This document discusses several key principles of animal form and function: 1) It describes the main influences on physiology like environmental factors and the laws of physics, as well as the basic organization of body plans from cells to organ systems. 2) It discusses two major systems for animal control and coordination - the endocrine and nervous systems. 3) It covers various processes like thermoregulation, energy requirements, and hibernation that allow animals to maintain internal environments and homeostasis despite external changes.

1. Basic Principles of Animal Form
and Function
Environmental Influences on
Physiology Organization of Body Plans
 Laws of Physics governing  Cells
strength, diffusion, movement  Tissues
, and heat exchange.  Organs
 For example, fast swimmers  Organ Systems
develop tapered, streamlined
 Four main kinds of tissues:
bodies.
epithelial, connective, mus
 The animal’s need to exchange cle, and nervous
materials with its  Two major systems for
environment. control and coordination:
The Endocrine System and
the Nervous System.

2. Maintaining Internal
Environments
 Regulator- an animal
that uses internal
control mechanisms
 Conformer-an animal
that allows its internal
condition to conform
to external changes
 Homeostasis-”steady
state,” or internal
balance

3. Thermoregulation
 Organisms exchange heat
 Thermoregulation-the by
process by which animals conduction, convection, radi
maintain an internal ation, and evaporation
temperature within a  Hypothalamus-the region
tolerable range in the brain where sensors
 Endothermic-warmed by for thermoregulation are
heat generated by concentrated
metabolism  Animals acclimate
 Ectothermic-gain most of themselves to changes in
their heat from external temperatures. For
sources example, endotherms may
vary insulation, while
ectotherms may adjust on a

4. Energy Requirements
 Related to animal  Metabolic rate is affected
size, activity, and by
environment age, sex, size, activity, te
 Bioenergetics-the overall mperature, and nutrition.
flow of transformation of  Torpor-A physiological
energy in an animal state in which activity is
 The amount of energy an low and metabolism
animal uses in a unit of decreases. Allows animals
time is called its to save energy while
metabolic rate-the sum of avoiding difficult and
all the energy-requiring dangerous conditions.
biochemical reactions

5. Hibernation
 Hibernation-long-term
torpor that is an
adaptation to winter
and food scarcity.