overview of behaviorism, a branch of psychology that focuses on observable behaviors and reactions to stimuli. It discusses key theorists like Watson, Pavlov, Thorndike, and Skinner and experiments they conducted on conditioning. Classical conditioning involves associating a neutral stimulus with a natural stimulus to create a conditioned response. Operant conditioning uses reinforcement and punishment to shape behaviors. The document also briefly evaluates behaviorism, noting both its scientific advantages and limitations in only considering observable behaviors.
CHAITHRA\DY PATIL SCHOOL OF EDUCATION\LEARNING THEORIESchaithrashreevatsa
This document provides an overview of behaviorism and some of its key theorists. It discusses behaviorism's view that internal thoughts don't matter and only outward behavior should be considered. Some of the major behaviorists covered include Ivan Pavlov, Edward Thorndike, John Watson, and B.F. Skinner. Thorndike's puzzle box experiments with cats demonstrated trial-and-error learning. His laws of effect, exercise, and recency were principles that maximized learning. Skinner developed operant conditioning and his famous "Skinner Box" experiment. The document serves as an introduction to behaviorist learning theories.
Various views on Human Learning - All 5 Theories Merged.pdfSamruddhi Chepe
Module 2:Various views on human learning (Credit 1, Hours 15, Marks 25)
Objectives: After learning this module the student teacher will be able to -
- compare various views on human learning
- consider various roles of learner and teacher for planning of various learning
situations
Contents
1. Views on human learning with reference to (i) Concepts and principles of each view and
their applicability in different learning situations (ii) Relevance and applicability of
various theories of learning for different kinds of learning situations(iii) Role of learner
and teacher in various learning situations (15)
Behaviourist (conditioning by Pavlov and Skinner in brief),
Cognitivist ( views of Bruner and Ausubel)
Course 4
Learning and Teaching
SNDT Women’s University, Churchgate, Mumbai 20 . 23
Information-processing view(Atkinson Shifrin)
Humanist( Carl Rogers)
Social-constructivist ( Views of Piaget and Lev Vygotski)
Behaviorism is a systematic approach to understanding human and animal behavior based on the environment. It focuses on observable behaviors and reactions to stimuli rather than internal mental states. Key behaviorist theorists include Ivan Pavlov, who discovered classical conditioning through his dog experiments; John Watson, who conducted an experiment conditioning a child's fear response and helped establish behaviorism; and B.F. Skinner, who developed the theory of operant conditioning to explain how behaviors are influenced by consequences like rewards and punishments.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Operant conditioning and classical conditioning are two major concepts in behaviorism. Operant conditioning involves using rewards and punishments to shape behaviors, while classical conditioning uses association to link stimuli and responses. Some classic studies that demonstrate these principles include Pavlov's dogs, which showed classical conditioning, and Little Albert, which showed a phobia could be conditioned in a human. Behaviorism takes a scientific approach but has been criticized for ignoring internal mental processes and long-term effectiveness of only targeting behaviors.
Behaviorism is a theory of learning based on the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning via interactions with the environment. Conditioning occurs through classical conditioning, where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innate response, and operant conditioning, where behaviors are reinforced or punished to increase or decrease the likelihood of their reoccurrence. Behaviorists focus on observable behaviors and environmental influences rather than internal mental states.
The document discusses the behaviorist theory of learning. It traces the origins and development of behaviorism from Pavlov's studies of classical conditioning to its establishment by Watson. The key idea of behaviorism is that learning can be understood through observable changes in behavior due to conditioning processes without reference to internal mental states. While behaviorism was influential in the early 20th century, it lost prominence in the 1950s due to limitations in explaining complex human learning and cognition. However, classical and operant conditioning remain important concepts in psychology.
Running head DISCIPLINE-BASED LITERATURE REVIEW 1Discipli.docxsusanschei
Running head: DISCIPLINE-BASED LITERATURE REVIEW 1
Discipline-Based Literature Review
Junius Applewhite
PSY 620
Professor: Jeral Kirwan
January 22, 2018
- 1 -
[no notes on this page]
DISCIPLINE-BASED LITERATURE REVIEW 2
Discipline-Based Literature Review
Introduction
Every human being in the world since birth until the time of death spends a huge amount
of time learning new things. People also learn how to improve what they already know or
learned in the past. Even though other forms of animals learn too, human beings are more
advanced in learning because they actually study the diverse means of learning, refining and
classifying material through Learning and Cognition discipline. Generally, this paper highlights
some constructs or categories that build some of the most current works in learning and
cognition. Besides focusing on these constructs, this paper will highlight any ethical concerns
that may be in existence. Among the constructs that will be featured in this paper is Operant
conditioning, Classical conditioning, Behaviorism and Social learning theory
Operant conditioning
Operant conditioning is a learning method that was developed by B. F. Skinner and that
occurs through punishments and rewards for behavior. There is a link created between behaviors
and consequences in operant conditioning. Practically, operant conditioning is a reversible
behavior study maintained through schedules of reinforcements (Saul, 2015). According to
operant conditioning, learning of a behavior cannot be achieved just through motivations and
internal thoughts. Skinner believed that a behavior’s external causes should be the only
considerations. Skinner’s theory of ‘operant’ only considers external factors that have effect on
a behavior as well as its consequences. Under operant conditioning, there are reinforcements and
punishments which both have effects on behavior.
- 2 -
1
1. since birth
from birth [Jeral Kirwan]
DISCIPLINE-BASED LITERATURE REVIEW 3
Reinforcement involves a process where a behavior’s frequency or rate is increased
through presenting a stimulus soon after the behavior display. The event that leads to
enhancement of probability of a behavior being repeated is known as a reinforcer. Reinforcers
are in two categories which include positive reinforcers and negative reinforcers. Positive
reinforcers are encouraging or favorable stimuli given after a behavior display. They strengthen
the chances of a behavior through provision of an extra thing. For instance, a student rewarded
for passing an exam is likely to work hard again and pass more exams so that he can get more
rewards. On the other hand, negative reinforce is the removal of unfavorable stimuli after a
behavior display. With the removal of unfavorable stimuli, the response o ...
The behaviorist perspective states that human behavior is learned through conditioning and environmental influences, not innate. It focuses on observable and measurable behaviors and their causes. Major theorists included Pavlov, Thorndike, Watson, and Skinner. Pavlov studied classical conditioning, Thorndike proposed laws of learning, Watson conducted early human experiments, and Skinner developed operant conditioning based on reinforcement and punishment. Neobehaviorism incorporated cognitive elements, exemplified by Tolman's cognitive maps and goal-directed behavior and Bandura's social learning theory, which posited that people learn through observation and modeling.
Behaviorism is a theory of learning that states all behaviors are learned through interaction with the environment. It focuses only on observable behaviors and their relationship to environmental stimuli. The two major types of conditioning are classical and operant conditioning. Operant conditioning involves reinforcing or punishing behaviors to increase or decrease their frequency. B.F. Skinner significantly expanded on operant conditioning principles through his research. Behaviorism provided a scientific framework for psychology but was later criticized for ignoring internal mental states.
This document provides an overview of learning concepts including classical and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning involves associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a response. Operant conditioning explains how behaviors are shaped by their consequences, such as reinforcement. Major figures who studied these concepts include Pavlov, Thorndike, Watson, and Skinner. Contemporary views acknowledge cognitive and biological factors in learning. Learning principles have applications in behavior modification, education, sports, and business.
Principles and Applications of Classical and operant conditioningppt.pptxsarahfauzna
Classical conditioning involves forming associations between stimuli and responses. Ivan Pavlov's famous experiments with dogs demonstrated this, showing that dogs could associate the sound of a bell (conditioned stimulus) with the delivery of food (unconditioned stimulus) and learn to salivate in response to the bell alone. Three key principles of classical conditioning are acquisition, where the association is formed; extinction, where the response weakens without reinforcement; and spontaneous recovery, where an extinguished response briefly returns. Stimulus generalization also occurs, where similar stimuli to the original conditioned stimulus can elicit the same response.
Behaviorism is a theory that behavior can be studied scientifically without reference to internal mental states. Behaviorists believe that all behaviors are learned through conditioning or observation of others. Some key behaviorist theorists include B.F. Skinner who developed principles of operant conditioning, Ivan Pavlov who discovered classical conditioning in dogs, and John B. Watson who argued behaviorism should study observable human behavior and its relationships to stimuli and responses. Behaviorists view humans as being controlled by their environments and neither inherently good nor bad by nature. However, behaviorism has been criticized for overgeneralizing from animal studies to humans and underestimating biological and cognitive influences on personality.
Learning involves relatively permanent changes in behavior due to experience. There are three main theories of learning: classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social learning. Classical conditioning involves associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response. Pavlov's dog experiment demonstrated this. Operant conditioning involves reinforcing behaviors with consequences to increase their likelihood. Skinner showed this using a Skinner box. Social learning involves observing and imitating others' behaviors and their consequences. Reinforcement strengthens behaviors through rewards or avoidance of punishment.
The document discusses several theories of learning:
1) Behavioral theories including Pavlov's classical conditioning, Thorndike's law of effect, and Skinner's operant conditioning which use reinforcement and consequences to shape behavior.
2) Social learning theory developed by Bandura which emphasizes learning from observing and modeling others, involving attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation.
3) Definitions of learning focus on acquisition of knowledge, skills, and attitudes through experience that enables better adaptation. Learning is explained as a reflective process that develops understanding or changes mental processes.
This document provides an overview of behaviorism, a branch of psychology that focuses on observable behaviors and reactions to stimuli. It discusses key theorists like Watson, Pavlov, Thorndike, and Skinner and experiments they conducted on conditioning. Classical conditioning involves associating a neutral stimulus with a natural stimulus to create a conditioned response. Operant conditioning uses reinforcement and punishment to shape behaviors. The document also briefly evaluates behaviorism, noting both its scientific advantages and limitations in only considering observable behaviors.
CHAITHRA\DY PATIL SCHOOL OF EDUCATION\LEARNING THEORIESchaithrashreevatsa
This document provides an overview of behaviorism and some of its key theorists. It discusses behaviorism's view that internal thoughts don't matter and only outward behavior should be considered. Some of the major behaviorists covered include Ivan Pavlov, Edward Thorndike, John Watson, and B.F. Skinner. Thorndike's puzzle box experiments with cats demonstrated trial-and-error learning. His laws of effect, exercise, and recency were principles that maximized learning. Skinner developed operant conditioning and his famous "Skinner Box" experiment. The document serves as an introduction to behaviorist learning theories.
Various views on Human Learning - All 5 Theories Merged.pdfSamruddhi Chepe
Module 2:Various views on human learning (Credit 1, Hours 15, Marks 25)
Objectives: After learning this module the student teacher will be able to -
- compare various views on human learning
- consider various roles of learner and teacher for planning of various learning
situations
Contents
1. Views on human learning with reference to (i) Concepts and principles of each view and
their applicability in different learning situations (ii) Relevance and applicability of
various theories of learning for different kinds of learning situations(iii) Role of learner
and teacher in various learning situations (15)
Behaviourist (conditioning by Pavlov and Skinner in brief),
Cognitivist ( views of Bruner and Ausubel)
Course 4
Learning and Teaching
SNDT Women’s University, Churchgate, Mumbai 20 . 23
Information-processing view(Atkinson Shifrin)
Humanist( Carl Rogers)
Social-constructivist ( Views of Piaget and Lev Vygotski)
Behaviorism is a systematic approach to understanding human and animal behavior based on the environment. It focuses on observable behaviors and reactions to stimuli rather than internal mental states. Key behaviorist theorists include Ivan Pavlov, who discovered classical conditioning through his dog experiments; John Watson, who conducted an experiment conditioning a child's fear response and helped establish behaviorism; and B.F. Skinner, who developed the theory of operant conditioning to explain how behaviors are influenced by consequences like rewards and punishments.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
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How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
2. BEHAVIORAL APPROACH
▪This is an approach to psychology that focuses on how one's
environment and how external stimuli affect a person's mental
states and development and how these factors specifically "train"
a person for the behaviors they will be exhibiting later on. Some
who support this approach do not believe that the concept of free
will exists and that all behaviors are simply learned, based upon
each individual's personal experiences, through trial and error by
receiving punishments and consequences for certain thoughts
and actions and reinforcement and positive benefits from others.
3. BEHAVIORAL APPROACH
▪Within the behavioral approach, psychology is analyzed and studied
through the use of solely objective and scientific methods of observing
and evaluating the human mind. Whereas some approaches to
psychology include taking into account a person's own subjective and
unique views on their mind, their feelings and emotions, and their
experiences, behaviorism disregards this data and strictly focuses on
data obtained through "careful and controlled observation and
measurement of behavior," with its primary goals being control and
prediction of behaviors.
▪Lastly, the root of a behavioristic approach to psychology can be
boiled down to the belief that all behavior, regardless of complexity, can
be conditioned and predicted based upon a "stimulus-and-response
association." This means that the reaction can be predicted in response
to a specific stimulus, as well as the potential stimulus being
determined based upon the predicted and expected responses one
might observe in an individual.
4. Types Of Behaviorism
Methodological behaviorism was first presented by John Watson and is the basis of the
behavioral approach to psychology and consists of the beliefs that human beings are no
different from the other living animals in existence and that the objective approach to
studying behavior and learned conditions and responses is the most effective method of
understanding overall psychology and behavioral responses. Methodological behaviorism
also supports the belief that living beings are born with the mind as a "blank state" and
begin learning their responses to the world around them from that point on.
5. Radical behaviorism agrees with the ideas expressed in methodological behaviorism but buil
ds upon them by including the ideas that all living creatures are born with inherent behaviors a
nd traits rather than being "blank slates" at birth and also includes the acceptance of the roles
that biological factors and specific genetics playing a part in an organism's behavior as well. B.
F Skinner, the individual responsible for founding the concept of radical behaviorism, also agre
ed with Watson about the presence of internal psychological processes such as thoughts and
emotions and their role in behaviors (yet not using them to fully explain the responses to stimu
li in a person) but did conclude that they should be analyzed and explained in regards to any b
ehaviors presented.
Types Of Behaviorism
6. To begin with, this is the most well-known behavioral study regarding conditioning regardin
g behaviorism. In the 1890s, a physiologist named Ivan Pavlov was studying his dogs' saliv
ation levels in response to being fed. He discovered that they soon began salivating at any
stimuli they began to associate with knowing they were going to be fed soon, such as his a
ssistant approaching and later on the sound of a metronome. He ended up devoting all of hi
s future work to studying this concept and determined that if a conditioned stimulus (somet
hing they will be trained to respond to) and an unconditioned stimulus (something that is na
turally occurring in an organism) occur within a close enough time frame, the two will be co
nnected and the person or animal will be conditioned to respond accordingly.
PAVLOV'S DOGS
Behaviorism Studies
7. This was a study on conditioning in young children that showed they mimic and learn so
cial behaviors (particularly aggression) through observation of the adults in their presen
ce, called observational learning. The children were split into even groups for experimen
tation purposes and shown a "Bobo" doll that they were to witness an adult both physic
ally and verbally abusing. Afterward, the children were provided with toys that were soon
taken away in an attempt to provoke aggression appropriate for their age range (3-6 year
s old). After having seen the adults display abusive behavior towards the Bobo dolls, the
children then exhibited the same aggressive behaviors when presented with a mixture of
regular and 'aggressive' toys (such as mallets and darts), showing that they had since le
arned by observation to engage in aggressive behaviors when provoked.
THE BOBO DOLL EXPERIMENT
Behaviorism Studies
8. Behaviorism Studies
The Skinner Box - The Skinner Box was an experiment confirming and
supporting the idea of operant conditioning, which shows that
behaviors rewarded will tend to be repeated and those that are
punished will deter an individual or organism from repeating them in
the future. The experiment consisted of placing a lab rat within a box
(the "Skinner Box") and while hungry, it learned that touching a small
lever would dispense a pellet of food, therefore it learned to repeat the
action for a positive response (this is called positive reinforcement). In
regards to negative reinforcement, rats were also placed within a box
that would occasionally give them a small shock but with a lever that
would prevent the shock from occurring. They very quickly learned to
trigger the lever to stop the shock from happening.
9. Behaviorism Studies
• Reinforcement of either nature encourages a repeated response to
certain stimuli or situations, whereas punishment has the goal of
weakening an impulse or action or preventing it later on entirely.
This is generally how disciplinary action regarding children
functions. If a child steals a toy or does some other behavior that a
parent or caretaker finds to be inappropriate, they will be punished
either with scolding, a spanking, or some other type of discipline. In
most cases, this negative consequence of their action remains with
them long enough to learn to not repeat the behaviors that got them
into trouble in the first place.
10. Behaviorism Studies
• The Little Albert Experiment - Though ethically highly questionable,
an experiment was conducted to see if the conditioning proven in
Pavlov's dog experiment could also apply to human beings. This
experiment involved a 9-month-old baby boy presented with a
variety of objects including a monkey, a rabbit, and a white rat. As
with most children, he had no negative reaction to the objects
presented to him, but did startle and begin crying each time when
those experimenting hit a hammer against a steel bar behind him.
Over a few weeks, those engaging in the experiment began to hit the
hammer on the steel bar every time the little boy received the white
rat, and eventually, the sound wasn't even needed to cause him to
become hysterical upon seeing the white rat because he learned to
associate the two.
11. Behaviorism Studies
• This distasteful study showed the connection between behaviors
and conditioning and the development of phobias. He temporarily
was set off with the same reaction even in response to any objects
or stimuli that remotely reminded him of the rat, but eventually had
the phobia symptoms fade, which is called "extinction." They
repeated the conditioning process and showed that he was still also
capable of being retrained to have such a strong response to the
white rat and all related stimuli all over again.
12. How Behavioral Techniques Are Used In A
Treatment Setting
• Cognitive behavioral therapy is
a great example of applying these
concepts as a form of treatment.
CBT focuses on the cognitive
factors and thoughts behind
certain behaviors and helps a
person to become aware of those
and their effects in an attempt to
modify one's thought processes in
reaction to certain stimuli and
situations, therefore allowing them
to make changes to their
behaviors in the process.
• Applied behavior analysis uses
behavioral techniques by using
positive reinforcement to
encourage replacing behaviors in
an individual with more desired
ones. It focuses strictly on the
aspect of behavior modification
rather than involving any sort of
talk therapy like CBT to under the
how's and why's associated with a
person's behavior.
13. How Behavioral Techniques Are Used In A
Treatment Setting
• Social learning theory is a concept
displayed in cases such as the Bobo doll
experiment: that many behaviors are
learned by observation in social situations
and then imitated. In a treatment setting,
this is often applied to those struggling with
addiction and in social work situations. It
often involves surrounding those with
stimuli and observable negative factors in
their lives with positive role models and
support systems to encourage more
desirable behavior and habits and reduce
the likelihood of the actions and reactions
one wants to be rid of.
• Exposure therapy also
utilizes behavioral techniques
by conditioning those with
phobias and strong negative
responses to stimuli (such as
those dealing with trauma and
its associated effects) to be
less and less negatively
affected by certain triggers in
their lives by strategically and
safely having them interact
with these triggers and
desensitize them to the
targeted stimuli.