1) The document discusses different types of mixers used for batch and continuous mixing in pharmaceutical manufacturing.
2) It describes various impellers like propellers, turbines, and paddles used for liquid batch mixing and semi-solid mixers like sigma blade and planetary mixers.
3) The document also covers continuous mixers like baffled pipes and different jet mixers used for liquid mixing as well as roller mills for semi-solid mixing.
Tray Dryer
Principle of Tray Dryer
Construction of Tray Dryer
Working of Tray Dryer
Qualification of Tray Dryer
Installation Qualification
Operational Qualification
Performance Qualification
References
The planetary mixer is one of the most used Bakery Equipment.It using stainless steel grade 304, the contact parts of the bowls made using approved stainless steel of 316 grade.
Generally, size reduction and size separation are combined to obtain powder with the desired particle size distribution (PSD) for acceptable flow and compressibility for downstream processing . The mechanical process of reducing the particle size of a solid is also called milling.
Tray Dryer
Principle of Tray Dryer
Construction of Tray Dryer
Working of Tray Dryer
Qualification of Tray Dryer
Installation Qualification
Operational Qualification
Performance Qualification
References
The planetary mixer is one of the most used Bakery Equipment.It using stainless steel grade 304, the contact parts of the bowls made using approved stainless steel of 316 grade.
Generally, size reduction and size separation are combined to obtain powder with the desired particle size distribution (PSD) for acceptable flow and compressibility for downstream processing . The mechanical process of reducing the particle size of a solid is also called milling.
This presentation will help the students of Pharmacy in subjects like Pharmaceutics and industrial pharmacy. Hope you will find it better and helpful.
Regards
Amjad Anwar
email: amjadanwar77@gmail.com
Department of Pharmacy, University Of Malakand
Caleva Process Solutions
http://www.caleva.com
Another resourceful Powerpoint Presentation from Caleva Process Solutions. These selection of slides will provide you with some very useful information on Extrusion Spheronization. This includes general information, the process of Extrusion Spheronization, Wet Massing and Pelletization!
For more information on Extrusion Spheronization, visit:
http://caleva.com/
size reduction,laws involved in size reduction ,application & millsM Swetha
size reduction basic principles,laws&machanism of size reduction with all mills .I gave a note on size separation .it is very useful for the teaching staff &students of B.pharmacy
The first lecture in the module Particle Technology, delivered to second year students who have already studied basic fluid mechanics. Some applications of Particle Technology are described, in industry and nature, and particle size analysis and means of representing the data. The format for the laboratory classes for the module and their reports are covered.
WHAT IS COMPRESSION ?
Compression means reduction of bulk volume of material as a result of the removal of gaseous phase (air) by applied pressure
WHAT IS CONSOLIDATION?
Consolidation is an increase in mechanical strength of material resulting from particle - particle interactions.
$ CONTENTS $
#Introduction
#Objective of granulation
#Essential properties of granules
#Mechanism of bond formation
#Mechanism of granule formation
#Method of granulation
#Modern equipments in granulation technology
Qualification of Tablet Compression Machine.pptxDhruvi50
Tablet Compression Machine
Principle of Tablet Compression Machine
Construction of Tablet Compression Machine
Working of Tablet Compression Machine
Qualification of Tablet Compression Machine
Installation Qualification
Operational Qualification
Performance Qualification
References
This presentation will help the students of Pharmacy in subjects like Pharmaceutics and industrial pharmacy. Hope you will find it better and helpful.
Regards
Amjad Anwar
email: amjadanwar77@gmail.com
Department of Pharmacy, University Of Malakand
Caleva Process Solutions
http://www.caleva.com
Another resourceful Powerpoint Presentation from Caleva Process Solutions. These selection of slides will provide you with some very useful information on Extrusion Spheronization. This includes general information, the process of Extrusion Spheronization, Wet Massing and Pelletization!
For more information on Extrusion Spheronization, visit:
http://caleva.com/
size reduction,laws involved in size reduction ,application & millsM Swetha
size reduction basic principles,laws&machanism of size reduction with all mills .I gave a note on size separation .it is very useful for the teaching staff &students of B.pharmacy
The first lecture in the module Particle Technology, delivered to second year students who have already studied basic fluid mechanics. Some applications of Particle Technology are described, in industry and nature, and particle size analysis and means of representing the data. The format for the laboratory classes for the module and their reports are covered.
WHAT IS COMPRESSION ?
Compression means reduction of bulk volume of material as a result of the removal of gaseous phase (air) by applied pressure
WHAT IS CONSOLIDATION?
Consolidation is an increase in mechanical strength of material resulting from particle - particle interactions.
$ CONTENTS $
#Introduction
#Objective of granulation
#Essential properties of granules
#Mechanism of bond formation
#Mechanism of granule formation
#Method of granulation
#Modern equipments in granulation technology
Qualification of Tablet Compression Machine.pptxDhruvi50
Tablet Compression Machine
Principle of Tablet Compression Machine
Construction of Tablet Compression Machine
Working of Tablet Compression Machine
Qualification of Tablet Compression Machine
Installation Qualification
Operational Qualification
Performance Qualification
References
CO–PROCESSED EXCIPIENTS FOR TABLETS.pdfYamini Shah
Purpose of the present review is to provide an in depth knowledge on recent developments in excipients preparation, technology and approaches involved in their formation and development. Excipients play an important role in dosage form development. In conventional formulation of dosage forms, each excipient is used to provide its required function/performance. Presently, excipient manufacturers have focused their attention on producing a multifunctional excipients with improvement in their performance and quality of dosage form. Manipulation in the functionality of excipient is provided by the co-processing of two or more existing excipients.
Planetary mixtures are one of the most widely used mixtures in the pharmaceutical industry. In pharmaceutical industries planetary mixture often used for basic operations of mixing, blending, and low share granulation.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Review of research on bio reactors used in wastewater ijsit 2.4.6IJSIT Editor
The review presented in this paper focuses on reactors used in wastewater treatment for bio
hydrogen production (e.g. batch reactors, complete mix reactors, plug flow reactors, bio-film reactors,
suspended reactors, upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor, anaerobic baffled reactors, upflow packed-bed
attached growth reactors, attached growth fluidized bed reactors, anaerobic sequencing batch reactor, hybrid
/ high rate reactors and membrane separation reactors. It is clear from the review that development of these
reactors can be considered a grown up research for which good design and scale-up guidelines are available
Evaluation of Anaerobic Fluidized Bed Reactor for treating Sugar mill effluen...IJERA Editor
Anaerobic treatment processes are credible options for providing sustainable treatment to biodegradable waste streams. The Anaerobic Fluidized Bed Reactor (AFBR) is an evolving process that requires waste specific design methodologies based on kinetics of the specific process. The research was precisely an experimental study on AFBR having23.56 litres of effective volume to evaluate its treatment performance and gas recovery in terms of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Hydraulic Retention Time(HRT)and Organic Loading Rate (OLR). The synthetic sugar influent COD was variedfrom 1500 to 4000 mg/lit. The OLR for the operating flow rates were ranged from 1.36 to 28.8 Kg COD/m3.day for HRT varied from 3.2 to 24 hrs. The maximum COD removal efficiency is 90.06 at an operating OLR of 3.42 Kg COD/m3.day. The maximum biogas yield was observed at 0.28 m3/kg COD removed.
Design and Optimization of Lily Impellervivatechijri
An impeller, according to present invention which consist of hub and at least one blade supported by
the hub . In this study, turbulent flow fields in a vessel stirred by a lily impeller will be investigated. The resultant
turbulence will be numerically predicted using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). Turbulence models will
be developed using ANSYS solver. The Lily Impeller will be designed based on the original design of Jay Harman,
by making changes on its parameters like length/ height of Impeller, angle of blades and also number of blades.
We will simulate the impeller action in the vertical and horizontal planes of the stirred fluid volume. Velocity
profiles generated from the simulations will be used to predict and compare the performance of the different lily
impellers with different parameters and most optimum designs will be finalized. To validate the Computational
Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model, the simulation results will be compared with experimental results from existing
work and most satisfactory design will be choosed. The final impeller will be able to provide better turbulence
characteristics that would improve the quality of mixing systems.
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
1. BATCH AND CONTINUOUS MIXING,
RAPID MIXING GRANULATOR
SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:
NAME – SACHIN DR. SUSHAMA TALEGAONKAR
ENROLLMENT NO. – 24/MIP/SPS/22
2. INTRODUCTION
Mixing is a process in which two or more ingredients are treated so that each
particle of any one ingredient is as nearly as possible adjacent to a particle of
each of the other ingredients.
Mixing results in a randomization of dissimilar particles within a system.
2
3. WHY MIXING?
To secure uniformity of composition so that small samples withdrawn from a bulk
material represent the overall composition of the mixture.
To improve single phase and multi-phase systems.
To control heat and mass transfer.
To promote physical and chemical reactions.
3
Khar R.K.,Vyas S.P., Ahmad F.J., Jain G.K.,“The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy”, Fourth edition, Published by CBS publishers.
4. CLASSIFICATION OF MIXERS
Mixers
Liquid
mixers
Batch
Impellers
Propellers
Turbines
paddles
Jet mixers
Air jet
Fluid jet
Continuous
Baffled
pipe
Mixing
chamber
Semi-solid
mixers
Batch
Kneaders
Sigma-blade
Planetary
Muller
Continuous
Mills
Roller
Colloid
Solid
mixers
Batch
Tumblers
Twin-shell
Double cone
Drum
Cube
Slant double
cone
Agitator mixers
Ribbon
Planetary
Nauta
Fluidized
Processors
Lodige
Diosna
Gral
Continuous
Barrel
Zig-zag
4
Khar R.K.,Vyas S.P., Ahmad F.J., Jain G.K.,“The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy”, Fourth edition, Published by CBS publishers.
5. Mixer
classification
Batch type
Rotation of
the entire
mixer body
with no
agitator or
mixing blade
1.Barrel
2.Cube
3.V-shaped
4.Double cone
5.Slant
double cone
Rotation of
the entire
mixer body
with a
rotating high
shear agitator
blade
V-shaped
processor
Double cone
formulator
Slant double
cone
formulator
Stationary
body with a
rotating
mixing blade
Ribbon
Sigma blade
Planetary
Conical screw
High-speed
granulations
(stationary body
with a rotating
mixing blade
and high speed
agitator blade)
Barrel
Bowl
Air mixer
stationary
body using
moving air as
agitator
Fluid bed
granulator
Fluid bed
drier
Continuous
type
Zig zag
5
CLASSIFICATION OF MIXERS BASED ON MIXER ASSEMBLY
Lachman L., Lieberman H.A., et al, “Pharmaceutical dosage forms: Tablets”, Volume 2, Second edition, Published by Marcel Dekker, Inc New York.
6. BATCH MIXING
IMPELLERS
Liquids are most commonly mixed by impellers rotating in tanks.
Types of impellers:
i. Propellers
ii. Turbines
iii. Paddles
These types of impellers are made on the basis of the type of flow pattern they
produce on the basis of the shape and pitch of the blades.
6
Khar R.K.,Vyas S.P., Ahmad F.J., Jain G.K.,“The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy”, Fourth edition, Published by CBS publishers.
7. PROPELLERS
Principle
Shearing force is the main principle behind the propeller mixer.
Construction
The vessel has a propeller attached to it.
Angular blades enable fluid to flow in both axial and radial directions.
Propeller size can be increased up to 0.5m depending on the size of the tank.
The propeller rotates at higher speed generally in the range of 2000 to 8000 RPM.
7
Khar R.K.,Vyas S.P., Ahmad F.J., Jain G.K.,“The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy”, Fourth edition, Published by CBS publishers.
8. Advantages
Propellers are used when high
mixing capability is required.
Effective for mixing liquids
having viscosity in range of 2
Pa.s or slurry with up to 10%
solids of fine particle size.
Propellers increases the
homogeneity of materials.
Disadvantages
Propellers are not effective with
liquids of viscosity greater than
5 Pa.s. e.g., Glycerin and castor
oil.
Vortex causes frothing.
8
Khar R.K.,Vyas S.P., Ahmad F.J., Jain G.K.,“The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy”, Fourth edition, Published by CBS publishers.
9. APPLICATIONS
Propellers are used when huge quantities of liquids and dispersions are to be mixed.
Used for mixing liquids having a viscosity of about 2 Pa.s.
Propellers can handle corrosive materials with a glass lining.
Propellers are employed in the production of emulsions.
9
10. TURBINES
Principle
Turbine mixer agitators can create a turbulent movement of the fluids due to the
combination of centrifugal and rotational motion.
Construction
A turbine consists of a circular disc to which a number of short blades are attached.
The blades may be straight, pitched, curved, or disk type.
The turbines rotates at a slower speed usually 50-200 RPM than the propellers.
10
Khar R.K.,Vyas S.P., Ahmad F.J., Jain G.K.,“The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy”, Fourth edition, Published by CBS publishers.
11. Advantages
Effective in mixing high viscous
solutions (up to 7 Pa.s) e.g.,
Liquid paraffin, glycerin etc.
Highly suitable for making
dispersion containing 60% solids.
Generate higher shearing
forces than propellers.
Disadvantages
Possibility of air entrapment that
may cause oxidation of material
being mixed.
Limited flexibility.
11
12. APPLICATIONS
Turbines are used in preparing emulsions, suspensions and syrups.
Highly used in chemical reactions and extraction operations. For example, liquid and
gas reactions.
12
https://pharmacygyan.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Types-of-Turbine-Design.jpg
13. PADDLES
Principle
Paddle work with producing a uniform laminar flow of liquids. Paddles push the
liquid radially and tangentially with almost no axial action unless blades are
pitched.
Construction
A paddle consists of a central hub with long flat blades attached to it vertically.
Two blades or four blades are very common.
A paddle rotates at a low speed of 50 RPM.
13
Khar R.K.,Vyas S.P., Ahmad F.J., Jain G.K.,“The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy”, Fourth edition, Published by CBS publishers.
14. Advantages
As paddle-impellers mix liquids
with low speed the possibility of
vortex formation is least.
These are heavy-duty mixers
suitable for slow operation.
They can mix systems effectively
with 2 or 4 blades.
Disadvantages
Mixing of the suspensions is poor,
thus, baffled tanks are required.
They are not efficient for mixing a
variety of materials with different
consistencies.
14
15. APPLICATIONS
Manufacturing of antacid suspensions (Aluminium hydroxide gel and magnesium
hydroxide).
Preparation of antidiarrheal mixtures such as bismuth-kaolin mixture.
Paddle mixers are used in dissolution testing, a critical process in pharmaceutical
development and quality control.
15
16. JET MIXERS
1. Air jets
Principle
Compressed air is allowed to pass at high
pressure from the bottom of a vessel which
creates turbulence, air bubbles are formed in
the liquid phase.
The buoyancy of the bubbles lifts the liquid from
the bottom to the top of the vessel.
16
Khar R.K.,Vyas S.P., Ahmad F.J., Jain G.K.,“The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy”, Fourth edition, Published by CBS publishers.
17. Advantages
Liquids of low viscosity, non-
foaming, non-reactive with the
gas employed are mixed
effectively.
Intense turbulence generated by
the jet produces intimate mixing.
Disadvantages
Liquids of high viscosity cannot
be mixed with air jet mixer.
17
18. APPLICATIONS
Air jet mixers are employed to create stable emulsions by dispersing immiscible
liquids.
Air jet mixers are utilized in wastewater treatment plants.
Air jet mixers are used for the removal of entrapped air or gas bubbles from
liquids.
18
19. 2. Fluid jets
Principle
Pressurized liquid is pumped through the jet nozzle into the tank for mixing.
The change from the pressure energy to kinetic energy creates a region of low
pressure that entrains liquid from within the tank via open suction ports.
19
Khar R.K.,Vyas S.P., Ahmad F.J., Jain G.K.,“The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy”, Fourth edition, Published by CBS publishers.
https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSBJ3nJbNawVOZYd7QgJ_j2oFFqBrxCx92CaWUE7rfZJ_OPntI3ZhuuNUptDrrFVyH_9AwO2_IjbgE&usqp=CAU&ec=48600112
20. Advantages
No moving parts inside the tank.
Quick mixing time.
Suitable for mixing sludges.
Multiple mixers can be installed.
Disadvantages
Susceptible to clogging if the
tank contains solids.
High maintenance costs.
20
https://www.thechemicalengineer.com/media/17641/965thumbfig3.jpg?&maxwidth=980¢er=0.5,0.5&mode=crop&scale=both
21. APPLICATIONS
Liquid jet mixers are used for mixing and blending liquids of different viscosities
and densities.
Mixing and blending of petroleum products.
Liquid jet mixers can be used for heat transfer and cooling applications.
Liquid jet mixers are utilized for efficient mixing of gases and liquids.
21
22. CONTINUOUS OR IN-LINE MIXER
1. Baffled pipe
Principle
Baffled pipe mixing involves disrupting
the flow pattern, generating
turbulence, increasing surface area,
extending residence time, and
promoting mixing through the use of
internal baffles.
22
Khar R.K.,Vyas S.P., Ahmad F.J., Jain G.K.,“The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy”, Fourth edition, Published by CBS publishers.
23. Advantages
Enhanced mixing efficiency by
promoting turbulence and
disrupting laminar flow.
Reduction of dead zones or
stagnant regions.
Increased surface area.
Disadvantages
Pressure drop in the system due
to the presence of obstacles
(baffles) within the flow path.
Maintenance and cleaning
problems.
Risk of blockage.
23
24. APPLICATIONS
Baffled pipes are extensively used in chemical processing industries for mixing
different chemicals, reagents, or reactants.
In biopharmaceutical manufacturing processes, baffled pipes are used for the
mixing of cell cultures, media, and bioreactor contents.
Used in chemical reactors to enhance mixing and reaction kinetics.
24
25. SEMI-SOLID MIXERS
The mechanism involved in mixing semisolids depends on the characteristic of the
material which may show a considerable variation.
Powder
state
Pellet
state
Plastic
state
Sticky
state
Liquid
state
Mixing of the plastic
material is facilitated by the
application of shear forces.
25
Khar R.K.,Vyas S.P., Ahmad F.J., Jain G.K.,“The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy”, Fourth edition, Published by CBS publishers.
26. BATCH MIXING
1. SIGMA BLADE MIXER
Principle
Sigma blade mixer involved shearing which is produced by inter-meshing sigma
shaped blades which promotes both lateral and transverse motion of the
material.
The geometry and profile of the sigma blade are designed such that the viscous
mass of material is pulled, sheared, compressed, kneaded, and folded by the
action of the blades against the walls of the mixer trough.
26
Khar R.K.,Vyas S.P., Ahmad F.J., Jain G.K.,“The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy”, Fourth edition, Published by CBS publishers.
27. WORKING OF SIGMA BLADE MIXER
Materials are loaded through the top of the trough to typically 40 to 65
% of the mixer’s total volumetric capacity.
The blades move at a different speed using the drive system.
The material moves up, down and shears between the blades and the
wall of the trough.
The equipment is also attached to the perforated blades to break lumps
and aggregates.
The discharge of the material is either by tilting the mixing vessel,
through the bottom discharge valve, or through a discharge screw.
The homogeneous mixture is obtained within 10 to 30 min with a mixing
homogeneity of up to 99%.
27
28. Advantages
The sigma blade mixer leaves
fewer dead spots during mixing
operations.
It is ideal for mixing and
kneading highly viscous mass
and sticky products.
Disadvantages
Power consumption is very high
compared to other types of
mixers.
Requires more space for
installation.
Requires proper blade speed
adjustments.
28
29. APPLICATIONS
The sigma blade mixer is a commonly used mixer for high viscosity materials in
preparing emulsions, syrups, and ointments.
Sigma blade mixers are used for the wet granulation process in the manufacture
of tablets.
It is used for solid-liquid mixing as well as for solid-solid mixing.
29
30. 2. PLANETARY MIXER
Principle
The principle is based on the rotation of
planetary blades on their own axis while they
travel around the center of the mixing bowl
which ensures complete and effective mixing.
The mixing blades revolve in opposite
direction to sweep the entire circumference of
the vessel as well as rotate around its own axis.
30
Lachman L., Lieberman H.A., et al, “Pharmaceutical dosage forms: Tablets”, Volume 2, Second edition, Published by Marcel Dekker, Inc New York.
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31. WORKING OF PLANETARY MIXER
The material to be mixed is loaded in to the bowl.
The planetary motion of the beater enables faster and
better mixing of material in a considerably short time.
The operation at slow speed is suitable for dry mixing
with less dust generation and faster speed for kneading
operation during wet granulation.
After the mixing is completed, the bowl is lowered and can
be easily detached and removed from the mixer assembly.
The mixed contents are discharged either by hand
scooping or through a bottom discharge valve.
31
32. Advantages
There are virtually no dead
spaces in the mixing bowl.
Homogenous mixing with
uniform consistency.
By the operation of Planetary
mixer the wastage of particles
is minimum.
Disadvantages
It generates heat which may be
unsuitable for proper mixing.
When handling high viscosity materials
the energy required is more.
High maintenance due to moving
part.
32
Lachman L., Lieberman H.A., et al, “Pharmaceutical dosage forms: Tablets”, Volume 2, Second edition, Published by Marcel Dekker, Inc New York.
33. APPLICATIONS
Planetary mixers are used for wet/dry solid-solid materials mixing.
It is used for the dry powder to wet phase mixing for wet granulation.
In pharmaceutical and chemical industries the function of planetary mixer is the
mixing of various ingredients to form lotions, creams, emulsion, paste and semisolid
mixture.
33
34. CONTINUOUS MIXING
1. ROLLER MILL
Principle
The principle of the roller mill is breaking and
crushing actions are achieved mechanically with the
application of pressure.
Stress is applied by rotating heavy corrugated
wheels (mullers or rollers).
34
Khar R.K.,Vyas S.P., Ahmad F.J., Jain G.K.,“The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy”, Fourth edition, Published by CBS publishers.
35. Working
The material passes from the hopper A,
between rolls B and C, and is reduced in size
in the process.
The gap between rolls C and D, which is
usually less than that between B and C,
further crushes and smoothens the mixture,
which adheres to the roll C.
A scraper E, is arranged so as to continuously
remove the mixed material from the roller D.
35
Khar R.K.,Vyas S.P., Ahmad F.J., Jain G.K.,“The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy”, Fourth edition, Published by CBS publishers.
36. Advantages
Produce more uniform, fewer
fines, and oversized particles
when it comes to product quality.
Generates less heat.
Less moisture loss.
Low machine noises level.
Disadvantages
Additional operator inputs are
required since the rolls need to
be adjusted to suit grind
requirements.
36
37. APPLICATIONS
Used in the pharmaceutical industry for size reduction of active pharmaceutical
ingredients (APIs) and excipients.
Roller mills are used for grinding rubber compounds, plastics, and polymers into
fine powders or pellets.
Roller mills are utilized in the chemical industry for grinding and pulverizing various
chemicals, minerals, and pigments.
37
38. 2. COLLOID MILL
Principle
The colloidal mill works on Shearing by using a rotor/
stator.
Construction
To feed the material hopper is used, which is
attached to the rotor and Stator assembly.
Rotors and Stators used for Shearing the mixture.
Motor assembly to rotate.
A discharge point for outlets the mixture.
38
Khar R.K.,Vyas S.P., Ahmad F.J., Jain G.K.,“The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy”, Fourth edition, Published by CBS publishers.
39. Working
The liquid containing solid particles is put into the hopper.
A suspension or liquid passes through the moving part (Rotor)
and Non-Moving (Stator), which causes a high shearing force
between the two narrow gaps.
Shear stress force can be reduced or increased by changing the
gap (50 to 1000 mm) and by changing rotor speed (1000 to
25000 rpm), but in most cases the speed is 2000 to 18000 rpm.
The liquid mixture continuously flows through these two-part and
makes it homogeneous, then finally drains out through the outlet.
39
40. Advantages
The machine is self-draining.
High capacity and minimal
requirements.
Low machine noise level.
Disadvantages
It has no wide application in
solids.
Wear of the rotating plates.
No fine grinding.
Consumes energy though still
dependent on some factors.
40
41. APPLICATIONS
It is used for the formation of homogeneous mixtures, suspensions, and emulsions
in pharmaceuticals, especially for tablet coating solutions.
Its capabilities to produce a high suspension by reduced Particle size up to 3
microns.
Colloid mills are employed in the chemical industry for the dispersion and size
reduction of various materials, including pigments, dyes and resins.
41
42. SOLID MIXERS
Mechanisms of
solid mixing
Convective mixing
The movement of groups of
adjacent particles from one
place to another within the
mixture.
Shear mixing
The change in the
configuration of ingredients
through the formation of slip
planes in the mixture.
Diffusive mixing
The redistribution of particles
by the random movement of
particles relative one to the
other.
42
Lachman L., Lieberman H.A., et al, “Pharmaceutical dosage forms: Tablets”, Volume 2, Second edition, Published by Marcel Dekker, Inc New York.
43. BATCH MIXING
1. TUMBLERS
A tumbling mixer consists of a container of the one of several geometric forms, which
is mounted so that it can be rotated about an axis to cause movement of the material
in all planes, which is necessary for rapid overall mixing.
Various types of tumblers with different geometric shapes such as:
a) Twin-shell
b) Double-cone
c) Drum
d) Cube
e) Slant double cone 43
Khar R.K.,Vyas S.P., Ahmad F.J., Jain G.K.,“The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy”, Fourth edition, Published by CBS publishers.
44. 44
GRADES OF STEEL USED IN MANUFACTURING OF EQUIPMENT
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45. a). Twin shell V-blender
Principle
The working principle involved in twin shell blender is tumbling and cascade
action.
Working
V-blenders should be filled to a volume between 50 and 60% of their
entire capacity.
Tumbling occurs when the blender is rotated. The V-blender continuously
separates and recombines the material as it tumbles.
Continual convergence and divergence between the material and the
blender results in homogenous mixing.
A blend is usually completed in between 5 and 15 minutes depending on
the properties of a material being blended.
45
Lachman L., Lieberman H.A., et al, “Pharmaceutical dosage forms: Tablets”, Volume 2, Second edition, Published by Marcel Dekker, Inc New York.
46. APPLICATIONS
V blenders used in dry mixing of
solids, delivering efficient blending
in a short span of time.
V blenders are widely used in the
food industry for products such as
dry flavors, spices, and baby foods.
46
Paul E.L., Kresta S.M., et al., “Handbook of Industrial mixing”, Published by John Wiley & sons, Hoboken, New Jersey.
47. b). Double cone blender
Principle
The working principle involved in Double cone blender is also
tumbling and cascade action.
Working
The powder is filled up to two third of volume of blender to ensure
proper mixing.
The rate of rotation should be 30-100 revolutions per minute.
On rotation mixing occurs due to tumbling motion. The product can be
discharged from the bottom of the equipment.
The mixing tank can be slanted freely at the angle of 0° to 360°
degrees for discharging and cleaning purposes.
47
Khar R.K.,Vyas S.P., Ahmad F.J., Jain G.K.,“The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy”, Fourth edition, Published by CBS publishers.
48. APPLICATIONS
For mixing dry powder and granules for
tablets and capsules formulations.
In the cosmetic industry it is used for blending
powders, pigments, fragrances, and other
cosmetic ingredients.
It can also be used for pharmaceutical industry,
food industry, chemical process industry etc.
48
Paul E.L., Kresta S.M., et al., “Handbook of Industrial mixing”, Published by John Wiley & sons, Hoboken, New Jersey.
49. c). Slant double cone blender
Principle
The working principle involved in slant double cone
blender is tumbling and cascade action.
Working
Its working is similar to the double cone mixer only
difference is the slant design.
The slant double cone design eliminates dead spots which
occasionally occur in conventional double cone mixer.
49
Khar R.K.,Vyas S.P., Ahmad F.J., Jain G.K.,“The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy”, Fourth edition, Published by CBS publishers.
50. Advantages
Minimal attrition when blending
fragile granules.
Large capacity equipment
available.
Easy to load and unload.
Minimal maintenance.
Disadvantages
High head space needed for installation
(particularly with V-shaped mixers).
Tumbling type blenders not suitable for
fine particulate system.
Advantages and disadvantages of V-shaped, Double cone and slant double
cone mixers.
50
Lachman L., Lieberman H.A., et al, “Pharmaceutical dosage forms: Tablets”, Volume 2, Second edition, Published by Marcel Dekker, Inc New York.
51. 2. AGITATOR MIXERS
Agitator mixers employ a stationary container to hold the material and bring about mixing
by means of moving screws, paddles, or blades.
These mixers do not depend entirely on gravity.
The high shear forces that are set up are effective in breaking up lumps or aggregates.
Well-known mixers of this type include the following:
a) Ribbon mixer
b) Planetary mixer
c) Nauta mixer
d) Fluidized mixer
51
52. a). Ribbon blender
Principle
The principle involved in ribbon blender is shear, which is supplied to the material (powder bed) by the
rotating blades.
Along with shear, convective mixing also occurs.
High shear forces are developed which break the lumps and aggregates.
52
Paul E.L., Kresta S.M., et al., “Handbook of Industrial mixing”, Published by John Wiley & sons, Hoboken, New Jersey.
53. Working
The feed material is charged in the blender through nozzles or feed-
hoppers mounted on the top cover of the blender.
The material is loaded by typically filling 40 and 70 % of the total
volume of the container.
The ribbon agitator is designed to operate at a peripheral speed
(also known as tip speed) of approximately 100 m/min.
As a result of the radial and the counter-current axial movement,
homogenous blending is achieved within 15 – 20 min of start-up
with a 90 – 95 % or better homogeneity.
After blending, the material is discharged from a discharge valve
located at the bottom of the trough.
53
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7q6im8ZsZCNIQ4&ust=1686672342080000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CBEQjRxqFwoTCMj29aCOvv8CFQAAAAAdAAAAABAE
54. Advantages
The rate of shear can be
increased with the help of
perforated blades.
Require less space.
Low mixing time.
Disadvantages
Formation of dead spots
(unmixed areas) may occur.
Produces less shearing force
compared to planetary mixer.
It has fixed speed drive.
54
55. APPLICATIONS
Ribbon blender is used for mixing solids containing fine particles, wet masses,
plastic solids, fibrous and sticky material.
It is also used for mixing solids having uniform density and particle size.
55
56. b). Nauta mixer
Principle
The principle involved in nauta mixer is convective mixing.
Working
The nauta mixer consists of the vertical cone shape of the vessel
inside which the screw is mounted upon the central arm.
The screw rotates at very high speed around 70 to 80 RPM and
rotates inside the periphery of the vessel, while the central arm
rotates at a very low speed around 1 to 2 RPM.
This rotation creates the convective action of mixing of raw materials
inside the cone shape mixing vessel.
56
Khar R.K.,Vyas S.P., Ahmad F.J., Jain G.K.,“The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy”, Fourth edition, Published by CBS publishers.
57. Advantages
Require less floor space.
Fast mixing time.
Minimum heat generation.
Self emptying with minimum
product retention.
Disadvantages
High maintenance.
Require computational demand.
57
58. APPLICATIONS
Mixing and homogenization of powders, pastes and slurries.
Vacuum drying of pastes and slurries.
Granulation or agglomeration of powders by the addition of a binder liquid.
Reaction under vacuum or pressure conditions.
58
59. c). Fluidized mixer
Principle
The air movement is used for mixing powders. Air is
admitted at its base at an angle which gives tumbling
action and spiral movements to the powder.
Construction
It consists of stationary vessel which may be horizontal
or vertical which is made up of stainless steel.
A wire mesh is placed at the bottom of the vessel which
acts as support for placing the materials.
Air is allowed from beneath the mesh and circulated by
using a fan.
59
Khar R.K.,Vyas S.P., Ahmad F.J., Jain G.K.,“The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy”, Fourth edition, Published by CBS publishers.
60. Advantages
Reduced mixing time.
Mixing is efficient.
Useful for drying.
Also useful for coating with some
modifications.
Disadvantages
Noise and vibration.
Limited power range.
Dependence on Compressed Air
Supply.
60
61. APPLICATIONS
Used in the chemical industry for blending and mixing chemicals, including
powders, dyes, pigments, and additives.
Fluidized mixers find application in the blending and granulation of nutraceuticals,
herbal extracts, and dietary supplements.
In blending and coating of fertilizers, pesticides, and agricultural additives.
61
62. 3. Processors or Rapid mixer granulator
Rapid mixture granulator (RMG) is used in
agitation, and shear mixing (to break internal
molecular force).
The components of RMG are highly responsible
for the wet granulation process are:
1. Cylindrical or conical mixing bowl
2. Three-bladed impeller
3. Chopper
62
Litster J., Ennis B., “The Science and engineering of granulation process”, Chapter 10, Volume 15, Published by Springer.
63. The impeller blade rotates at speeds ranging from 60 RPM to 800 RPM in anti-
clockwise direction.
Most designs incorporate an off center chopper rotating at very high speed (500 to
3500 RPM).
These mixer granulators range in scale from 10 litres to 1200 litres and typical batch
time are of the order of 5 minutes.
Batch high shear mixers can be further divided into two categories:
i. Vertical shaft: Diosna, Gral
ii. Horizontal shaft: Lodige
63
64. i. Vertical shaft
Diosna mixer granulator
It is type of high-speed powder mixer and
processor.
The mixer utilizes a bowl mounted in the vertical
position, a highspeed mixer blade that revolves
around the bottom of the bowl and a high-speed
chopper blade, which functions as a lump and
agglomerate breaker.
64
Khar R.K.,Vyas S.P., Ahmad F.J., Jain G.K.,“The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy”, Fourth edition, Published by CBS publishers.
65. Gral mixer granulator
This equipment is a modification of the industrial
planetary mixers.
The difference between them is the new unit contains two
mixing devices (larger mixing blade & chopper blade
system).
A large mixing arm is shaped to the rounded configuration
of the bowl and provides the large-scale mixing motion to
the powder.
A smaller chopper blade enters off-center from the mixing
arm and is located above it.
65
Khar R.K.,Vyas S.P., Ahmad F.J., Jain G.K.,“The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy”, Fourth edition, Published by CBS publishers.
66. ii. Horizontal shaft
Lodige mixer granulator
Lodige mixer consists of a horizontal cylindrical shell
equipped with a series of plow-shaped mixing
tools and high-speed blending chopper(s)
assemblies mounted at the rear of the mixer.
In operation, the plow-shaped mixing tools revolved
at variable speeds to maintain the contents of the
mixer in an essentially fluidized condition.
Provide a high-volume rate of transfer of material
back and forth across the blender.
66
Khar R.K.,Vyas S.P., Ahmad F.J., Jain G.K.,“The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy”, Fourth edition, Published by CBS publishers.
67. The Lodige mixer was one of the first high-shear powder blender capable of rapidly
blending pharmaceutical powders and wet massing within the same equipment.
With some formulations, the equipment may also be capable of producing
agglomerated granular particles that are ready for fluidized bed or other drying
methods without further processing.
67
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68. Advantages
Requires less binder solution.
Faster granulation.
Production of less friable
granulation.
Uniform particle size distribution.
Reduce dust generation.
Disadvantages
High maintenance and operating costs.
Granules are less spherical than
tumbling granulators.
Difficult to scale and maintain product
attributes.
Advantages and disadvantages of mixer granulators
68
Paul E.L., Kresta S.M., et al., “Handbook of Industrial mixing”, Published by John Wiley & sons, Hoboken, New Jersey.
69. APPLICATIONS
Used in the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry for mixing different ingredients
for making tablets, and granules.
Mixing and manufacture of different chemical ingredients in chemical industries.
Mixing equipment for the manufacturing of different cosmetic products.
Rapid mixer granulator is used for mixing and blending different food products in
food industries.
69
Paul E.L., Kresta S.M., et al., “Handbook of Industrial mixing”, Published by John Wiley & sons, Hoboken, New Jersey.
70. CONTINUOUS MIXING
Barrel type continuous mixer
Barrel type continuous mixer is based on the principle
of tumbling motion.
The presence of baffles further enhances the
mixing.
When the material approaches the midpoint of the
shell, a set of baffles causes a part of the material
to move inlet end, allowing remaining part to move
forward.
70
Khar R.K.,Vyas S.P., Ahmad F.J., Jain G.K.,“The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy”, Fourth edition, Published by CBS publishers.
71. Zig-zag continuous blender
It consists of several “V”-shaped blenders
connected in series.
When the blender is inverted, the material
splits into two portions, one-half of the
material moves backwards, while the other
moves forward.
In each rotation, a part of the material
moves towards the discharge end.
71
Khar R.K.,Vyas S.P., Ahmad F.J., Jain G.K.,“The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy”, Fourth edition, Published by CBS publishers.
72. REFERENCES
Khar R.K., Vyas S.P., Ahmad F.J., Jain G.K., “The Theory and Practice of Industrial
Pharmacy”, Fourth edition, Published by CBS publishers.
Lachman L., Lieberman H.A., et al, “Pharmaceutical dosage forms: Tablets”, Volume
2, Second edition, Published by Marcel Dekker, Inc New York.
Paul E.L., Kresta S.M., et al., “Handbook of Industrial mixing”, Published by John
Wiley & sons, Hoboken, New Jersey.
Litster J., Ennis B., “The Science and engineering of granulation process”, Chapter
10, Volume 15, Published by Springer.
72