Basics of Civil Designs (AEC)
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This document provides an overview of key concepts in design including dimensions, scale, views, projection, and bills of material. It discusses dimensions from zero to three dimensions and different types of views including isometric, oblique, orthographic, and perspective views. It also covers coordinate systems including absolute, relative rectangular, and relative polar systems.
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Compare the differences and uniqueness between Isometric, Oblique, and Perspective views.
Please explain why CAD becomes the most important and fundamental tool in modern design
and Manufacturing as well as in product development.
Solution
Isometric views
Oblique views
Perspective views
An isometric view represents an object in three dimensions with exact dimensional
representation.
Here the 3 sides of the object are drawn with all the vertical lines being vertically but all
horizontal lines at 30 degree to the base line (x-axis line)
All the three coordinate axes appear equally foreshortened and the angle between any two of
them is 120 degrees
In Isometric drawings, object are drawn with all its 3 planes parallel to projection planes and all
the lines/edges are parallel to its respective foreshortened axes (30 degree axis) and can also be
measured.
All the lines/edges are drawn to the full length scale rather than reducing them to the true
projection length.
Oblique view also represents an object in the 3D format.
But here the objects are drawn with the most distinguishing features facing directly towards the
observer, showing the true shape of these features. E.g. Circular features like round holes are
drawn on this front face as true circles.
Oblique view will always show the object as being perfectly flat with respect to the picture plane
(i.e., that particular face of the object will have only two dimensions from the viewer\'s point of
view).
Oblique view shows one face with distinguishing feature of the object in true shape, but the other
faces with foreshorten depth.
It is quite a simple technique compared to isometric or even perspective drawing as the only the
face with distinguishing feature has to be drawn to the scale.
Perspective views also represent an object in the 3D format with approximate representation.
The lines/edges of an object seem to meet at a point over a distance. This point is called the
vanishing point.
Here the vertical lines remain vertical, horizontal lines remain horizontal but the line that
represents the depth of the object (3rd Dimension lines) are drawn converging on to this
vanishing point.
The depth lines are to be drawn from the vanishing point to the sides of the drawing paper as
guide lines.
Objects in a perspective drawing all the lines/edges are subject to foreshortening. The size of the
object is drawn smaller as their distance from the observer increases. As their distance from the
observer decreases they are drawn larger.
Isometric views
Oblique views
Perspective views
An isometric view represents an object in three dimensions with exact dimensional
representation.
Here the 3 sides of the object are drawn with all the vertical lines being vertically but all
horizontal lines at 30 degree to the base line (x-axis line)
All the three coordinate axes appear equally foreshortened and the angle between any two of
them is 120 degrees
In Isometric drawings, object are drawn with all its 3 planes parallel.
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ISOMETRIC PPT
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plzz download and give reviews abt that ppt.
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Compare the differences and uniqueness between Isometric, Oblique, and Perspective views.
Please explain why CAD becomes the most important and fundamental tool in modern design
and Manufacturing as well as in product development.
Solution
Isometric views
Oblique views
Perspective views
An isometric view represents an object in three dimensions with exact dimensional
representation.
Here the 3 sides of the object are drawn with all the vertical lines being vertically but all
horizontal lines at 30 degree to the base line (x-axis line)
All the three coordinate axes appear equally foreshortened and the angle between any two of
them is 120 degrees
In Isometric drawings, object are drawn with all its 3 planes parallel to projection planes and all
the lines/edges are parallel to its respective foreshortened axes (30 degree axis) and can also be
measured.
All the lines/edges are drawn to the full length scale rather than reducing them to the true
projection length.
Oblique view also represents an object in the 3D format.
But here the objects are drawn with the most distinguishing features facing directly towards the
observer, showing the true shape of these features. E.g. Circular features like round holes are
drawn on this front face as true circles.
Oblique view will always show the object as being perfectly flat with respect to the picture plane
(i.e., that particular face of the object will have only two dimensions from the viewer\'s point of
view).
Oblique view shows one face with distinguishing feature of the object in true shape, but the other
faces with foreshorten depth.
It is quite a simple technique compared to isometric or even perspective drawing as the only the
face with distinguishing feature has to be drawn to the scale.
Perspective views also represent an object in the 3D format with approximate representation.
The lines/edges of an object seem to meet at a point over a distance. This point is called the
vanishing point.
Here the vertical lines remain vertical, horizontal lines remain horizontal but the line that
represents the depth of the object (3rd Dimension lines) are drawn converging on to this
vanishing point.
The depth lines are to be drawn from the vanishing point to the sides of the drawing paper as
guide lines.
Objects in a perspective drawing all the lines/edges are subject to foreshortening. The size of the
object is drawn smaller as their distance from the observer increases. As their distance from the
observer decreases they are drawn larger.
Isometric views
Oblique views
Perspective views
An isometric view represents an object in three dimensions with exact dimensional
representation.
Here the 3 sides of the object are drawn with all the vertical lines being vertically but all
horizontal lines at 30 degree to the base line (x-axis line)
All the three coordinate axes appear equally foreshortened and the angle between any two of
them is 120 degrees
In Isometric drawings, object are drawn with all its 3 planes parallel.
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The document discusses various types of technical drawings used to represent 3D objects in 2D. It explains that orthographic projection uses perpendicular lines to project the shapes of an object onto planes, showing the front, top and side views. Isometric drawings depict an object from three sides at once using a 30-60-90 triangle grid. Other pictorial drawings mentioned include axonometric, dimetric, trimetric, oblique, cavalier cabinet, and one-point and two-point perspective drawings. Key principles of dimensions - width, height, and depth - are also defined. The document ends with sample questions to test the reader's understanding.
Unidad 4 composition
The document discusses various composition criteria and rules for visual art including the basic plane, focal points, emphasis, and negative space. It defines key terms like the picture plane, principles of emphasis through contrast, and use of the rule of thirds for effective composition placement. Examples are given of techniques for emphasis, including isolating elements, changing sizes or colors, and manipulating lines to guide the viewer's eye through the artwork.
CIVIL Engineering Drawing by haseeb muhammad
The document discusses the layout of a drawing sheet, including borders, filing margins, grid reference systems, and title boxes. It also covers starting a new drawing, including cleaning materials, fixing the drawing sheet, and completing administrative details in the title box. Guidelines are provided for keeping drawings clean while working.
6 ISOMETRIC and orthographic projections.pptx
Isometric and orthographic projections are two methods for representing three-dimensional objects in two dimensions. Isometric projection shows an object at a 30 degree angle to imply three dimensions and allows measurements to be taken from the drawing. Orthographic projection shows objects as viewed straight on from the front, top, and side and is necessary if an isometric view does not show all details, such as a hole on the back side of an object. Both methods are used in engineering drawings to fully understand the design of an object.
engineering_drawing.ppt
This document provides an overview of engineering drawing topics including:
1. Orthographic views show objects from different angles including top, front, side, and section views.
2. Pictorial views like isometric drawings show a 3D appearance but distort some dimensions.
3. Dimensioning and tolerancing provide critical size and shape specifications.
4. Traditional tools like T-squares, compasses, and templates were used to manually create accurate drawings, while modern software allows computer-generated drawings.
5. Standards ensure consistency in layout, line types, lettering and other elements so drawings are clear to all readers.
orthographic projection
This document discusses multi-view drawings and orthographic projections. It defines different line types used in drawings including visible, hidden, center, and dimension lines. It also describes different projection planes and surface orientations including normal, parallel, perpendicular, and inclined surfaces. The document provides examples of orthographic projection drawings and steps for creating multi-view drawings. It concludes with an isometric drawing quiz to test the reader's understanding.
Class 6 presentation
The document provides instruction on principles of technical drawing, including how to properly arrange and label a set of multiview orthographic projections to depict a 3D object in 2D views, with guidelines on proper use of visible, hidden and center lines. Standard views include top, front, side, with principal dimensions of width, depth and height shown appropriately across views. Proper understanding of multiview projections and visualization of 3D objects from 2D drawings is essential for engineering and architectural work.
Isometric projection
it gives you the some usefull information of drawing of isometric projection and also about orthographic projection
Dimensioning, scales, lines and multiple projections
Fiction is a form of narrative, one of the four rhetorical modes of discourse. Fiction-writing also has modes for fiction-writing: action, exposition, description, dialogue, summary, and transition (Morrell 2006, p. 127). Author Peter Selgin refers to methods, including action, dialogue, thoughts, summary, scene, and description (Selgin 2007, p. 38). Currently, there is no consensus within the writing community regarding the number and composition of fiction-writing modes and their uses.
Description is the fiction-writing mode for transmitting a mental image of the particulars of a story. Together with dialogue, narration, exposition, and summarization, description is one of the most widely recognized of the fiction-writing modes. As stated in Writing from A to Z, edited by Kirk Polking, description is more than the amassing of details; it is bringing something to life by carefully choosing and arranging words and phrases to produce the desired effect (Polking 1990, p. 106). The most appropriate and effective techniques for presenting description are a matter of ongoing discussion among writers and writing coaches.Fiction is a form of narrative, one of the four rhetorical modes of discourse. Fiction-writing also has modes for fiction-writing: action, exposition, description, dialogue, summary, and transition (Morrell 2006, p. 127). Author Peter Selgin refers to methods, including action, dialogue, thoughts, summary, scene, and description (Selgin 2007, p. 38). Currently, there is no consensus within the writing community regarding the number and composition of fiction-writing modes and their uses.
Description is the fiction-writing mode for transmitting a mental image of the particulars of a story. Together with dialogue, narration, exposition, and summarization, description is one of the most widely recognized of the fiction-writing modes. As stated in Writing from A to Z, edited by Kirk Polking, description is more than the amassing of details; it is bringing something to life by carefully choosing and arranging words and phrases to produce the desired effect (Polking 1990, p. 106). The most appropriate and effective techniques for presenting description are a matter of ongoing discussion among writers and writing coaches.Fiction is a form of narrative, one of the four rhetorical modes of discourse. Fiction-writing also has modes for fiction-writing: action, exposition, description, dialogue, summary, and transition (Morrell 2006, p. 127). Author Peter Selgin refers to methods, including action, dialogue, thoughts, summary, scene, and description (Selgin 2007, p. 38). Currently, there is no consensus within the writing community regarding the number and composition of fiction-writing modes and their uses.
Description is the fiction-writing mode for transmitting a mental image of the particulars of a story. Together with dialogue, narration, exposition, and summarization, description is one of the most widely recognized of the fiction-w
Basic concept of geometry
This is very helpful for new learner.
read and enjoy geometry content.
I hope u will learn a lot from this.
CHAPTER 3. MULTI-VIEW DRAWING (2).pptx
This document provides an overview of multi-view drawing concepts including:
1. It describes the first angle and third angle projection systems used to project views onto principal planes.
2. Guidelines are given for selecting appropriate views such as the front, top, and side views to fully represent an object.
3. Advice is provided on laying out multi-view drawings on a sheet, including spacing of views and orientation of projection lines.
4. Key aspects of multi-view drawings like hidden lines, center lines, and projecting curved surfaces are covered. Examples of applying these concepts are also included.
CHAPTER 3. MULTI-VIEW DRAWING 1.pptx
This document provides information on multi-view drawing including the system of projection, choice of views, one view, two view and three view drawings, laying out drawings, and line conventions. It discusses first angle and third angle projection systems. It describes principal planes, common views used in multi-view drawings, and steps for selecting views. It also covers topics such as projecting curves, inclined surfaces, oblique surfaces, intersections, and tangencies. Examples of applying these concepts to draw three-view projections of objects from pictorial drawings are also included.
CHAPTER 3. MULTI-VIEW DRAWING (2).pptx
This document provides an overview of multi-view drawing concepts including:
1. It describes the first angle and third angle projection systems used to project views onto principal planes.
2. Guidelines are given for selecting appropriate views such as the front, top, and side views to fully represent an object.
3. Advice is provided on laying out multi-view drawings on a sheet, including spacing of views and orientation of projection lines.
4. Key aspects of multi-view drawings like hidden lines, center lines, and projecting curved surfaces are covered. Examples of applying these concepts are also included.
Projections.pptx
Projection is a technique to transform a 3D object into a 2D plane. There are two main types of projection: parallel projection and perspective projection. Parallel projection involves projecting lines parallel to the view plane, maintaining accurate measurements but less realistic appearance. Perspective projection accounts for the finite distance to the view plane, making images more realistic but challenging to implement due to vanishing points. Common parallel projections include orthographic and oblique, while common perspective projections include one point, two point, and three point perspectives.
Projection Models
This document provides an overview of different types of projections used in computer graphics, including perspective projection, parallel projection, orthographic projection and axonometric projection. Perspective projection uses projecting lines that converge at a vanishing point to give a realistic 3D view, while parallel projection preserves object sizes and shapes. Types of parallel projection include orthographic, oblique, multi-view and axonometric, and types of perspective projection include one point, two point and three point perspectives. The document compares key characteristics of perspective and parallel projections.
First and third angle projection
The document discusses different types of technical drawings used in civil engineering. It describes third angle and first angle projections, which differ in how top, front and side views of an object are arranged relative to each other on a page. It also covers conventions for indicating hidden lines, center lines, and the order drawings should be made. Dimensioning techniques like transferring measurements between views are explained. The document concludes by briefly discussing freehand sketching and physical modeling.
4.4 volume of solid figure and rectangular prism
This document provides a math lesson on dimensions and volume. It begins by reviewing formulas for perimeter and area of different shapes like triangles, squares, rectangles, and parallelograms. It then defines zero, one, two, and three-dimensional objects. The bulk of the lesson focuses on three-dimensional shapes like cubes and rectangular prisms. It provides the formula for volume of a rectangular prism as length x width x height and works through examples of calculating volume. It concludes by assigning an offline activity for students to practice calculating volume of rectangular prisms.
Orthographic English
The document discusses engineering drawing skills like lettering, line types, orthographic views, and dimensioning. It covers topics such as visible versus hidden lines, center lines, construction lines, first angle and third angle orthographic projections, and techniques for dimensioning objects. Examples are provided of orthographic views showing front, top, and side views and the use of construction lines to develop views.
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官方认证美国密歇根州立大学毕业证学位证书原版一模一样
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留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
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1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
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6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
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Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoring
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
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metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
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CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECT
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
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politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
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china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
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Generative AI leverages algorithms to create various forms of content
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CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECT
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Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024
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Basics of Civil Designs (AEC)
- 1. INTRODUCTION
- 3. WHAT IS DESIGN? IDEA TO PRODUCT
- 4. PRODUCT LIFECYCLE MANAGEMENT (P .L.M)
- 5. FIVE BASIC ASPECTS OF DESIGN • DIMENSION. • SCALE. • VIEW. • PROJECTION. • B.O.M (BILL OF MATERIAL).
- 6. DIMENSION Zero Dimensional A point is a zero-dimensional object as it has no length, width or height. It has no size. It tells about the location only. One Dimensional A line segment drawn on a surface is a one-dimensional object, as it has only length and no width. Two Dimensional The 2-dimensional shapes or objects in geometry are flat plane figures that have two dimensions – length and width. Two-dimensional or 2-D shapes do not have any thickness and can be measured in only two faces. A square, circle, rectangle, and triangle are examples of two-dimensional objects. . Three dimensional In geometry, three-dimensional shapes are solid figures or objects or shapes that have three dimensions – length, width, and height. Unlike two-dimensional shapes, three-dimensional shapes have thickness or depth. A cube and cuboid are examples of three-dimensional objects, as they have length, width, and height.
- 7. DIMENSION
- 8. SCALE
- 9. VIEWS ISOMETRIC VIEWS. OBLIQUE VIEWS. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION. PERSPECTIVE VIEWS
- 10. ISOMETRIC VIEW It is a way by which you can represent your shapes or your drawn up sketch into three- dimensional view. An angle of 30 degree is taken in all its sides in order to give a 3d look
- 11. OBLIQUE VIEW
- 12. ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEW common method of representing three-dimensional objects, usually by three two-dimensional drawings in each of which the object is viewed along parallel lines that are perpendicular to the plane of the drawing.
- 13. One Point Two point PERSPECTIVE VIEW Three Point Perspective
- 14. PROJECTION
- 15. B.O.M (Billing of Material)
- 16. COORDINATE SYSTEM ABSOLUTE COORDINATE SYSTEM. RELATIVE RECTANGULAR COORDINATE SYSTEM. RELATIVE POLAR COORDINATE SYSTEM.
- 17. ABSOLUTE COORDINATE SYSTEM Absolute coordinates is distance or angle of axes relative to the origin of the coordinates.
- 18. RELATIVE RECTANGULAR COORDINATE SYSTEM Relative Rectangular Coordinate the distance or angle of axes relative to the last point
- 19. RELATIVE POLAR COORDINATE SYSTEM