Basics carbohydrate chemistry
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XI. Carboxylic Acids
Learning Objectives
1. Know that Carboxylic acids contain the functional group -COOH
2. Understand how to draw structural and displayed formulae for Carboxylic Acids
3. 3. Predict physical properties of Carboxylic Acids
oxidation reaction mechanism by reagent n-bromosuccinimide,hydrogen peroxide ...
The document discusses two oxidation reactions: (1) the oxidation of primary alcohols to aldehydes using N-bromosuccinimide as the oxidizing agent, and (2) the oxidation of carboxylic acids to peroxy acids using hydrogen peroxide. It also describes the oxidation of aromatic ketones and aldehydes containing ortho/para hydroxyl groups to phenols using hydrogen peroxide. Various mechanisms and applications of hydrogen peroxide are provided.
Xi.carboxylic acids
This document provides an introduction to carboxylic acids. It defines carboxylic acids as containing a carboxyl group, which is a carbon double-bonded to an oxygen and single-bonded to a hydroxyl group. It discusses the structure, naming conventions, physical properties including acidity, solubility, and higher boiling points of carboxylic acids compared to similar molecules due to hydrogen bonding between molecules. Examples of uses of carboxylic acids in soaps, foods, pharmaceuticals, and other industries are also provided.
Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids - JEE Main 2015
This document contains 10 multiple choice questions about aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids. The questions cover topics like ketone group placement, carbonyl carbon hybridization, definitions of aldehydes and acetone, IUPAC naming of compounds, and thermal decomposition reactions of calcium salts producing aldehydes. An answer key is provided at the end.
Chem 3.5 answers #9
1) Esters have fairly strong intermolecular forces due to polarity and form separate layers from water since they cannot hydrogen bond with water molecules.
2) Amides are usually made by reaction of acyl halides with ammonia.
3) Amides have high boiling points and are soluble in water because they can hydrogen bond to themselves and water molecules.
Chem 3.5 answers #4
This document summarizes information about organic chemistry alcohols and reactions. It lists products of reactions between alcohols and acidified permanganate or dichromate. These reactions can produce aldehydes, carboxylic acids, or ketones, but not products from tertiary alcohols since carbon-carbon bond breaking is required. Milder oxidizing agents and distillation or reflux are discussed for controlling oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes or carboxylic acids. Several reaction conditions are also listed, including dehydration, halogenation, and oxidation reactions.
Notes on Aldehydes and Ketones - JEE Main 2014
Carbonyl compounds contain a carbon=oxygen double bond. They are divided into two types: aldehydes and ketones. Both have the general formula CnH2nO. Carbonyl compounds can be prepared through oxidation of alcohols, dehydrogenation of alcohols, distillation of carboxylate salts, decarboxylation/dehydration of carboxylic acids, hydrolysis of geminal dihalides, ozonolysis of alkenes, and through processes like the oxo and Wacker processes that start with alkenes.
Chem 3.5 answers #8
This document provides answers to questions about organic chemistry concepts related to carboxylic acids and their derivatives. Key points covered include:
- Carboxylic acids can form hydrogen bonds to themselves and water, giving them higher boiling points than alcohols.
- During acid-base reactions of carboxylic acids, the acid ionizes in water to form carboxylate and hydronium ions.
- Acyl halides readily react with water via hydrolysis to form the corresponding carboxylic acid and hydrogen halide gas.
Recommended
XI. Carboxylic Acids
Learning Objectives
1. Know that Carboxylic acids contain the functional group -COOH
2. Understand how to draw structural and displayed formulae for Carboxylic Acids
3. 3. Predict physical properties of Carboxylic Acids
oxidation reaction mechanism by reagent n-bromosuccinimide,hydrogen peroxide ...
The document discusses two oxidation reactions: (1) the oxidation of primary alcohols to aldehydes using N-bromosuccinimide as the oxidizing agent, and (2) the oxidation of carboxylic acids to peroxy acids using hydrogen peroxide. It also describes the oxidation of aromatic ketones and aldehydes containing ortho/para hydroxyl groups to phenols using hydrogen peroxide. Various mechanisms and applications of hydrogen peroxide are provided.
Xi.carboxylic acids
This document provides an introduction to carboxylic acids. It defines carboxylic acids as containing a carboxyl group, which is a carbon double-bonded to an oxygen and single-bonded to a hydroxyl group. It discusses the structure, naming conventions, physical properties including acidity, solubility, and higher boiling points of carboxylic acids compared to similar molecules due to hydrogen bonding between molecules. Examples of uses of carboxylic acids in soaps, foods, pharmaceuticals, and other industries are also provided.
Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids - JEE Main 2015
This document contains 10 multiple choice questions about aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids. The questions cover topics like ketone group placement, carbonyl carbon hybridization, definitions of aldehydes and acetone, IUPAC naming of compounds, and thermal decomposition reactions of calcium salts producing aldehydes. An answer key is provided at the end.
Chem 3.5 answers #9
1) Esters have fairly strong intermolecular forces due to polarity and form separate layers from water since they cannot hydrogen bond with water molecules.
2) Amides are usually made by reaction of acyl halides with ammonia.
3) Amides have high boiling points and are soluble in water because they can hydrogen bond to themselves and water molecules.
Chem 3.5 answers #4
This document summarizes information about organic chemistry alcohols and reactions. It lists products of reactions between alcohols and acidified permanganate or dichromate. These reactions can produce aldehydes, carboxylic acids, or ketones, but not products from tertiary alcohols since carbon-carbon bond breaking is required. Milder oxidizing agents and distillation or reflux are discussed for controlling oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes or carboxylic acids. Several reaction conditions are also listed, including dehydration, halogenation, and oxidation reactions.
Notes on Aldehydes and Ketones - JEE Main 2014
Carbonyl compounds contain a carbon=oxygen double bond. They are divided into two types: aldehydes and ketones. Both have the general formula CnH2nO. Carbonyl compounds can be prepared through oxidation of alcohols, dehydrogenation of alcohols, distillation of carboxylate salts, decarboxylation/dehydration of carboxylic acids, hydrolysis of geminal dihalides, ozonolysis of alkenes, and through processes like the oxo and Wacker processes that start with alkenes.
Chem 3.5 answers #8
This document provides answers to questions about organic chemistry concepts related to carboxylic acids and their derivatives. Key points covered include:
- Carboxylic acids can form hydrogen bonds to themselves and water, giving them higher boiling points than alcohols.
- During acid-base reactions of carboxylic acids, the acid ionizes in water to form carboxylate and hydronium ions.
- Acyl halides readily react with water via hydrolysis to form the corresponding carboxylic acid and hydrogen halide gas.
Chem 3.5 answers #7
This document provides information about aldehydes and ketones, including:
1) It defines aldehydes and ketones based on whether the carbonyl group is attached to a hydrogen or two carbon atoms.
2) It explains that aldehydes are produced by oxidizing primary alcohols and ketones by secondary alcohols, and that aldehydes must be distilled off during the reaction.
3) While the carbonyl group allows for polarity, aldehydes and ketones cannot form hydrogen bonds like alcohols, giving them lower boiling points.
Chem 3.5 answers #10
This document contains questions and answers about organic chemistry concepts like polyesters and polyamides. [1] It asks about the products of hydrolysis of an ester and provides example polymer structures of polyesters and polyamides. [2] Key bonding motifs in polymers like ester linkages, amide linkages, and peptide linkages are represented by repeating structural formulas. [3] The document tests understanding of chemistry concepts like hydrolysis reactions and different types of polymeric materials.
Chemical properties of hydrocarbons
1. The document discusses the chemical properties of hydrocarbons including alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. It describes different types of chemical reactions such as combustion, addition, substitution, bromination, hydrogenation, and hydration.
2. Specific reactions are discussed including the combustion of hydrocarbons producing carbon dioxide and water. Addition reactions like bromination, hydrogenation, and hydration that involve adding atoms to alkenes and alkynes are also covered.
3. Examples are provided to illustrate combustion reactions, bromination of cyclohexene, hydrogenation of sunflower oil to produce solid fats, and the hydration of symmetrical and asymmetrical alkenes following Markovnik
Carboxylicacids
This document discusses carboxylic acids. It provides their structural formulas, naming conventions, acidity, sources, reactions, and uses. Carboxylic acids contain the carboxyl functional group (-COOH). They are named by replacing the ending of the parent alkane with 'oic acid'. Being acidic, they can donate protons and exist in equilibrium between the acid and conjugate base forms. Common reactions include esterification, reactions with alcohols to form esters, and reactions with metal ions or bases to form salts. Important carboxylic acids include acetic acid, which is used widely in food production and manufacturing.
Pinacol pinacolone rearrangement
Pinacol pinacolone rearrangement involves conversion of 1,2 - diols to carbonyl compounds in presence of acid catalyst with change in carbon skeleton. It is an example of whitmore shift.
Chem 3.5 answers #5
This document contains answers to questions about haloalkanes. It lists various haloalkane structures and reaction types including substitution and elimination reactions of haloalkanes with aqueous bases or alcohols. It also explains that haloalkanes have some polarity from C-X bonds that allows weak attraction to water, but they remain insoluble due to an inability to hydrogen bond like alcohols. Higher boiling points of haloalkanes versus alkanes are also attributed to stronger permanent dipole interactions between polar haloalkane molecules.
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This document provides an overview of aerobic cellular respiration, which includes three main steps: glycolysis, the creation of acetyl CoA, and the Krebs cycle. It explains the key reactions, locations, and products of each step. Specifically, it notes that glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate with a net production of 2 ATP and 2 NADH. Acetyl CoA is then produced from pyruvate, producing 2 more NADH. The Krebs cycle further breaks down acetyl CoA, producing 2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH2. Electrons from NADH and FADH2 are then transferred via the electron transport chain to power ATP synthase.
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This document discusses how to write molecular formulas for alcohols and carboxylic acids. It provides the general formulas, examples for propanol and butanol, and practice problems for writing formulas for butanol, hexanol, butanoic acid and propanoic acid.
Combustion of hydrocarbon
1. Hydrocarbons are organic compounds made of only carbon and hydrogen. They can be classified as saturated or unsaturated depending on the bonding between carbon atoms.
2. Saturated hydrocarbons contain only single bonds between carbons, like alkanes. Unsaturated hydrocarbons contain at least one double bond between carbons, like alkenes.
3. Hydrocarbons undergo complete or incomplete combustion with oxygen, producing carbon dioxide, water, and sometimes carbon monoxide or soot depending on the availability of oxygen.
Holfmann
The Hofmann rearrangement involves the reaction of an amide with bromine in a basic solution, resulting in the conversion of the amide to an amine with one fewer carbon atoms. Specifically, the alkyl group migrates from the amide's carbonyl carbon to its nitrogen, forming an isocyanate intermediate. Hydrolysis and decarboxylation of the isocyanate then produces the final amine product along with carbon dioxide. Examples provided show this rearrangement converting an amide to a structurally similar amine. The Curtius reaction, Lossen reaction, and decomposition of acyl azides can also involve Hofmann-type rearrangements.
Carboxylic acid
Carboxylic acids have the general formula R-COOH. They are weak acids that only partially dissociate in water. Common properties include being colorless liquids or solids with sharp odors and high boiling points. Alcohols can be oxidized to form carboxylic acids using potassium dichromate and sulfuric acid. Carboxylic acids react with metals to form salts and hydrogen gas, with carbonates to form salts, carbon dioxide and water, and with bases to form salts and water. They also undergo esterification reactions with alcohols to form esters and water. Common uses include as preservatives and flavorings in food and in making soaps, drugs, dyes,
Oxonium and thionium ion as intermediate By Rezania.ppt
The document discusses oxonium and thionium ions as intermediates in organic chemistry reactions. It defines oxonium ions as oxygen cations with three bonds, with the simplest being the hydronium ion H3O+. It describes how oxonium ions are excellent alkylating agents and how ethers can be prepared by treating them with alcohols or phenols. It also discusses various reactions of oxonium ylides including [1,2]-shifts, [2,3]-sigmatropic rearrangements, insertions, and β-hydride eliminations. For thionium ions, the document states that thionium is a synonym for the Pummerer rearrangement, and describes the
Chem 3.5 answers #6
The document discusses organic chemistry concepts related to amines. It defines primary, secondary, and tertiary amines based on the number of carbons bonded to the nitrogen atom. It also discusses the solubility of amines in water due to hydrogen bonding between the N-H bond and water molecules. Amines act as stronger bases than ammonia and can form salts through acid-base reactions with acids like HCl, H2SO4, and HNO3.
K2Cr2O7 & KMnO4
K2Cr2O7 has the following key properties:
1. It forms orange crystals that melt at 669 K and are moderately soluble in cold water but less soluble in hot water.
2. It is a powerful oxidizing agent that oxidizes substances like I-, Fe2+, H2S, and SO2 in the presence of dilute sulfuric acid.
3. Its solutions change color from orange to yellow upon addition of an alkali due to the equilibrium between dichromate and chromate ions, and the color changes back to orange with an acid.
Beckmann
The Beckman rearrangement is an acid-catalyzed rearrangement of oximes to substituted amides or lactams. Oximes are compounds derived from aldehydes and ketones that contain a C=N-OH grouping. Ketoximes undergo the Beckman rearrangement in the presence of acids, yielding an acid-amide product through an intramolecular rearrangement. The reaction proceeds through a nitrilium ion intermediate formed by alkyl migration and hydroxyl group expulsion, followed by hydrolysis to form the final amide product.
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The document discusses hydrocarbons, which are organic compounds made of only carbon and hydrogen. It defines hydrocarbons and explains that fossil fuels like petroleum, natural gas, and coal are important non-renewable energy sources and are the primary sources of hydrocarbons. The document also categorizes hydrocarbons into aliphatic hydrocarbons like alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes which differ based on their carbon bonding structure, and aromatic hydrocarbons which contain benzene rings. Real-world examples and uses of important hydrocarbons like crude oil and natural gas are provided.
Aldehydes and ketones
This document discusses aldehydes and ketones. Aldehydes contain a carbonyl group bonded to a hydrogen atom, while ketones contain a carbonyl group bonded between two carbon groups. The document provides IUPAC and common naming conventions for aldehydes and ketones. Examples are given of aldehydes and ketones that provide flavors or act as hormones. Learning checks provide practice identifying and naming aldehydes and ketones, as well as drawing their structural formulas.
Carbohydrates by dr. pramod r. padole
1. Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones that serve as an important energy source for living organisms. Plants produce carbohydrates through photosynthesis.
2. Glucose is the principal sugar in blood and is a monosaccharide. Carbohydrates can be classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, or polysaccharides depending on their structure.
3. Glucose has the molecular formula C6H12O6 and exists as both an open-chain and cyclic structure. It contains an aldehyde functional group, five hydroxyl groups, and six carbon atoms as evidenced through various chemical reactions.
Aldehyde and ketone
The document discusses the nomenclature, properties, and synthesis of aldehydes and ketones. It outlines three common syntheses for benzaldehyde: 1) oxidation of benzyl alcohol, 2) oxidation of toluene, 3) reduction of benzoyl chloride. It also outlines three syntheses for benzophenone: 1) oxidation of benzhydrol, 2) Friedel-Crafts acylation of benzene and benzoyl chloride, 3) reaction of benzoyl chloride with diphenylcuprate. Different syntheses are outlined for six example compounds.
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This document discusses different types of carbohydrate isomerism including enantiomers, anomers, epimers, and aldose and ketose isomers. It also describes sugar derivatives such as sugar acids produced by oxidation reactions, sugar alcohols formed by reduction of the carbonyl group, deoxysugars with one hydroxyl group replaced by hydrogen, and amino sugars with a hydroxyl group substituted with an amino group. Examples are provided to illustrate each type of isomerism and derivative.
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Chem 3.5 answers #7
This document provides information about aldehydes and ketones, including:
1) It defines aldehydes and ketones based on whether the carbonyl group is attached to a hydrogen or two carbon atoms.
2) It explains that aldehydes are produced by oxidizing primary alcohols and ketones by secondary alcohols, and that aldehydes must be distilled off during the reaction.
3) While the carbonyl group allows for polarity, aldehydes and ketones cannot form hydrogen bonds like alcohols, giving them lower boiling points.
Chem 3.5 answers #10
This document contains questions and answers about organic chemistry concepts like polyesters and polyamides. [1] It asks about the products of hydrolysis of an ester and provides example polymer structures of polyesters and polyamides. [2] Key bonding motifs in polymers like ester linkages, amide linkages, and peptide linkages are represented by repeating structural formulas. [3] The document tests understanding of chemistry concepts like hydrolysis reactions and different types of polymeric materials.
Chemical properties of hydrocarbons
1. The document discusses the chemical properties of hydrocarbons including alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. It describes different types of chemical reactions such as combustion, addition, substitution, bromination, hydrogenation, and hydration.
2. Specific reactions are discussed including the combustion of hydrocarbons producing carbon dioxide and water. Addition reactions like bromination, hydrogenation, and hydration that involve adding atoms to alkenes and alkynes are also covered.
3. Examples are provided to illustrate combustion reactions, bromination of cyclohexene, hydrogenation of sunflower oil to produce solid fats, and the hydration of symmetrical and asymmetrical alkenes following Markovnik
Carboxylicacids
This document discusses carboxylic acids. It provides their structural formulas, naming conventions, acidity, sources, reactions, and uses. Carboxylic acids contain the carboxyl functional group (-COOH). They are named by replacing the ending of the parent alkane with 'oic acid'. Being acidic, they can donate protons and exist in equilibrium between the acid and conjugate base forms. Common reactions include esterification, reactions with alcohols to form esters, and reactions with metal ions or bases to form salts. Important carboxylic acids include acetic acid, which is used widely in food production and manufacturing.
Pinacol pinacolone rearrangement
Pinacol pinacolone rearrangement involves conversion of 1,2 - diols to carbonyl compounds in presence of acid catalyst with change in carbon skeleton. It is an example of whitmore shift.
Chem 3.5 answers #5
This document contains answers to questions about haloalkanes. It lists various haloalkane structures and reaction types including substitution and elimination reactions of haloalkanes with aqueous bases or alcohols. It also explains that haloalkanes have some polarity from C-X bonds that allows weak attraction to water, but they remain insoluble due to an inability to hydrogen bond like alcohols. Higher boiling points of haloalkanes versus alkanes are also attributed to stronger permanent dipole interactions between polar haloalkane molecules.
Resp use
This document provides an overview of aerobic cellular respiration, which includes three main steps: glycolysis, the creation of acetyl CoA, and the Krebs cycle. It explains the key reactions, locations, and products of each step. Specifically, it notes that glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate with a net production of 2 ATP and 2 NADH. Acetyl CoA is then produced from pyruvate, producing 2 more NADH. The Krebs cycle further breaks down acetyl CoA, producing 2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH2. Electrons from NADH and FADH2 are then transferred via the electron transport chain to power ATP synthase.
Writing molecular formula for alcohols and carboxylic acids
This document discusses how to write molecular formulas for alcohols and carboxylic acids. It provides the general formulas, examples for propanol and butanol, and practice problems for writing formulas for butanol, hexanol, butanoic acid and propanoic acid.
Combustion of hydrocarbon
1. Hydrocarbons are organic compounds made of only carbon and hydrogen. They can be classified as saturated or unsaturated depending on the bonding between carbon atoms.
2. Saturated hydrocarbons contain only single bonds between carbons, like alkanes. Unsaturated hydrocarbons contain at least one double bond between carbons, like alkenes.
3. Hydrocarbons undergo complete or incomplete combustion with oxygen, producing carbon dioxide, water, and sometimes carbon monoxide or soot depending on the availability of oxygen.
Holfmann
The Hofmann rearrangement involves the reaction of an amide with bromine in a basic solution, resulting in the conversion of the amide to an amine with one fewer carbon atoms. Specifically, the alkyl group migrates from the amide's carbonyl carbon to its nitrogen, forming an isocyanate intermediate. Hydrolysis and decarboxylation of the isocyanate then produces the final amine product along with carbon dioxide. Examples provided show this rearrangement converting an amide to a structurally similar amine. The Curtius reaction, Lossen reaction, and decomposition of acyl azides can also involve Hofmann-type rearrangements.
Carboxylic acid
Carboxylic acids have the general formula R-COOH. They are weak acids that only partially dissociate in water. Common properties include being colorless liquids or solids with sharp odors and high boiling points. Alcohols can be oxidized to form carboxylic acids using potassium dichromate and sulfuric acid. Carboxylic acids react with metals to form salts and hydrogen gas, with carbonates to form salts, carbon dioxide and water, and with bases to form salts and water. They also undergo esterification reactions with alcohols to form esters and water. Common uses include as preservatives and flavorings in food and in making soaps, drugs, dyes,
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The document discusses oxonium and thionium ions as intermediates in organic chemistry reactions. It defines oxonium ions as oxygen cations with three bonds, with the simplest being the hydronium ion H3O+. It describes how oxonium ions are excellent alkylating agents and how ethers can be prepared by treating them with alcohols or phenols. It also discusses various reactions of oxonium ylides including [1,2]-shifts, [2,3]-sigmatropic rearrangements, insertions, and β-hydride eliminations. For thionium ions, the document states that thionium is a synonym for the Pummerer rearrangement, and describes the
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The document discusses organic chemistry concepts related to amines. It defines primary, secondary, and tertiary amines based on the number of carbons bonded to the nitrogen atom. It also discusses the solubility of amines in water due to hydrogen bonding between the N-H bond and water molecules. Amines act as stronger bases than ammonia and can form salts through acid-base reactions with acids like HCl, H2SO4, and HNO3.
K2Cr2O7 & KMnO4
K2Cr2O7 has the following key properties:
1. It forms orange crystals that melt at 669 K and are moderately soluble in cold water but less soluble in hot water.
2. It is a powerful oxidizing agent that oxidizes substances like I-, Fe2+, H2S, and SO2 in the presence of dilute sulfuric acid.
3. Its solutions change color from orange to yellow upon addition of an alkali due to the equilibrium between dichromate and chromate ions, and the color changes back to orange with an acid.
Beckmann
The Beckman rearrangement is an acid-catalyzed rearrangement of oximes to substituted amides or lactams. Oximes are compounds derived from aldehydes and ketones that contain a C=N-OH grouping. Ketoximes undergo the Beckman rearrangement in the presence of acids, yielding an acid-amide product through an intramolecular rearrangement. The reaction proceeds through a nitrilium ion intermediate formed by alkyl migration and hydroxyl group expulsion, followed by hydrolysis to form the final amide product.
Hydrocarbons.kamran mammadli
The document discusses hydrocarbons, which are organic compounds made of only carbon and hydrogen. It defines hydrocarbons and explains that fossil fuels like petroleum, natural gas, and coal are important non-renewable energy sources and are the primary sources of hydrocarbons. The document also categorizes hydrocarbons into aliphatic hydrocarbons like alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes which differ based on their carbon bonding structure, and aromatic hydrocarbons which contain benzene rings. Real-world examples and uses of important hydrocarbons like crude oil and natural gas are provided.
Aldehydes and ketones
This document discusses aldehydes and ketones. Aldehydes contain a carbonyl group bonded to a hydrogen atom, while ketones contain a carbonyl group bonded between two carbon groups. The document provides IUPAC and common naming conventions for aldehydes and ketones. Examples are given of aldehydes and ketones that provide flavors or act as hormones. Learning checks provide practice identifying and naming aldehydes and ketones, as well as drawing their structural formulas.
Carbohydrates by dr. pramod r. padole
1. Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones that serve as an important energy source for living organisms. Plants produce carbohydrates through photosynthesis.
2. Glucose is the principal sugar in blood and is a monosaccharide. Carbohydrates can be classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, or polysaccharides depending on their structure.
3. Glucose has the molecular formula C6H12O6 and exists as both an open-chain and cyclic structure. It contains an aldehyde functional group, five hydroxyl groups, and six carbon atoms as evidenced through various chemical reactions.
Aldehyde and ketone
The document discusses the nomenclature, properties, and synthesis of aldehydes and ketones. It outlines three common syntheses for benzaldehyde: 1) oxidation of benzyl alcohol, 2) oxidation of toluene, 3) reduction of benzoyl chloride. It also outlines three syntheses for benzophenone: 1) oxidation of benzhydrol, 2) Friedel-Crafts acylation of benzene and benzoyl chloride, 3) reaction of benzoyl chloride with diphenylcuprate. Different syntheses are outlined for six example compounds.
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The document outlines the key learning outcomes and content covered in a chapter on hydrocarbons. It discusses the bonding ability of carbon and how carbon can form chains and rings. It introduces the homologous series of alkanes and alkenes, including their molecular formulas, structures and characteristic reactions. Specific topics covered include the combustion and halogenation of alkanes and alkenes, as well as the hydration and hydrogenation of alkenes. Real-world uses of alkanes and alkenes are also mentioned.
C15 hydrocarbons
This document outlines the key learning outcomes for a chapter on hydrocarbons. It will cover the alkane and alkene homologous series, including writing formulas, drawing structures, naming compounds, and describing characteristic reactions. Specific topics include properties and uses of alkanes and alkenes, the combustion and substitution reactions of alkanes, and addition reactions of alkenes with halogens, water, hydrogen and other reagents. The introduction provides background on carbon bonding and the different types of organic compounds and formulas.
Xii aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acid
This presentation will help chemistry teachers to conduct online lectures (or to make videos) in this difficult period of COVID - 19,
New chm-152-unit-11-power-points-su13-140227172047-phpapp02
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry concepts including:
- Hydrocarbons such as alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and cyclic and aromatic hydrocarbons.
- The bonding properties of carbon that allow for catenation and the diversity of organic molecules.
- Nomenclature rules for naming organic compounds using IUPAC nomenclature including examples of naming alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes.
- Isomers such as constitutional and geometric isomers.
- Key aspects of specific classes of hydrocarbons like alkanes having the general formula CnH2n+2 and benzene being an aromatic hydrocarbon.
Hydrocarbons
The document outlines learning outcomes and content about hydrocarbons. It discusses the bonding ability of carbon and classification of organic compounds. It then focuses on the homologous series, structures, properties and reactions of two types of hydrocarbons - alkanes and alkenes. For alkanes, it describes the alkane homologous series, structures of alkanes, and their combustion and substitution reactions with halogens. For alkenes, it covers similar topics including their unsaturated nature and addition reactions with halogens.
Sequesterant
This document discusses sequestering agents, which are compounds that form soluble complexes with metal ions, preventing precipitation. It provides examples of multidentate ligands that can chelate metal ions, including ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA). Sequestering agents stably complex metal ions through ring structures of 5-6 atoms. The document also examines the role of stabilizers in hydrogen peroxide solutions and mechanisms of bleaching with hydrogen peroxide under alkaline conditions.
Sequesterant
This document discusses sequestering agents, which are compounds that form soluble complexes with metal ions, preventing precipitation. It provides examples of multidentate ligands that can chelate metal ions, including ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA). Sequestering agents stably complex metal ions through ring structures of 5-6 atoms. The document also examines the role of stabilizers in hydrogen peroxide solutions and mechanisms of bleaching with hydrogen peroxide under alkaline conditions.
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- 2. Carbohydrates • Definition – Polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones • Polyhydroxy means they have many hydroxy (-OH) groups Website : www.tamsmed.com
- 3. Asymmetric Carbon (or Chiral Carbon) Website : www.tamsmed.com
- 4. Aldehyde & Keto • functional groups Website : www.tamsmed.com
- 5. If C=O is present at C1, it is aldehyde group If C=O is present at C2, it is keto group Website : www.tamsmed.com
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