Three key elements are needed for a fire: fuel, air, and heat. Heat can transfer through conduction, convection, or radiation. The temperature and color of a fire's flames provide information about how hot it is, with blue/violet flames being the hottest. A fire burns as air flows in, is heated, and rises, pulling more air in behind it. Fires can be extinguished by removing fuel, oxygen, or heat, or by using fire suppression methods like cooling, smothering, or starvation. Proper precautions and fire safety practices can help prevent fires.
The document defines combustion as a chemical process where a substance reacts with oxygen in air to produce heat and light. There are several types of combustion described, including spontaneous, rapid, complete, and incomplete combustion as well as explosions. Rapid combustion occurs when a substance burns quickly, producing heat and flame, often with the introduction of external heat. Incomplete combustion results in only partial burning of a fuel due to a lack of oxygen or low temperature, producing carbon monoxide. For combustion to occur, there must be a combustible substance, a supply of oxygen (air), and enough heat to raise the substance to its ignition temperature.
This document discusses methods for preventing and controlling spontaneous combustion of coal seams. It begins by defining spontaneous combustion as the self-heating of coal or other carbonaceous matter resulting in ignition without external heat. Factors that can lead to spontaneous combustion include the rank, temperature, and available air of the coal as well as geological and mining conditions. Early symptoms include a faint haze and odors, while later stages produce stronger odors. Detection methods include indirect monitoring of gases like radon and direct measurement of temperature and gases. Control methods include using chemical extinguishers, applying water, infusing inert materials, sealing fires, and adjusting ventilation. Advancements in technology are still needed to better apply these prevention and control techniques.
This document discusses hot surface ignition of combustible fuels. It begins with an introduction explaining how fuel leakage onto hot surfaces can cause aviation and industrial fires. It then provides background on key concepts like auto ignition temperature (AIT), thermal ignition, and hot surface ignition temperature (HSIT). The mechanism of ignition involves both boiling modes (nucleate, transition, and film boiling) and ignition modes (hood fires, gutter fires, and airborne fires). Experimental techniques like the ASTM E659 standard and factors affecting HSIT are also reviewed. Overall, the document aims to build understanding of the process and conditions governing hot surface ignition, which occurs at higher temperatures than AIT due to heat and vapor losses.
• Explain the theories underlying combustion processes
• Describe how fire researchers have identified combustion processes using a variety of different classifications
• Provide a description of the stages and events of fire as it progresses from the initial stage to its final stage
• Explain the causes of flame over, flashover, and backdraft and review the procedures to prevent and protect against such events
• Describe the various methods by which heat and unburned gases move in a confined environment
• Define the five classes of fires and explain how they are classified
• Review and examine the basic components of the fire extinguishment process
• Review the five basic classifications of fire and explain the various types of agents used to extinguish or control fires in these five classifications
• Examine in detail the variety of agents used for fire extinguishment and explain the application methods for each of these agents
• Identify and explain the benefits of using the latest technological advances in fire extinguishing agents such as compressed air foam and ultrafine water mist systems
The attached Fire Safety Manual gives details about details about the fire safety in workplace. It spells out the types of fire, types of fire extinguishers and measures to take for avoiding fire accidents. Further to that, it also explains in detail about steps to take in case of fire.
This document discusses fire and explosions from both mechanical and chemical perspectives. It begins with an introduction to the three main types of explosions: mechanical, nuclear, and chemical. It then focuses on mechanical explosions, describing them as physical processes caused by a buildup of pressure, like in a boiler. Next, it covers chemical explosions in depth, defining the characteristics of explosives, discussing different types of chemical reactions that can cause explosions, and providing examples. It also addresses multiphase reactions and transport effects that are important to explosions.
Three key elements are needed for a fire: fuel, air, and heat. Heat can transfer through conduction, convection, or radiation. The temperature and color of a fire's flames provide information about how hot it is, with blue/violet flames being the hottest. A fire burns as air flows in, is heated, and rises, pulling more air in behind it. Fires can be extinguished by removing fuel, oxygen, or heat, or by using fire suppression methods like cooling, smothering, or starvation. Proper precautions and fire safety practices can help prevent fires.
The document defines combustion as a chemical process where a substance reacts with oxygen in air to produce heat and light. There are several types of combustion described, including spontaneous, rapid, complete, and incomplete combustion as well as explosions. Rapid combustion occurs when a substance burns quickly, producing heat and flame, often with the introduction of external heat. Incomplete combustion results in only partial burning of a fuel due to a lack of oxygen or low temperature, producing carbon monoxide. For combustion to occur, there must be a combustible substance, a supply of oxygen (air), and enough heat to raise the substance to its ignition temperature.
This document discusses methods for preventing and controlling spontaneous combustion of coal seams. It begins by defining spontaneous combustion as the self-heating of coal or other carbonaceous matter resulting in ignition without external heat. Factors that can lead to spontaneous combustion include the rank, temperature, and available air of the coal as well as geological and mining conditions. Early symptoms include a faint haze and odors, while later stages produce stronger odors. Detection methods include indirect monitoring of gases like radon and direct measurement of temperature and gases. Control methods include using chemical extinguishers, applying water, infusing inert materials, sealing fires, and adjusting ventilation. Advancements in technology are still needed to better apply these prevention and control techniques.
This document discusses hot surface ignition of combustible fuels. It begins with an introduction explaining how fuel leakage onto hot surfaces can cause aviation and industrial fires. It then provides background on key concepts like auto ignition temperature (AIT), thermal ignition, and hot surface ignition temperature (HSIT). The mechanism of ignition involves both boiling modes (nucleate, transition, and film boiling) and ignition modes (hood fires, gutter fires, and airborne fires). Experimental techniques like the ASTM E659 standard and factors affecting HSIT are also reviewed. Overall, the document aims to build understanding of the process and conditions governing hot surface ignition, which occurs at higher temperatures than AIT due to heat and vapor losses.
• Explain the theories underlying combustion processes
• Describe how fire researchers have identified combustion processes using a variety of different classifications
• Provide a description of the stages and events of fire as it progresses from the initial stage to its final stage
• Explain the causes of flame over, flashover, and backdraft and review the procedures to prevent and protect against such events
• Describe the various methods by which heat and unburned gases move in a confined environment
• Define the five classes of fires and explain how they are classified
• Review and examine the basic components of the fire extinguishment process
• Review the five basic classifications of fire and explain the various types of agents used to extinguish or control fires in these five classifications
• Examine in detail the variety of agents used for fire extinguishment and explain the application methods for each of these agents
• Identify and explain the benefits of using the latest technological advances in fire extinguishing agents such as compressed air foam and ultrafine water mist systems
The attached Fire Safety Manual gives details about details about the fire safety in workplace. It spells out the types of fire, types of fire extinguishers and measures to take for avoiding fire accidents. Further to that, it also explains in detail about steps to take in case of fire.
This document discusses fire and explosions from both mechanical and chemical perspectives. It begins with an introduction to the three main types of explosions: mechanical, nuclear, and chemical. It then focuses on mechanical explosions, describing them as physical processes caused by a buildup of pressure, like in a boiler. Next, it covers chemical explosions in depth, defining the characteristics of explosives, discussing different types of chemical reactions that can cause explosions, and providing examples. It also addresses multiphase reactions and transport effects that are important to explosions.
Fire in coal bunker ,silo thermal power plant Santosh Pardhi
1. Coal stored in silos can spontaneously combust over time due to oxidation processes, generating heat. If not properly managed, this can lead to coal fires in the silo.
2. There are three stages of oxidation - intrinsic, surface, and general oxidation - which cause coal to heat up over time when exposed to oxygen. As temperature increases, the rate of oxidation accelerates.
3. To control fires, inerting the coal with carbon dioxide vapors is widely used. The CO2 displaces oxygen and cools the coal by filling void spaces between particles. This reduces oxygen levels and heat generation to extinguish the fire over time.
These slides are about coal preservation. Why is it lost when left in the open?... Why sometimes it catches fires? How to store it and what to do in case a fire erupts.
When coal exposes to air it undergoes Oxidation which gives out various gases such as carbon monoxide, methane etc. along with the evaluation of heat. the reaction takes place even at normal atmospheric temperature but when the temperature and the heat evolved reached ignition temperature of coal, coal catches fire.
Research and development on explosion and prevention of explosions in minesJayachandra Jitendra
This document discusses explosions in mines and measures to prevent them. It describes the mechanisms of explosions, including the necessary elements of fuel, oxygen, an ignition source, and a chemical chain reaction. The main types of explosions in mines are methane explosions, coal dust explosions, and rare water gas explosions. Prevention strategies include developing an explosion protection plan, implementing explosion control measures like zoning, selecting appropriate equipment, and controlling ignition sources through practices like degassing operations.
The document discusses the chemistry of fire, including the fire triangle of oxygen, fuel, and heat required to start a fire. It explains the four classes of fires based on the type of fuel (A, B, C, D) and defines key terms like pyrolysis, combustion, activation energy, and chain reaction. Fire spread occurs primarily through conduction, convection and radiation. As the fire grows, it can lead to a flashover where the flames spread rapidly to involve the entire compartment.
Mine fires pose serious safety and economic risks. The main cause of mine fires in India is spontaneous combustion of coal seams, while in the US it is more often due to welding or cutting operations. Early detection is important, as fires are easier to contain when found early. Common detection methods include monitoring for smoke, temperature changes, or gas levels. Once detected, fires can be fought by removing oxygen, fuel, or heat - for example through sealing areas, applying inert gases, or using water to absorb heat. Advanced technology continues to improve detection and firefighting methods.
The document discusses cargo tank atmospheres and the hazards associated with them. It notes that cargo tanks are enclosed spaces that can accumulate dangerous gases if not properly ventilated. The main hazards are fires and health issues caused by oxygen deficiency, flammable vapors, and toxic gases. Proper inerting of tanks by reducing oxygen levels below combustion thresholds is key to preventing fires. Various operations like loading, discharging, and cleaning can affect tank atmospheres, so continuous monitoring and control through inert gas systems is important for safety. Dilution and displacement methods are used to replace tank atmospheres during purging and gas freeing operations.
Detection and prevention of spontaneous combustionSujit Surendran
"Coal Mining Industry has faced heavy losses due to spontaneous combustion of coal. The paper here presents the history , Literature review and attempts made to mitigate and detect it in India.
fire extinguisher complete details used in IndiaMohitPahal4
Fire requires heat, fuel and an oxidizer to occur in a chain reaction. There are different classes of fire based on the type of fuel. Fire can be extinguished by removing heat, oxygen or fuel or inhibiting the chain reaction. Different types of fire extinguishers use water, dry chemical powder, foam or carbon dioxide to extinguish different classes of fire by cooling, smothering, starving or inhibiting the fire. Proper use and maintenance of extinguishers along with safety precautions and emergency procedures are important for fire safety.
Evaluating Proper Location for Fire Hydrants on Main Roadmmurtazaali504
Safety from fire hazards is necessary for the sake of life and financial assets , for which Fire risk management is recommended .
Increase in population also increases the no of vehicles used for transportation and automatically road fire accidents also take place due to number of factors.
For such road fire accidents , fire risk management is necessary and here in Pakistan there is not that much effective and efficient method for fire risk management , which gives quick response to the fire incident.
So for more effective and efficient fire risk management for road fire accident , a fire hydrant system installation is recommended.
The case study is done for University Road Peshawar , where the traffic is at its peak due to which the response to fire road accidents and mitigation is not done on time because the fire brigades from rescue department 1122 located on Mall Road cant reach on time to the fire incident site which results in fatalities.
This document provides information on fire safety procedures and fire extinguisher use. It discusses the fire triangle, classifications of fuels, types of fire extinguishers, and how to operate them. The PASS method is outlined for using a fire extinguisher: Pull the pin, Aim at the base of the fire, Squeeze the handle, Sweep from side to side. Proper inspection and recharging of extinguishers is also covered.
Firefighting systems use various methods to detect and suppress fires. They include sprinklers, hydrants, detectors, and dry or wet risers. Sprinklers have fusible links or frangible bulbs that open at a specific heat to discharge water. Hydrants provide water for hoses. Heat detectors sense rapid temperature increases while smoke detectors use photoelectric or ionizing methods. Dry risers are unpressurized and rely on fire engines while wet risers remain charged with water. Together, these systems aim to quickly detect fires and control water distribution to limit damage.
The document discusses blasting techniques used in mining and quarrying operations. It begins by outlining the objectives of blasting rock, which is to break it into smaller pieces for extraction or create space. It then describes different types of explosions before discussing explosives and how they function in detonation versus deflagration. The document provides information on properties of explosives, classifications of explosives including industrial, conventional, and permissible types. It also covers initiating systems like primers, boosters, electric and non-electric detonators. Finally, it discusses concepts important for blast design like burden, spacing, stemming, and decking.
This document describes a new fire safety system for metro tunnels called Impulse Storm-S. It provides a pulverized mixture of water, foam concentrate, and inert gas that can safely extinguish electrical fires. Standard fire extinguishers are ineffective in metro tunnels due to the risk of electric shock and limited reach. The Impulse Storm-S system addresses this by emitting an ultrafine water mist that is electrically safe. It has been successfully implemented in the metro systems of several cities and certified for use.
This document discusses several major industrial accidents involving fires, explosions, and toxic releases from process plants. It begins by describing the 1984 Bhopal disaster in India, where a leak of methyl isocyanate gas from a Union Carbide plant killed thousands. Subsequent sections provide details on additional accidents, including the Piper Alpha oil rig fire in 1988 and the BP Texas City refinery explosion in 2005. The document outlines common hazards in process industries like fires, explosions, and toxic releases, and describes phenomena that can cause accidents such as vapor cloud explosions and BLEVE (boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion) events.
Fire is a chemical reaction that requires heat, fuel, and oxygen. There are various ways fires can spread through convection, conduction, and radiation. Fires are classified based on the type of fuel as Class A (solid fuels), Class B (liquid fuels), Class C (gas fuels), Class D (metal fires), and Class E (electrical fires). Fires can be extinguished through starvation, smothering, or cooling. Different types of fire extinguishers include water, powder, foam, and CO2 extinguishers. Personal protective equipment is required for fire safety training and responding to fires.
Fire Hazrds-Chapter 20 final (1).pptx presentationsaloni20502
A source of ignition, such as a spark or open flame, or a sufficiently high temperature is needed.
Ignition temperature or combustion point is the temperature at which a given fuel can burst into flame.
A fire hazard is any condition that can cause a fire or make a fire burn more intensely. The three elements needed for a fire are heat, fuel, and oxygen. Fires are classified into different categories based on the type of fuel involved. Common fire hazards include electrical issues, lightning strikes, flammable gases or liquids, and hot surfaces. Smoke detectors, heat detectors, and flame detectors can help detect fires. It's important to only fight small fires if it's safe to do so and know how to properly use a fire extinguisher; otherwise call the fire department and evacuate the area.
A fire hazard is any condition that can cause a fire or make a fire burn more intensely. The three elements needed for a fire are heat, fuel, and oxygen. Fires are classified into different categories (A, B, C, D, K) based on the type of fuel. Proper fire safety involves identifying potential ignition sources and fuels, using the correct type of fire extinguisher, and having fire alarms and evacuation plans in place.
Fire in coal bunker ,silo thermal power plant Santosh Pardhi
1. Coal stored in silos can spontaneously combust over time due to oxidation processes, generating heat. If not properly managed, this can lead to coal fires in the silo.
2. There are three stages of oxidation - intrinsic, surface, and general oxidation - which cause coal to heat up over time when exposed to oxygen. As temperature increases, the rate of oxidation accelerates.
3. To control fires, inerting the coal with carbon dioxide vapors is widely used. The CO2 displaces oxygen and cools the coal by filling void spaces between particles. This reduces oxygen levels and heat generation to extinguish the fire over time.
These slides are about coal preservation. Why is it lost when left in the open?... Why sometimes it catches fires? How to store it and what to do in case a fire erupts.
When coal exposes to air it undergoes Oxidation which gives out various gases such as carbon monoxide, methane etc. along with the evaluation of heat. the reaction takes place even at normal atmospheric temperature but when the temperature and the heat evolved reached ignition temperature of coal, coal catches fire.
Research and development on explosion and prevention of explosions in minesJayachandra Jitendra
This document discusses explosions in mines and measures to prevent them. It describes the mechanisms of explosions, including the necessary elements of fuel, oxygen, an ignition source, and a chemical chain reaction. The main types of explosions in mines are methane explosions, coal dust explosions, and rare water gas explosions. Prevention strategies include developing an explosion protection plan, implementing explosion control measures like zoning, selecting appropriate equipment, and controlling ignition sources through practices like degassing operations.
The document discusses the chemistry of fire, including the fire triangle of oxygen, fuel, and heat required to start a fire. It explains the four classes of fires based on the type of fuel (A, B, C, D) and defines key terms like pyrolysis, combustion, activation energy, and chain reaction. Fire spread occurs primarily through conduction, convection and radiation. As the fire grows, it can lead to a flashover where the flames spread rapidly to involve the entire compartment.
Mine fires pose serious safety and economic risks. The main cause of mine fires in India is spontaneous combustion of coal seams, while in the US it is more often due to welding or cutting operations. Early detection is important, as fires are easier to contain when found early. Common detection methods include monitoring for smoke, temperature changes, or gas levels. Once detected, fires can be fought by removing oxygen, fuel, or heat - for example through sealing areas, applying inert gases, or using water to absorb heat. Advanced technology continues to improve detection and firefighting methods.
The document discusses cargo tank atmospheres and the hazards associated with them. It notes that cargo tanks are enclosed spaces that can accumulate dangerous gases if not properly ventilated. The main hazards are fires and health issues caused by oxygen deficiency, flammable vapors, and toxic gases. Proper inerting of tanks by reducing oxygen levels below combustion thresholds is key to preventing fires. Various operations like loading, discharging, and cleaning can affect tank atmospheres, so continuous monitoring and control through inert gas systems is important for safety. Dilution and displacement methods are used to replace tank atmospheres during purging and gas freeing operations.
Detection and prevention of spontaneous combustionSujit Surendran
"Coal Mining Industry has faced heavy losses due to spontaneous combustion of coal. The paper here presents the history , Literature review and attempts made to mitigate and detect it in India.
fire extinguisher complete details used in IndiaMohitPahal4
Fire requires heat, fuel and an oxidizer to occur in a chain reaction. There are different classes of fire based on the type of fuel. Fire can be extinguished by removing heat, oxygen or fuel or inhibiting the chain reaction. Different types of fire extinguishers use water, dry chemical powder, foam or carbon dioxide to extinguish different classes of fire by cooling, smothering, starving or inhibiting the fire. Proper use and maintenance of extinguishers along with safety precautions and emergency procedures are important for fire safety.
Evaluating Proper Location for Fire Hydrants on Main Roadmmurtazaali504
Safety from fire hazards is necessary for the sake of life and financial assets , for which Fire risk management is recommended .
Increase in population also increases the no of vehicles used for transportation and automatically road fire accidents also take place due to number of factors.
For such road fire accidents , fire risk management is necessary and here in Pakistan there is not that much effective and efficient method for fire risk management , which gives quick response to the fire incident.
So for more effective and efficient fire risk management for road fire accident , a fire hydrant system installation is recommended.
The case study is done for University Road Peshawar , where the traffic is at its peak due to which the response to fire road accidents and mitigation is not done on time because the fire brigades from rescue department 1122 located on Mall Road cant reach on time to the fire incident site which results in fatalities.
This document provides information on fire safety procedures and fire extinguisher use. It discusses the fire triangle, classifications of fuels, types of fire extinguishers, and how to operate them. The PASS method is outlined for using a fire extinguisher: Pull the pin, Aim at the base of the fire, Squeeze the handle, Sweep from side to side. Proper inspection and recharging of extinguishers is also covered.
Firefighting systems use various methods to detect and suppress fires. They include sprinklers, hydrants, detectors, and dry or wet risers. Sprinklers have fusible links or frangible bulbs that open at a specific heat to discharge water. Hydrants provide water for hoses. Heat detectors sense rapid temperature increases while smoke detectors use photoelectric or ionizing methods. Dry risers are unpressurized and rely on fire engines while wet risers remain charged with water. Together, these systems aim to quickly detect fires and control water distribution to limit damage.
The document discusses blasting techniques used in mining and quarrying operations. It begins by outlining the objectives of blasting rock, which is to break it into smaller pieces for extraction or create space. It then describes different types of explosions before discussing explosives and how they function in detonation versus deflagration. The document provides information on properties of explosives, classifications of explosives including industrial, conventional, and permissible types. It also covers initiating systems like primers, boosters, electric and non-electric detonators. Finally, it discusses concepts important for blast design like burden, spacing, stemming, and decking.
This document describes a new fire safety system for metro tunnels called Impulse Storm-S. It provides a pulverized mixture of water, foam concentrate, and inert gas that can safely extinguish electrical fires. Standard fire extinguishers are ineffective in metro tunnels due to the risk of electric shock and limited reach. The Impulse Storm-S system addresses this by emitting an ultrafine water mist that is electrically safe. It has been successfully implemented in the metro systems of several cities and certified for use.
This document discusses several major industrial accidents involving fires, explosions, and toxic releases from process plants. It begins by describing the 1984 Bhopal disaster in India, where a leak of methyl isocyanate gas from a Union Carbide plant killed thousands. Subsequent sections provide details on additional accidents, including the Piper Alpha oil rig fire in 1988 and the BP Texas City refinery explosion in 2005. The document outlines common hazards in process industries like fires, explosions, and toxic releases, and describes phenomena that can cause accidents such as vapor cloud explosions and BLEVE (boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion) events.
Fire is a chemical reaction that requires heat, fuel, and oxygen. There are various ways fires can spread through convection, conduction, and radiation. Fires are classified based on the type of fuel as Class A (solid fuels), Class B (liquid fuels), Class C (gas fuels), Class D (metal fires), and Class E (electrical fires). Fires can be extinguished through starvation, smothering, or cooling. Different types of fire extinguishers include water, powder, foam, and CO2 extinguishers. Personal protective equipment is required for fire safety training and responding to fires.
Fire Hazrds-Chapter 20 final (1).pptx presentationsaloni20502
A source of ignition, such as a spark or open flame, or a sufficiently high temperature is needed.
Ignition temperature or combustion point is the temperature at which a given fuel can burst into flame.
A fire hazard is any condition that can cause a fire or make a fire burn more intensely. The three elements needed for a fire are heat, fuel, and oxygen. Fires are classified into different categories based on the type of fuel involved. Common fire hazards include electrical issues, lightning strikes, flammable gases or liquids, and hot surfaces. Smoke detectors, heat detectors, and flame detectors can help detect fires. It's important to only fight small fires if it's safe to do so and know how to properly use a fire extinguisher; otherwise call the fire department and evacuate the area.
A fire hazard is any condition that can cause a fire or make a fire burn more intensely. The three elements needed for a fire are heat, fuel, and oxygen. Fires are classified into different categories (A, B, C, D, K) based on the type of fuel. Proper fire safety involves identifying potential ignition sources and fuels, using the correct type of fire extinguisher, and having fire alarms and evacuation plans in place.
This document defines fire hazards and the fire triangle, which illustrates that a fire requires heat, fuel, and oxygen. It describes different classes of fires based on the type of fuel (A, B, C, D, K) and sources of fire hazards like electrical systems, lightning, flammable gases/liquids, and hot surfaces. The types of fire extinguishers and fire detection devices like smoke, heat, and flame detectors are also outlined. Guidelines are provided on when not to fight a fire and when to call for help versus attempting to extinguish small fires if it can be done safely. Proper fire safety practices involving equipment maintenance and evacuation plans in case of emergency are recommended.
This document discusses fire fighting and fire protection systems. It outlines the four elements of fire as fuel, oxygen, heat, and the chain reaction. It then describes different types of fire protection systems including sprinkler systems, fire hoses, valves, pipes, and pumps. Finally, it covers inspection and maintenance of fire protection systems such as fire department connections, main drains, and obstruction investigations.
Equipment failure, Failure rate, time dependent failure rate, confidence factor, mean time between failure, mean time to restore, relationship between MTBF, MTTR and failure rate. Probability of failure on demand. System Reliability engineering: Reliability block diagram, series and parallel configuration, fault tree analysis, Markov modeling, Markov solution technique
Fire is a rapid oxidation reaction that releases heat and light. It requires fuel, oxygen, and heat in a self-sustaining chain reaction known as the fire tetrahedron. There are different stages of a fire from ignition to growth to decay. Fires can be classified based on the type of fuel, such as class A for ordinary combustibles, class B for flammable liquids, and class C for energized electrical equipment. Each class requires specific extinguishing agents to safely put out the fire.
Atomic absorption spectroscopy requires atomization of samples into gaseous atoms. There are two main types of atomizers: continuous atomizers like flames and plasmas, and discrete atomizers like electrothermal atomizers. Samples are introduced continuously into continuous atomizers using nebulizers, which turn liquids into a fine mist. Electrothermal atomizers introduce small liquid samples discontinuously using an autosampler. Flames provide faster analysis but electrothermal atomizers can achieve lower detection limits. Monochromators like grating and prism monochromators are used to select specific wavelengths for analysis to improve sensitivity.
Shot firing the Plasco Building and Reasons for the collapseQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: With the advancement of science in all fields, particularly the discovery of electricity and gas, that created urban installations, plumbing and power plants with urban life of the people, along with all the advantages and comfort to the human race, had also associated risks. Among these are fire hazards. That this incident alone caused losses of life and property also and it can be imagined that in accompany of earthquakes and fires what kinds of the tragedy occurs. In this article, it can be attempted that first, to introduce Plasco Building and its history to speak briefly to explain the reasons for the collapse of this old and massive structures.
How to Manage Reception Report in Odoo 17Celine George
A business may deal with both sales and purchases occasionally. They buy things from vendors and then sell them to their customers. Such dealings can be confusing at times. Because multiple clients may inquire about the same product at the same time, after purchasing those products, customers must be assigned to them. Odoo has a tool called Reception Report that can be used to complete this assignment. By enabling this, a reception report comes automatically after confirming a receipt, from which we can assign products to orders.
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptxCapitolTechU
Slides from a Capitol Technology University webinar held June 20, 2024. The webinar featured Dr. Donovan Wright, presenting on the Department of Defense Digital Transformation.
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
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3. Simulation of LPG release
• The accident that occurred in the railway station of
Viareggio (Italy) on June 2009
• A freight train carrying LPG went of the rails, five out of
fourteen wagons are derailed and overturned
• A hole formed in the first tank car due to the impact with a
signaling stake
• The pressurized LPG was released as a two-phase jet
(liquid phase and dense gas)
• The liquid phase formed a boiling pool on the ballast
• The dense gas dispersed in the atmosphere
• The dense clouds spread and moved towards the
neighboring house then it was ignited and exploded.
• 31 people died and many people were injured in fire.
4. Qualitative description of the
Accident
• On June 29th
2009 at 11:48 pm a train loaded with LPG
went off the rails while it was crossing the station of
Viareggio.
• A tank wagon was damaged and the released LPG spread
around, finally exploded and burnt out.
• Thirty one people died and more than thirty people were
seriously injured.
• The train transported 14 cars with a nominal capacity of
110m3
and each loaded with 45 ton of LPG
• When the train came to the station the front axle of the
first wagon broke and the wagon went off the rails.
• The first car detached from the tractor, overturned, and
dragged nine more cars off the rails.
5. Qualitative description of the
Accident
• The first wagon, which derailed and overturned, was
dragged on the ballast, and crashed into a stake that was
embedded in the ground
• The impact of the tank with the stake produced a
longitudinal crack in the metal vessel about 40-50 cm long
and few cm wide.
• The drivers felt a strong jerk and they went to the window
and saw the first tank car gone off the rails.
• The drivers applied immediately the emergency brakes and
they could smell the gas.
• They had enough time to jump off the train and run away
from the LPG pools on the ballast.
6. Consequences of the
Derailment
• The pressurized LPG in the first car was released by the
hole, and started spreading and evaporating on the ballast.
• The surrounding population could hear a loud noise like a
gas emitted by a valve.
• The summer night was rather hot and the people, who lived
in the houses overlooking the station, went to the open
windows to see what was going on.
• They could see a white and short cloud of gas that was
moving towards their houses.
• Some people flew to the top storey of the building,although
many houses were two storied;
• some decided to pick up some personal belongings and
some smelt the gas and run away from home.
7. • safety distance between the railway line and the nearest
house as short as 10.44m
• Five houses collapsed due to inner explosions. Almost all
the remaining houses of Street burned due to the fire
• The fire produced by the spreading of LPG released by the
punctured wagon, could be noticed far away and exceeded
the electric grid with flame lengths as high as 20-25 m.
• Fourteen people died immediately: some under the collapse
of buildings; some due to the toxic substances released by
the fire of their houses.
• Finally, there were 31 fatalities and the last person died
exactly two months after the accident
• The overall damages that involved the population and the
infrastructures were valued 32 M€.
• The consequences of the accident would have been even
worse if the stationmaster had not stopped two passenger
trains that were arriving in Viareggio a few minutes later
8. Accident Modeling
• The release of liquid propane from the crack in the tank
• The flash of the liquid jet in the atmosphere
• The spreading and boiling of the LPG pool on the ballast;
• The dispersion of vapors emitted from the tank car and of
those evaporated
• The dilution of the gas cloud in presence of obstacles such
as the railroad borders, and the houses on the cloud path
• The ignition of gas inside the houses and the magnitude of
explosion
9. Dense Gas Dispersion
• The model of TWODEE was adapted to simulate congested
environments, i.e. to account for the presence of buildings
and/or other manmade obstacles
• Figure shows the dispersion of the cloud in the area close
to the accident and its spreading over the buildings and in
the street
t=13s t=22.6s t=48.3s t=92.7s
10. Explosions
• The evidence tells us that the explosions occurred
within the houses.
• The dense gas model discussed in the previous
section cannot simulate the penetration into
buildings.
• Consequently, we cannot determine the amount
of LPG that permeated into the houses and then
exploded.
• In addition, since there were no explosions
external to the houses,
11. Conclusion
• The dynamic analysis of the Viareggio accident
showed how vast and fast were the emission and
dispersion of the LPG cloud towards the
surrounding houses.
• It took less than 100 s for the dense-gas cloud to
reach the furthest house that eventually
exploded.
• Such a short time inhibits any emergency-
response activities aimed at reducing the
accidental outcomes.
12.
13. What is Fire?
•The First of the major hazard in the process plant is Fire
•Fire in the process industries causes more serious accidents
than explosion or toxic release
•Fire is the example of fast chemical reaction between
combustible substance and Oxygen with the evolution of heat
•Three fire requirements are Oxygen, Fuel and a source of
energy called as heat.
15. AIR
Air is required as a catalyst
Can be Oxygen from the air
OR
From the Fuel itself
16. FUEL
For a fire to start
there must be something to burn
HEAT
For a fire to start there must
be a heat or Ignition source
17. Types of Fire
Fires are classified by the fuel they
burn
•Class A
•Class B
•Class C
•Class D
•Class K
18.
19. Some Effects to remove the
Fire
Starving Effect
Removal of Fuel from fire is known as
starving effect
Blanketing Effect
Removal of oxygen is known as
blanketing effect
Cooling Effect
Cooling down from the optimum
temperature is known as cooling effect
20. Products of Fire
• Smokes
• Heat
• Flames
• Sound
• Pressure – Effect on airs and other
limbs during explosion
21. Classification of Fires
Process Industries
• Vapour cloud fires
Fire with no explosion
Fire resulting from explosion
Fire resulting in explosion
• Fire Balls
22. • Jet flames
• Liquid Fires
Pool fire
Running liquid fire
23. • Solid fires
Fires of solid materials
Dust fires
• Warehouse fires
• Fire associated with oxygen
Causes for Industrial Fire
Smoking
Chemicals
Dirt and Untidiness
Flammable liquid
24. Fire Spread
The Heat liberated by the fire also causes the
surrounding materials to warm up, The heat
transfer is accomplished the following three factors
•Conduction
•Convection
•Radiation
25. Conduction
• Direct Thermal energy transfer due to Contact
• Materials conduct heat at varying rates
• Metals are very good conductors, while concrete
and plastics are very poor conductors
26. Convection
• Heat Transfer through a liquid or gas
• Caused by the density difference of the hot
molecules compared to the cold molecules
(eg.Boiling of water)
• Hot air, Gases expand and rise
27. Radiation
• Electromagnetic wave transfer of heat to an
object
• Waves travel in all directions from the fire and
may be reflected or absorbed by the surface
• Absorbed Heat raises the temperature of the
material beyond its ignition point and causing to
ignite
28. Types of Extinguisher
• Water Fire Extinguisher
The Cheapest and most widely used fire
extinguisher, used for class A fire and not suitable
for class B (liquid) or electrically involved
• Foam Fire Extinguisher
More expensive than water, but more
versatile. Used for classes A and B fires. Foam
spray extinguishers are not recommended for the
fires involving electricity, but safer than water if
sprayed on to live electrical apparatus.
29. Dry Powder fire extinguisher
•It often termed as multi purpose extinguisher.
•It can be used for all classes of A,B,C fire
•Best for running liquid and gas fire
co2 fire extinguisher
carbon di oxide is ideal for fires involving in
electrical apparatus and extinguish class B liquid
fires.
30. Fire safety devices
• Fire alarm
A manual alarm system which consist of
break glass units and alarm sounders
connected to a control panel.
• Smoke detector
An automatic system compraises of
smoke and heat detectors and it is also
connected to the control panel. It
provides early warning of the fire
incident.
31. • Water sprinkler
Water sprinkler is a component of
fire sprinkler system, that discharges
water when the effect of fire is detected
• Water Hose pipe
A fire hose is a high pressure hose
that carries water or foam to a fire to
extinguish it. It can attach to a
building standpipe or plumbing
system.
33. Introduction
• Fault tree analysis was originally developed in
1962 at Bell laboratories by H.A. Watson
• FTA is deductive analysis approach for resolving
an undesired event into its causes
• Logic diagrams and Boolean algebra are used to
identify the cause of the top event
• The logic diagrams are called as fault tree and it
is constructed to show the event relationship
34. Need for FTA
• To identify the cause of failure
• Monitor and control safety performance of a
complex system
• To identify the effects of human error
The Fault Tree
• It is a logical model of the relationship of
undesired event to more basic event
• The top event of the fault tree is undesired event
• Middle events are intermediate events and the
bottom are basic events.
• The relationship of the events are shown by gates
35.
36.
37.
38. Advantages
• User could select the top event to be specific to
the failure of interest
• Minimal cut sets with a product of 4 or more
independent failure will increase the reliability of
the system
• Provide qualitative and quantitative analysis
• Softwares are available to determine the cut sets
and to calculate the failure probabalities
39. Disadvantages
• Can be enormous (Thousands of intermediate
events)
• Not necessarily all failure modes are considered
• Need experienced engineers
• External events not correctly treated
Application
• Used in the field of safety engineering and
reliability engineering to determine the probability
of a safety accident or a system failure..
41. Introduction
• ETA evaluates potential accident outcomes that
might result following an equipment failure or
process upset known as an initiating event.
• It is a “forward-thinking” process, i.e. the analyst
begins with an initiating event and develops the
following sequences of events that describes
potential accidents.
42. Guidelines
1.Identify an initiating event of interest.
2. Identify the safety functions designed to
deal with the initiating event.
3. Construct the event tree.
4. Describe the resulting accident event
sequences
44. Identify the safety functions
designed to deal with the
initiating event
• Safety system that automatically respond
to the initiating event.
• Alarms that alert the operator when the
initiating event occurs and operator
actions designed to be performed in
response to alarms or required by
procedures