This document summarizes key concepts about animal form and function including the four basic tissues, hierarchical organization of tissues and organs, thermoregulation through various processes, and how energy requirements relate to animal size, activity, and environment. The four basic tissues are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous. Homeostasis and feedback control maintain internal environments. Thermoregulation involves processes like conduction, convection, and evaporation. Larger animals have lower mass-specific metabolic rates.

1. Chapter 40
Animal Form & Function

2. Four Basic Tissues
● epithelial
● connective
● muscle
● nervous

3. Concept 40.1
Animal form & function are correlated at all
levels of organization

4. Evolution of Animal Size & Shape
● natural selection for fusiform body shape
o faster
o example of convergent evolution
● physical laws
o larger bodies need stronger skeletons/larger muscle
mass

6. Exchange w/ Environment
● every cell must be in an aqueous medium
o exchange across plasma membrane
● animals w/ compact bodies
o folded internal membranes
o branched
● interstitial fluid

7. Hierarchical Organization
● tissues
o groups of similar cells w/ common function
● organs
o perform special functions
o layered arrangement of tissues

8. Tissue Structure & Function
● Epithelial tissues
o line outer & inner surfaces of body
● Connective tissue
o binds/supports other tissues
o tendons, ligaments, bone, cartilage, adipose tissue
(fat), blood
Epithelial Tissue

9. Tissue Structure & Function
● Muscle tissue
o actin & myosin
o skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle
● Nervous tissue
o senses stimuli, transmits nerve impulses
o neuron, glial cells (insulate & nourish neurons)

10. Coordination & Control
● endocrine & nervous systems coordinate
body’s activities
● endocrine cells secrete hormones

11. Concept 40.2
Feedback control maintains the internal
environment in many animals

12. Regulating and conforming
● regulator
o use mechanisms to control internal fluctuations
● conformer
o internal conditions vary with external changes

13. Homeostasis
● maintenance of a set point
● usually negative feedback
● regulated change
o circadian rhythm
o acclimatization

14. Concept 40.3
Homeostatic processes for thermoregulation
involve form, function, and behavior

15. Thermoregulation
● endothermy
o use metabolic heat to generate body warmth
o mammals, birds, etc.
● ectothermic
o gain heat from environment
o most invertebrates, fishes, lizards, etc.
o require less food energy, tolerate wider internal
temp. variations

16. Thermoregulation
● conduction
o direct transfer or heat
● convection
o transfer of heat by flow of air or water past a surface
● radiation
o emission of electromagnetic waves
● evaporation
o loss of heat when surface molecules convert from
liquid to gas

17. Balancing Heat Loss & Gain
● vasodilation
o blood vessels dilate, increases transfer of body heat
to environment
● vasoconstriction
o blood vessels constrict, decreases transfer of body
heat to environment
● countercurrent exchange
o heat exchanged by two close vessels flowing in
opposite directions

18. Concept 40.4
Energy requirements are related to animal size,
activity, environment

19. Energy Allocation & Use
● bioenergetics
o overall flow and transformation of energy

20. Quantifying Energy Use
● basal metabolic rate (BMR)
o minimal metabolic rate when animal is at rest,
fasting and nonstressed
● standard metabolic rate (SMR)
o metabolic rate when animal is resting, fasting,
nonstressed

21. Influences on Metabolic Rate
● bigger body size = increased BMR
● energy required to maintain each gram of
body weight is inversely related to body size
o smaller animals require more energy to maintain
body weight and body temp.
o greater surface-to-volume ratio, lose/gain heat more
easily

22. Torpor & Energy Conversation
● torpor
o physiological state where metabolism+activity
decrease to allow energy savings
● hibernation
● estivation
o prolonged state of inactivity of an animal during hot
or dry weather
● daily torpor