Bathymetric distribution concerns to the vertical range of organisms in space i.e. from the high Alpine peak to the abyssal depth of the sea. Primary conditions affecting, Three organic realms of bathymetric distribution of animals
Microfossils are very small remains of organisms 0.001 mm (1 micron) to 1 mm, that require magnification for study.
They are abundant, can be recovered from small samples.
Provide the main evidence for organic evolution through the time
They classified into two groups:
Organic-walled; Acritarchs, Dinoflagellate, Spores and Pollen grains … etc.
Foraminifera Each chamber interconnected by an opening (foramen) or several openings (foramina).
Known from Early Cambrian through to recent times, and has reached its acme during the Cenozoic.
Have a wide environmental range from terrestrial to deep sea and from polar to the tropical region.
Depending on the species, the shell may be made of organic compounds, sand grains and other particles cemented together, or from crystalline calcite.
Inorganic walled; Diatoms, Silicoflagellates, Ostracods, Conodonts, and Foraminifera
Evolution is a developmental process from simple to complex form of life. Evolution of elephant started 60mya, from size of a pig. It spread all over world especially Africa and Asia. Today only two species Loxodonta and Elephas exist.
Microfossils are very small remains of organisms 0.001 mm (1 micron) to 1 mm, that require magnification for study.
They are abundant, can be recovered from small samples.
Provide the main evidence for organic evolution through the time
They classified into two groups:
Organic-walled; Acritarchs, Dinoflagellate, Spores and Pollen grains … etc.
Foraminifera Each chamber interconnected by an opening (foramen) or several openings (foramina).
Known from Early Cambrian through to recent times, and has reached its acme during the Cenozoic.
Have a wide environmental range from terrestrial to deep sea and from polar to the tropical region.
Depending on the species, the shell may be made of organic compounds, sand grains and other particles cemented together, or from crystalline calcite.
Inorganic walled; Diatoms, Silicoflagellates, Ostracods, Conodonts, and Foraminifera
Evolution is a developmental process from simple to complex form of life. Evolution of elephant started 60mya, from size of a pig. It spread all over world especially Africa and Asia. Today only two species Loxodonta and Elephas exist.
These slides cover all the necessary points regarding to fossilization as well as all the types of fossilization which will be beneficial for someone. Regards
These slides cover all the necessary points regarding to fossilization as well as all the types of fossilization which will be beneficial for someone. Regards
Temperature, light, Oxygen, salinity, pH are important marine factors which impact the major life and physical properties of the oceans. These factors make the marine environment a dynamic entity and otherwise impacting on the terrestrial ecosystems too.
Many types of fish migrate on a regular basis, on time scales ranging from daily to annually or longer, and over distances ranging from a few metres to thousands of kilometres. Fish usually migrate to feed or to reproduce, but in other cases the reasons are unclear.
Migrations involve the fish moving from one part of a water body to another on a regular basis. Some particular types of migration are anadromous, in which adult fish live in the sea and migrate into fresh water to spawn, and catadromous, in which adult fish live in fresh water and migrate into salt water to spawn.
Marine forage fish often make large migrations between their spawning, feeding and nursery grounds. Movements are associated with ocean currents and with the availability of food in different areas at different times of year. The migratory movements may partly be linked to the fact that the fish cannot identify their own offspring and moving in this way prevents cannibalism. Some species have been described by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea as highly migratory species. These are large pelagic fish that move in and out of the exclusive economic zones of different nations, and these are covered differently in the treaty from other fish.
Salmon and striped bass are well-known anadromous fish, and freshwater eels are catadromous fish that make large migrations. The bull shark is a euryhaline species that moves at will from fresh to salt water, and many marine fish make a diel vertical migration, rising to the surface to feed at night and sinking to lower layers of the ocean by day. Some fish such as tuna move to the north and south at different times of year following temperature gradients. The patterns of migration are of great interest to the fishing industry. Movements of fish in fresh water also occur; often the fish swim upriver to spawn, and these traditional movements are increasingly being disrupted by the building of dams.
Importance
Intrinsic Value
Extinctions
What is Biodiversity?
Genetic Biodiversity
Species Biodiversity
Ecosystem Biodiversity
Ecosystem Function
Marine Biodiversity
Caribbean Diversity
Extinctions
Threats to Biodiversity
Protection & MPA’s
It states that the present day complex plants and animals have evolved from earlier simpler forms of life by gradual changes. SEQUENTIAL EVOLUTION ,DIVERGENT EVOLUTION, Theories of evolution.
THE PRESENCE AND VARIETY OF A PARTICULAR PLANTS
SPECIES IN THE AREA OF MINERALISATION HAVE BEEN RECOGNISED AS A GUIDE TO LOCATING ORE, METHOD,UNIVERSAL INDICATORS , UNIVERSAL INDICATOR ,LOCAL INDICATOR
Pearl is mainly aragonite or a mixture of aragonite and calcite in minute crystalline form, which has been deposited in concentric layers produced within the soft tissue (specifically the mantle) of a living shelled mollusc or another animal, such as a conulariid.
TYPES, Environmental conditions, STEPS IN PEARL FARMING , Pearl Quality, Uses of Pearl.
Historical geology Is the branch which deals with the history of the rocks of the earth’s crust with special emphasis on their approximate time of formation and the climate changes they have undergone since their formation.
ELEMENTS OF CORRELATION, STRUCTURAL FEATURES, METHOD OF STRATIGRAPHIC CORRELATION ,
Three principle kinds of correlations
MAGNETIC TYPES. ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION, Electrostatic separation advantages over any other processes ,types of equipment ,Application Electrostatic separation.
THE HEALTH RISKS OF HIDDEN HEAVY METALSSANDEEP PATRE
THE HEALTH RISKS OF HIDDEN HEAVY METALS ,Sources and sinks of heavy metals. Human exposure at these sites may occur by a variety of pathways, including inhalation of dusts in air, ingestion of contaminated water or soil, or through the food chain.
HUMAN SETTLEMENT AND CONTAMINATION DUE TO WASTE DISPOSAL AND AGRO-INDUSTRIESSANDEEP PATRE
Human Settlement, Settlements can broadly be divided into two types – rural and urban. Contamination, Sources of Wastes, Classification of Wastes . Impacts of Waste Accumulation, Water Contamination via Improper Wastes
Drought & Desertification measures of mitigation ,Types of drought SANDEEP PATRE
Drought & Desertification measures of mitigation ,Types of drought ,Drought Causes, Effects of Drought .
Types of deserts and the global distribution of deserts, Factors for desert formation, Mitigation:
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2. Bathymetric distribution concerns to the vertical
range of organisms in space i.e. from the high
Alpine peak to the abyssal depth of the sea.
3. Primary conditions affecting:
(i) The air or water medium which affects the
methods of breathing
(ii) The presence or absence of light
(iii) The presence or absence of substratum
Secondary condition affecting:
(i) whether the water is fresh or salty
(ii)The increase of pressure with depth
4. Three organic realms of bathymetric distribution
of animals
• GEOBIOTIC REALM :This realm extents from
high tide mark along the shares of all continents
and island to summits highest elevation.
• LIMNOBIOTIC(FRESH WATER) REALM: It
contains limited fauna due to freshness and
continuous flow. They live in standing water pond,
lakes.
5. HALOBIOTIC(MARINE)REALM
• The marine realm is divided into four sub-
realm, whose characteristics are as follows:
• Strand,- light, substratum present
• Flat sea,- light, substratum present
• Pelagic,- light, substratum present
• Abyssal,- dark, substratum present or absent
• Hadal zone- cold , dark, increase pressure
6.
7. AQUATIC ANIMALS
• PELAGIC: INHABITING IN OPEN SEA, LAKE WATER.
• BENTHONIC: LIVING IN OR BOTTOM.
• PELAGIC i. Neritopelagic living in lithoral and neratic.
• Ii. Oceanopelagic
epipelagic(200m),mesopelagic(1000m),bathypelagic(4000m)
• PLANKTON : Little or no locomotory organ.
• NEKTON: LOCOMOTORY ORGAN TO SWIM.
8. Migration is the relatively long-distance movement of individual animals, usually
on a seasonal basis. It is the most common form of migration in ecology. It is found
in all major animal groups, including birds, mammals, fish,reptiles, amphibians,
insects, and crustaceans . The trigger for the migration may be local climate, local
availability of food, the season of the year or for mating reasons. To be counted as
a true migration, and not just a local dispersal or
irruption,
MIGRATION
9. Long-distance Travelers
Animal Distance
• Gray Whale12,500 miles
• Caribou700 miles
• Monarch Butterfly2,000 miles
• Chinook Salmon900 miles
• Arctic Tern11,000 miles
• Sooty Shearwater20,000 miles
10. TYPES
• Complete migration is when all individuals migrate.
• Partial migration is when some individuals migrate
while others do not.
• Differential migration is when the difference
between migratory and non-migratory individuals is
based on age or sex
11. • Seasonal migration is the movement of various
species from one habitat to another during the
year.
• Circadian Migration is where birds utilize circadian
rhythm (CR) to regulate migration in both the fall
and the spring. In circadian migration clocks of
both circadian (daily) and circannual (annual)
patterns
12. • Tidal Migration is the use of tides by organisms to
move periodically from one habitat to another. This
type of migration is often used in order to find food
or mates.
13. EXTINCTION
Extinction is the termination of a kind of organism or of a
group of kinds (taxon), usually a species. The moment of
extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last
individual of the species,
14. Extinction occurs
• when species are diminished because of environmental
forces (habitat fragmentation ,global change, natural
disaster, overexploitation of species for human use) or
because of evolutionary changes in their members
(genetic inbreeding, poor reproduction, decline in
population numbers).
15. Mass extinctions
• The fossil record reveals FIVE unusually large
extinctions, each involving the demise of vast numbers
of species. These conspicuous declines in diversity are
referred to as mass extinctions
16. Ranked in
descending order of severity
Permian extinction (about 265.1 million to about 251.9
million years ago), the most dramatic die-off, eliminating
about half of all families, some 95 percent of marine species
(nearly wiping out brachiopods and corals), and about 70
percent of land species (including plants, insects, and
vertebrates).
17. Ordovician-Silurian extinction (about 443.8 million years
ago), which included about 25 percent of marine families and
85 percent of marine species, with brachiopods, conodonts,
bryozoans, and trilobites suffering greatly.
Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T), or Cretaceous-Paleogene (KPg),
extinction (about 66.0 million years ago), involving about 80
percent of all animal species, including the dinosaurs and
many species of plants. Although many scientists contend that
this event was caused by one or more large comets or
asteroids striking Earth, others maintain that it was caused by
climatic changes associated with the substantial volcanic
activity of the time.
18. End-Triassic extinction (about 201.3 million years ago),
possibly caused by rapid climate change or by an asteroid
striking Earth. This mass extinction event caused about 20
percent of marine families and some 76 percent of all extant
species to die out, possibly within a span of about 10,000
years, thus opening up numerous ecological niches into
which the dinosaurs evolved.
Devonian extinctions (407.6 million to about 358.9 million
years ago), which included 15–20 percent of marine families
and 70–80 percent of all animal species. Roughly 86 percent
of marine brachiopod species perished, along with many
corals, conodonts,and trilobites.