Basic Principles
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This document discusses principles of cancer pathophysiology, diagnosis, and therapy. It provides an overview of cancer risk factors, molecular biology, staging, diagnostic tools, and principles of chemotherapy and targeted therapy. Specific cancers like breast cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer, testicular cancer, and leukemias are reviewed in terms of incidence, risk factors, diagnosis, markers, staging, and treatment approaches.
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Common complications of cancer
Common complications of cancer and its treatment include neurological issues, infections, and spinal cord compression. Spinal cord compression occurs when a tumor compresses the spinal cord, which is most often caused by direct extension of cancer from nearby vertebrae through the bone. Symptoms include severe back pain exacerbated by lying down that improves with sitting or standing, weakness of the legs, and sensory loss. Magnetic resonance imaging is the best way to diagnose spinal cord compression. Treatment involves high-dose corticosteroids, radiation therapy, and possibly surgery to relieve pressure on the spinal cord.
Oncology seminar
The document outlines the presentation of an oncology lecture covering topics such as epidemiology, cancer etiology, biology, risk assessment, screening, diagnosis, staging, and treatment approaches including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. It introduces cancer definitions and discusses factors influencing cancer risk like genetics and environmental exposures. It also explains concepts such as tumor initiation and progression, roles of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, angiogenesis, metastasis and cancer invasion.
Cancer Notes
Cancer is a leading cause of death that is increasing in incidence but decreasing in mortality. Risk factors include lifestyle choices like smoking and diet, as well as genetic predispositions. Cancer is typically detected through screening, clinical presentation of symptoms, or incidental findings. Treatment depends on the cancer type, stage, and patient characteristics, and may involve surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, targeted therapies, or palliative care. Improving prevention, early detection, and more effective treatments continue to help reduce the impact of cancer.
Breast cancer staging 2018 video power points
Tests needed to stage breast cancer typically include a mammogram, ultrasound, and bloodwork. Additional tests like an MRI, CT, bone scan, or PET scan may be used depending on symptoms or abnormal results. Staging also considers tumor size and spread (TNM system), along with biomarkers like hormone receptors. Genomic testing can provide information on cancer characteristics and risk of recurrence. Treatment is tailored based on all available information, with clinical and genomic factors both considered. Higher risk cases based on multiple factors may benefit most from chemotherapy in addition to hormone therapy.
Bladder cancer
Bladder cancer is the 4th most common cancer in men worldwide, with a peak incidence around age 65. Risk factors include smoking, occupational exposure, and certain infections. Symptoms depend on whether the cancer is non-metastatic or metastatic, and may include blood in the urine, bladder irritability, and pelvic or flank pain. Diagnosis involves cystoscopy, imaging tests, and urine cytology. Treatment depends on the stage, and includes surgery, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy.
57995123 oncology-lecture
Here are some additional common side effects of chemotherapy:
- Mucositis (inflammation and ulcers in the mouth and gastrointestinal tract)
- Dermatologic effects like rashes, dry skin, nail changes
- Hepatotoxicity and kidney toxicity with some agents
- Cardiotoxicity with agents like doxorubicin
- Secondary cancers and myelodysplasia due to mutagenic effects
- Infertility issues depending on the agents used
It's important for nurses to thoroughly assess for and manage side effects during chemotherapy treatment.
Etiology of cancer
This document discusses the etiology of cancer. It classifies etiological factors into extrinsic (chemical, physical, biological) and intrinsic (genetic, hormonal, immune) factors. Extrinsic factors predominate in causing adult cancers while intrinsic factors are more common in pediatric cancers. Major extrinsic factors include chemicals, radiation, infections, and tobacco. Chemicals can directly or indirectly damage DNA. Radiation can directly or indirectly ionize DNA. Certain viruses and bacteria are associated with specific cancer types. The interaction between multiple genetic and environmental factors usually leads to cancer development.
Oncology and surgical practice
Oncology and surgical practice are becoming more integrated, as surgeons are often responsible for initially diagnosing and managing solid tumors. A thorough understanding of cancer epidemiology, etiology, staging, and natural history is required to determine the optimal surgical therapy for each patient. Tumor cells acquire several characteristics before becoming fully malignant, including establishing independence from normal growth controls, achieving immortality and angiogenesis, and developing the abilities to invade other tissues and disseminate throughout the body. Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to cancer development in complex ways. A combination of inherited predispositions and exposures to carcinogenic chemicals, viruses, radiation, and other external factors drive the transformation of normal cells into malignant tumors.
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Common complications of cancer
Common complications of cancer and its treatment include neurological issues, infections, and spinal cord compression. Spinal cord compression occurs when a tumor compresses the spinal cord, which is most often caused by direct extension of cancer from nearby vertebrae through the bone. Symptoms include severe back pain exacerbated by lying down that improves with sitting or standing, weakness of the legs, and sensory loss. Magnetic resonance imaging is the best way to diagnose spinal cord compression. Treatment involves high-dose corticosteroids, radiation therapy, and possibly surgery to relieve pressure on the spinal cord.
Oncology seminar
The document outlines the presentation of an oncology lecture covering topics such as epidemiology, cancer etiology, biology, risk assessment, screening, diagnosis, staging, and treatment approaches including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. It introduces cancer definitions and discusses factors influencing cancer risk like genetics and environmental exposures. It also explains concepts such as tumor initiation and progression, roles of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, angiogenesis, metastasis and cancer invasion.
Cancer Notes
Cancer is a leading cause of death that is increasing in incidence but decreasing in mortality. Risk factors include lifestyle choices like smoking and diet, as well as genetic predispositions. Cancer is typically detected through screening, clinical presentation of symptoms, or incidental findings. Treatment depends on the cancer type, stage, and patient characteristics, and may involve surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, targeted therapies, or palliative care. Improving prevention, early detection, and more effective treatments continue to help reduce the impact of cancer.
Breast cancer staging 2018 video power points
Tests needed to stage breast cancer typically include a mammogram, ultrasound, and bloodwork. Additional tests like an MRI, CT, bone scan, or PET scan may be used depending on symptoms or abnormal results. Staging also considers tumor size and spread (TNM system), along with biomarkers like hormone receptors. Genomic testing can provide information on cancer characteristics and risk of recurrence. Treatment is tailored based on all available information, with clinical and genomic factors both considered. Higher risk cases based on multiple factors may benefit most from chemotherapy in addition to hormone therapy.
Bladder cancer
Bladder cancer is the 4th most common cancer in men worldwide, with a peak incidence around age 65. Risk factors include smoking, occupational exposure, and certain infections. Symptoms depend on whether the cancer is non-metastatic or metastatic, and may include blood in the urine, bladder irritability, and pelvic or flank pain. Diagnosis involves cystoscopy, imaging tests, and urine cytology. Treatment depends on the stage, and includes surgery, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy.
57995123 oncology-lecture
Here are some additional common side effects of chemotherapy:
- Mucositis (inflammation and ulcers in the mouth and gastrointestinal tract)
- Dermatologic effects like rashes, dry skin, nail changes
- Hepatotoxicity and kidney toxicity with some agents
- Cardiotoxicity with agents like doxorubicin
- Secondary cancers and myelodysplasia due to mutagenic effects
- Infertility issues depending on the agents used
It's important for nurses to thoroughly assess for and manage side effects during chemotherapy treatment.
Etiology of cancer
This document discusses the etiology of cancer. It classifies etiological factors into extrinsic (chemical, physical, biological) and intrinsic (genetic, hormonal, immune) factors. Extrinsic factors predominate in causing adult cancers while intrinsic factors are more common in pediatric cancers. Major extrinsic factors include chemicals, radiation, infections, and tobacco. Chemicals can directly or indirectly damage DNA. Radiation can directly or indirectly ionize DNA. Certain viruses and bacteria are associated with specific cancer types. The interaction between multiple genetic and environmental factors usually leads to cancer development.
Oncology and surgical practice
Oncology and surgical practice are becoming more integrated, as surgeons are often responsible for initially diagnosing and managing solid tumors. A thorough understanding of cancer epidemiology, etiology, staging, and natural history is required to determine the optimal surgical therapy for each patient. Tumor cells acquire several characteristics before becoming fully malignant, including establishing independence from normal growth controls, achieving immortality and angiogenesis, and developing the abilities to invade other tissues and disseminate throughout the body. Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to cancer development in complex ways. A combination of inherited predispositions and exposures to carcinogenic chemicals, viruses, radiation, and other external factors drive the transformation of normal cells into malignant tumors.
Molecular basis of thyroid neoplasm subhasish
This document summarizes the molecular basis of thyroid neoplasms. It discusses the common genetic mutations seen in different thyroid cancers, including BRAF mutations in papillary carcinoma, RAS and PAX8/PPARγ rearrangements in follicular carcinoma, and RET mutations in medullary carcinoma. It describes how these genetic alterations activate signaling pathways like MAPK that drive tumorigenesis. The document also outlines the diagnostic and prognostic significance of these molecular markers in thyroid cancer.
Management of cancer
This document discusses different types of cancer therapy:
- Radical therapy aims to eliminate all cancer and potentially cure the patient through surgery, radiation, or systemic treatments.
- Adjuvant therapy is additional treatment after radical therapy to eliminate remaining cancer cells and increase the chance of cure.
- Neo-adjuvant therapy uses chemotherapy before surgery or radiation to shrink tumors and help other treatments work better.
- Palliative therapy controls cancer growth and symptoms but is not intended to cure, balancing treatment benefits with risks and quality of life.
Treating Cancer
The document discusses principles of cancer management and treatment options. It outlines current standard treatments like surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. It also discusses newer treatments and the process of clinical trials, from phase 1 safety trials to phase 3 trials that compare new treatments to standard therapies. An example is given of problems that can occur in phase 3 trials if factors like surgical debulking are not properly controlled for. Complementary treatments are discussed, along with examples of treatments that originated from plant and animal extracts.
Cancer
Cancer is caused by uncontrolled cell growth and can spread through the body. There are many types of cancer that can affect different parts of the body. Risk factors include tobacco use, certain infections, radiation, diet, and aging. Cancer is detected through symptoms, screening tests, or biopsy of suspicious tissue. Treatment options include radiation, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and surgery. The eyes and surrounding structures can occasionally be affected by cancers originating elsewhere in the body.
General Interventions for Clients with Cancer
This document discusses various general interventions for clients with cancer including surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, immunotherapy, and management of oncologic emergencies. It describes the purpose and side effects of different cancer treatments and collaborative nursing care for clients undergoing these therapies. Key interventions discussed include skin care during radiation, managing side effects of chemotherapy like nausea and hair loss, and treating emergencies like sepsis, spinal cord compression, and hypercalcemia.
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The document provides an overview of cancer biology, including key terminology, epidemiology, etiology, prevention, screening, diagnosis, staging, treatment, and biomarkers. It defines various types of cancers and neoplasms, describes the cellular and genetic events leading to cancer development, and outlines the general principles and goals of cancer treatment, which may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and palliative care.
Thyroid cancer
Thyroid cancer is the most common cancer of the endocrine system. The three main types are papillary, follicular, and medullary thyroid carcinoma. Risk factors include radiation exposure, family history, and genetic conditions. Symptoms may include a neck mass, lymph node swelling, difficulty swallowing or breathing, and diarrhea. Diagnosis involves thyroid imaging tests, biopsy, and genetic testing. Treatment depends on cancer type and stage but commonly includes surgery, radioactive iodine therapy, and medication for differentiated cancers, and surgery plus other therapies for medullary and anaplastic thyroid cancers.
Approach to thyroid cancer
This document discusses the different types and management approaches for thyroid cancer. It covers:
1. Thyroid cancers are classified into groups A and B based on differentiation and prognosis. Papillary thyroid cancer is the most common type, while anaplastic is very rare and aggressive.
2. Diagnostic workup involves ultrasound, fine needle aspiration biopsy, and staging tests if cancer is detected. FNAB results are classified from C1 to C6 indicating likelihood of malignancy.
3. Treatment depends on cancer type and stage. For lower risk papillary cancer, surgery may involve hemithyroidectomy followed by histopathology. Higher risk cancers receive more aggressive surgical and adjuvant treatment.
Thyroid carcinoma
Thyroid carcinoma is the most common endocrine malignancy, affecting women three times more than men. Risk factors include exposure to radiation, family history, low iodine diet, and older age. Symptoms can include a lump in the neck, hoarseness, difficulty swallowing or breathing. Treatment options include surgery to remove all or parts of the thyroid gland, hormone therapy, radioactive iodine therapy, external beam radiation, chemotherapy, or targeted therapy depending on the cancer stage.
Cancer treatment
The document discusses various cancer treatment methods including surgery, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, hormone therapy, chemotherapy, and combination/adjuvant chemotherapy. It provides details on each method such as how surgery is used for diagnosis and removal of tumors, how different types of radiation are used in radiotherapy, and how chemotherapy works by destroying cancer cells. The document also covers natural compounds that can induce apoptosis in cancer cells, including plant extracts, flavonoids, and curcumin which suppresses prostaglandin formation through COX-2 inhibition. Nanoparticles are also discussed as a means of targeted drug delivery to cancer cells to reduce side effects.
Breast cancer written report
This document discusses treatment options for a patient with metastatic breast cancer. It states that the goals of treatment for metastatic breast cancer are palliation and prolonging life, since cure is not possible. It describes how the patient was previously treated for stage IIB breast cancer with surgery, radiation, and tamoxifen therapy. Now that the cancer has metastasized, the document outlines radiation therapy, hormonal therapies like aromatase inhibitors, and chemotherapy as options to palliate symptoms and potentially prolong survival, with the aim of choosing the easiest, least toxic treatment.
Cancer
One-third of individuals in the U.S. will develop cancer in their lifetime, making it the second leading cause of death. In 2000, over 1 million new cancer cases were diagnosed and over 500,000 people died from cancer. While treatment has improved survival rates to nearly 50% through early diagnosis and improved therapies, cancer remains a major public health challenge and economic burden. The three most common cancers are lung, breast, and colorectal cancers.
Cancer Ppt 2008
Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and can affect many parts of the body. In New Zealand, cancer is a leading cause of death, with the most common cancers being lung, prostate, colorectal, breast and lung cancers. Maori have higher mortality rates from cancer compared to non-Maori. Cancers are caused by defects in cellular proliferation and differentiation as well as environmental and genetic factors. Cancer cells spread via metastasis which can occur early for some cancers or later for others. The immune system plays a role in detecting cancer cells but cancers can evade immune response.
Thyroid cancer ppt
A supercool powerpoint about thyroid cancer that is very hard to understand unless I am speaking to you and filling in the blanks so check out my blog and look for a related post:
http://m4tt5-b10-bl0g-2o1o.blogspot.com/
Thyroid cancer etiology 2
This document discusses risk factors and molecular genetics related to carcinoma of the thyroid gland. It notes that radiation exposure, family history, and certain genetic syndromes can increase cancer risk. Radiation exposure under 2000 cGy linearly increases risk, which is maximum 20-30 years later. Familial syndromes like MEN2A and MEN2B are associated with medullary thyroid carcinoma. The RET proto-oncogene plays a role in thyroid cancers, and mutations cause developmental syndromes and increase cancer risk. Other tumor suppressors like p53 and cell cycle regulators can also be mutated in thyroid cancers.
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- Thyroid cancer accounts for 1.5% of cancers in the US, with papillary carcinoma being the most common at 80% of cases.
- A 45-year-old female presented with a thyroid nodule that was found to be papillary carcinoma on biopsy. Near-total or total thyroidectomy is the recommended treatment.
- Her prognosis is favorable at ~90% 10-year survival given her diagnosis of papillary carcinoma and surgery. Ongoing monitoring is still recommended.
Lung Cancerrr.pdf
Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer death. The main types are non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC). NSCLC makes up about 80-85% of cases. Risk factors include smoking, asbestos exposure, radon gas, and air pollution. Symptoms may include cough, shortness of breath, chest pain, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves imaging tests and biopsy. Staging evaluates extent of spread. Treatment depends on cancer type and stage but may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. Regular screening is recommended for higher risk individuals to detect early-stage cancer.
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An introduction to thyroid cancer
Thyroid cancer (TC) remains the most common endocrine malignancy worldwide and its incidence and mortality has increased steadily over the last four decades. Thyroid cancer is commonly diagnosed at a younger age than most other adult cancers. Therefore, in order to improve the benefit of screening and the survival rate of patients, it is very important to establish a system of early diagnosis and targeted therapy for thyroid cancer. The slide named an overview of thyroid cancer is created by Creative Biolabs who provides high-quality antibody production with advanced research tools, professional technical support, and rapid global delivery. In the slide, we will give you a comprehensive introduction to thyroid cancer and its signaling pathways, diagnostics markers and targeted therapies, as well as Creative Biolabs’ antibody-related products and services. If you have any need for antibodies, please feel free to contact us.
Aetiology of human cancer
This document discusses the etiology of human cancer. It classifies the etiologic factors into 3 main groups: extrinsic, intrinsic, and unknown factors. Extrinsic factors include chemical, physical (radiation), and infectious agents (oncogenic viruses) and account for 85% of cancer etiology, particularly in adults. Intrinsic genetic factors are the main contributors to pediatric malignancies. Some key points made include that tobacco is responsible for 30% of cancers in the US, diet accounts for 35%, and viruses cause around 5% of cancers. Specific cancers are also linked to certain infectious agents, chemicals, radiation exposure, and genetic syndromes.
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The document discusses the leading causes of death worldwide due to illnesses like heart disease, malignant neoplasms, and cerebrovascular disease. It then covers various risk factors for cancer and heart disease, including smoking and diet. The rest of the document details cancer treatment methods such as staging and surgery, as well as principles of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormonal therapy, immunotherapy, and molecularly targeted agents. It provides examples of cancers that may be cured through chemotherapy alone or in combination with other treatments.
Human Bio Iii Oncology I
The document summarizes key points about human biology and oncology:
1. It defines cancer terminology and distinguishes between characteristics of benign and malignant tumors.
2. It lists the main categories of cancer etiology as environmental factors, viruses, and lifestyle factors like smoking, diet, alcohol, medical drugs and hormones, and heredity.
3. It provides cancer statistics for 2000, noting the most common cancer types and that rates have declined since 1989, in part due to decreased tobacco use.
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Molecular basis of thyroid neoplasm subhasish
This document summarizes the molecular basis of thyroid neoplasms. It discusses the common genetic mutations seen in different thyroid cancers, including BRAF mutations in papillary carcinoma, RAS and PAX8/PPARγ rearrangements in follicular carcinoma, and RET mutations in medullary carcinoma. It describes how these genetic alterations activate signaling pathways like MAPK that drive tumorigenesis. The document also outlines the diagnostic and prognostic significance of these molecular markers in thyroid cancer.
Management of cancer
This document discusses different types of cancer therapy:
- Radical therapy aims to eliminate all cancer and potentially cure the patient through surgery, radiation, or systemic treatments.
- Adjuvant therapy is additional treatment after radical therapy to eliminate remaining cancer cells and increase the chance of cure.
- Neo-adjuvant therapy uses chemotherapy before surgery or radiation to shrink tumors and help other treatments work better.
- Palliative therapy controls cancer growth and symptoms but is not intended to cure, balancing treatment benefits with risks and quality of life.
Treating Cancer
The document discusses principles of cancer management and treatment options. It outlines current standard treatments like surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. It also discusses newer treatments and the process of clinical trials, from phase 1 safety trials to phase 3 trials that compare new treatments to standard therapies. An example is given of problems that can occur in phase 3 trials if factors like surgical debulking are not properly controlled for. Complementary treatments are discussed, along with examples of treatments that originated from plant and animal extracts.
Cancer
Cancer is caused by uncontrolled cell growth and can spread through the body. There are many types of cancer that can affect different parts of the body. Risk factors include tobacco use, certain infections, radiation, diet, and aging. Cancer is detected through symptoms, screening tests, or biopsy of suspicious tissue. Treatment options include radiation, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and surgery. The eyes and surrounding structures can occasionally be affected by cancers originating elsewhere in the body.
General Interventions for Clients with Cancer
This document discusses various general interventions for clients with cancer including surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, immunotherapy, and management of oncologic emergencies. It describes the purpose and side effects of different cancer treatments and collaborative nursing care for clients undergoing these therapies. Key interventions discussed include skin care during radiation, managing side effects of chemotherapy like nausea and hair loss, and treating emergencies like sepsis, spinal cord compression, and hypercalcemia.
1 Introduction To Oncology
The document provides an overview of cancer biology, including key terminology, epidemiology, etiology, prevention, screening, diagnosis, staging, treatment, and biomarkers. It defines various types of cancers and neoplasms, describes the cellular and genetic events leading to cancer development, and outlines the general principles and goals of cancer treatment, which may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and palliative care.
Thyroid cancer
Thyroid cancer is the most common cancer of the endocrine system. The three main types are papillary, follicular, and medullary thyroid carcinoma. Risk factors include radiation exposure, family history, and genetic conditions. Symptoms may include a neck mass, lymph node swelling, difficulty swallowing or breathing, and diarrhea. Diagnosis involves thyroid imaging tests, biopsy, and genetic testing. Treatment depends on cancer type and stage but commonly includes surgery, radioactive iodine therapy, and medication for differentiated cancers, and surgery plus other therapies for medullary and anaplastic thyroid cancers.
Approach to thyroid cancer
This document discusses the different types and management approaches for thyroid cancer. It covers:
1. Thyroid cancers are classified into groups A and B based on differentiation and prognosis. Papillary thyroid cancer is the most common type, while anaplastic is very rare and aggressive.
2. Diagnostic workup involves ultrasound, fine needle aspiration biopsy, and staging tests if cancer is detected. FNAB results are classified from C1 to C6 indicating likelihood of malignancy.
3. Treatment depends on cancer type and stage. For lower risk papillary cancer, surgery may involve hemithyroidectomy followed by histopathology. Higher risk cancers receive more aggressive surgical and adjuvant treatment.
Thyroid carcinoma
Thyroid carcinoma is the most common endocrine malignancy, affecting women three times more than men. Risk factors include exposure to radiation, family history, low iodine diet, and older age. Symptoms can include a lump in the neck, hoarseness, difficulty swallowing or breathing. Treatment options include surgery to remove all or parts of the thyroid gland, hormone therapy, radioactive iodine therapy, external beam radiation, chemotherapy, or targeted therapy depending on the cancer stage.
Cancer treatment
The document discusses various cancer treatment methods including surgery, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, hormone therapy, chemotherapy, and combination/adjuvant chemotherapy. It provides details on each method such as how surgery is used for diagnosis and removal of tumors, how different types of radiation are used in radiotherapy, and how chemotherapy works by destroying cancer cells. The document also covers natural compounds that can induce apoptosis in cancer cells, including plant extracts, flavonoids, and curcumin which suppresses prostaglandin formation through COX-2 inhibition. Nanoparticles are also discussed as a means of targeted drug delivery to cancer cells to reduce side effects.
Breast cancer written report
This document discusses treatment options for a patient with metastatic breast cancer. It states that the goals of treatment for metastatic breast cancer are palliation and prolonging life, since cure is not possible. It describes how the patient was previously treated for stage IIB breast cancer with surgery, radiation, and tamoxifen therapy. Now that the cancer has metastasized, the document outlines radiation therapy, hormonal therapies like aromatase inhibitors, and chemotherapy as options to palliate symptoms and potentially prolong survival, with the aim of choosing the easiest, least toxic treatment.
Cancer
One-third of individuals in the U.S. will develop cancer in their lifetime, making it the second leading cause of death. In 2000, over 1 million new cancer cases were diagnosed and over 500,000 people died from cancer. While treatment has improved survival rates to nearly 50% through early diagnosis and improved therapies, cancer remains a major public health challenge and economic burden. The three most common cancers are lung, breast, and colorectal cancers.
Cancer Ppt 2008
Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and can affect many parts of the body. In New Zealand, cancer is a leading cause of death, with the most common cancers being lung, prostate, colorectal, breast and lung cancers. Maori have higher mortality rates from cancer compared to non-Maori. Cancers are caused by defects in cellular proliferation and differentiation as well as environmental and genetic factors. Cancer cells spread via metastasis which can occur early for some cancers or later for others. The immune system plays a role in detecting cancer cells but cancers can evade immune response.
Thyroid cancer ppt
A supercool powerpoint about thyroid cancer that is very hard to understand unless I am speaking to you and filling in the blanks so check out my blog and look for a related post:
http://m4tt5-b10-bl0g-2o1o.blogspot.com/
Thyroid cancer etiology 2
This document discusses risk factors and molecular genetics related to carcinoma of the thyroid gland. It notes that radiation exposure, family history, and certain genetic syndromes can increase cancer risk. Radiation exposure under 2000 cGy linearly increases risk, which is maximum 20-30 years later. Familial syndromes like MEN2A and MEN2B are associated with medullary thyroid carcinoma. The RET proto-oncogene plays a role in thyroid cancers, and mutations cause developmental syndromes and increase cancer risk. Other tumor suppressors like p53 and cell cycle regulators can also be mutated in thyroid cancers.
Thyroid Disease
- Thyroid cancer accounts for 1.5% of cancers in the US, with papillary carcinoma being the most common at 80% of cases.
- A 45-year-old female presented with a thyroid nodule that was found to be papillary carcinoma on biopsy. Near-total or total thyroidectomy is the recommended treatment.
- Her prognosis is favorable at ~90% 10-year survival given her diagnosis of papillary carcinoma and surgery. Ongoing monitoring is still recommended.
Lung Cancerrr.pdf
Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer death. The main types are non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC). NSCLC makes up about 80-85% of cases. Risk factors include smoking, asbestos exposure, radon gas, and air pollution. Symptoms may include cough, shortness of breath, chest pain, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves imaging tests and biopsy. Staging evaluates extent of spread. Treatment depends on cancer type and stage but may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. Regular screening is recommended for higher risk individuals to detect early-stage cancer.
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An introduction to thyroid cancer
Thyroid cancer (TC) remains the most common endocrine malignancy worldwide and its incidence and mortality has increased steadily over the last four decades. Thyroid cancer is commonly diagnosed at a younger age than most other adult cancers. Therefore, in order to improve the benefit of screening and the survival rate of patients, it is very important to establish a system of early diagnosis and targeted therapy for thyroid cancer. The slide named an overview of thyroid cancer is created by Creative Biolabs who provides high-quality antibody production with advanced research tools, professional technical support, and rapid global delivery. In the slide, we will give you a comprehensive introduction to thyroid cancer and its signaling pathways, diagnostics markers and targeted therapies, as well as Creative Biolabs’ antibody-related products and services. If you have any need for antibodies, please feel free to contact us.
Aetiology of human cancer
This document discusses the etiology of human cancer. It classifies the etiologic factors into 3 main groups: extrinsic, intrinsic, and unknown factors. Extrinsic factors include chemical, physical (radiation), and infectious agents (oncogenic viruses) and account for 85% of cancer etiology, particularly in adults. Intrinsic genetic factors are the main contributors to pediatric malignancies. Some key points made include that tobacco is responsible for 30% of cancers in the US, diet accounts for 35%, and viruses cause around 5% of cancers. Specific cancers are also linked to certain infectious agents, chemicals, radiation exposure, and genetic syndromes.
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CHAPTER 175
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Merry Jennifer Markham, MD
Key Clinical Questions
What types of biopsies can aid in the diagnostic workup of cancer?
How is the cancer stage determined?
What are the goals of therapy in the neoadjuvant, adjuvant, and palliative setting?
What are the different types of systemic therapies commonly used in the
treatment of cancer?
What are the approaches to treating chemotherapy-related nausea, vomiting and
mucositis?
When are modified blood products recommended for cancer patients and what
are the transfusion thresholds for anemia and thrombocytopenia?
EPIDEMIOLOGY
Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal
cells that invade surrounding tissue and carry the potential to metastasize. Environmental
1578185 - McGraw-Hill Professional ©
and lifestyle risk factors and genetic susceptibility all contribute to an individual’s risk of
developing cancer. In 2015, more than 1.6 million Americans will be diagnosed with
cancer, and approximately 600,000 cancer-related deaths will occur. The most common
cancers afflicting men and women are prostate and breast, respectively, followed by lung
and colorectal. Overall, lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality,
followed by colorectal cancer. The incidence of lung and colon cancer in men is steadily
declining, perhaps reflecting decreased tobacco use and emphasis on colorectal cancer
screenings. Lung cancer incidence in women is finally starting to decrease after rising over
the last few decades, reflecting the delayed uptake in smoking (and later, smoking
cessation) by women compared to men.
DIAGNOSIS AND STAGING
Biopsy of a primary and/or metastatic site of a presumed malignancy is necessary to
provide histologic confirmation of a cancer diagnosis. Involving a hematologist-oncologist
early in the workup of a newly diagnosed cancer patient can be helpful in guiding the
appropriate testing, biopsy sites, or biopsy techniques. For example, different biopsy
techniques—including fine needle aspiration (FNA), core needle biopsy, excisional biopsy,
or laparotomy—may be utilized depending on the type of cancer suspected. An FNA alone
is inadequate in the diagnosis of lymphomas as the morphology of the nodal tissue is
crucial in determining lymphoma subtype. Core needle biopsies and excisional or
incisional biopsies provide a larger volume of tissue for pathologic evaluation of
morphology and for molecular or genetic analysis. When a hematologic malignancy, such
as lymphoma, is suspected, sending a fresh, not fixed, specimen for comprehensive
immunophenotyping using flow cytometry is important in yielding the correct diagnosis.
Finally, in addition to confirming a cancer diagnosis, the biopsied tissue specimen may
guide therapeutic decisions. For example, molecular biomarkers, such as HER2Neu for
breast cancer and KRAS/NRAS for colon cancer ...
1578185 - McGraw-Hill Professional ©CHAPTER 175Overview
1578185 - McGraw-Hill Professional ©
CHAPTER 175
Overview of Cancer and Treatment
Jennifer Duff, MD
Merry Jennifer Markham, MD
Key Clinical Questions
What types of biopsies can aid in the diagnostic workup of cancer?
How is the cancer stage determined?
What are the goals of therapy in the neoadjuvant, adjuvant, and palliative setting?
What are the different types of systemic therapies commonly used in the
treatment of cancer?
What are the approaches to treating chemotherapy-related nausea, vomiting and
mucositis?
When are modified blood products recommended for cancer patients and what
are the transfusion thresholds for anemia and thrombocytopenia?
EPIDEMIOLOGY
Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal
cells that invade surrounding tissue and carry the potential to metastasize. Environmental
1578185 - McGraw-Hill Professional ©
and lifestyle risk factors and genetic susceptibility all contribute to an individual’s risk of
developing cancer. In 2015, more than 1.6 million Americans will be diagnosed with
cancer, and approximately 600,000 cancer-related deaths will occur. The most common
cancers afflicting men and women are prostate and breast, respectively, followed by lung
and colorectal. Overall, lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality,
followed by colorectal cancer. The incidence of lung and colon cancer in men is steadily
declining, perhaps reflecting decreased tobacco use and emphasis on colorectal cancer
screenings. Lung cancer incidence in women is finally starting to decrease after rising over
the last few decades, reflecting the delayed uptake in smoking (and later, smoking
cessation) by women compared to men.
DIAGNOSIS AND STAGING
Biopsy of a primary and/or metastatic site of a presumed malignancy is necessary to
provide histologic confirmation of a cancer diagnosis. Involving a hematologist-oncologist
early in the workup of a newly diagnosed cancer patient can be helpful in guiding the
appropriate testing, biopsy sites, or biopsy techniques. For example, different biopsy
techniques—including fine needle aspiration (FNA), core needle biopsy, excisional biopsy,
or laparotomy—may be utilized depending on the type of cancer suspected. An FNA alone
is inadequate in the diagnosis of lymphomas as the morphology of the nodal tissue is
crucial in determining lymphoma subtype. Core needle biopsies and excisional or
incisional biopsies provide a larger volume of tissue for pathologic evaluation of
morphology and for molecular or genetic analysis. When a hematologic malignancy, such
as lymphoma, is suspected, sending a fresh, not fixed, specimen for comprehensive
immunophenotyping using flow cytometry is important in yielding the correct diagnosis.
Finally, in addition to confirming a cancer diagnosis, the biopsied tissue specimen may
guide therapeutic decisions. For example, molecular biomarkers, such as HER2Neu for
breast cancer and KRAS/NRAS for colon cancer ...
Oncology 101 2013
This document provides an overview of cancer epidemiology and statistics in the United States. It states that in 2010, there were expected to be 1.6 million new cancer cases diagnosed and 577,190 cancer deaths. The four most common cancers were prostate, breast, lung, and colon, while the four cancers with the highest mortality were lung, colon, breast, and pancreas. It also discusses cancer risks, costs, definitions, classifications, staging, prognostic factors, types of treatment, and concepts for determining treatment response.
Endometrial Cancer
Endometrial cancer is the most common female genital tract malignancy, with a lifetime risk of developing it being 2.5%. It mostly occurs in women in their 6th-7th decades. Obesity is a major risk factor, accounting for 40% of cases. Diagnosis is usually through post-menopausal bleeding. Treatment involves a total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and surgical staging for high-risk cases. The role of lymphadenectomy is controversial, with some advocating for it only in high-risk cases. Adjuvant radiotherapy decreases pelvic recurrence rates. Prognosis is generally good, with an 80% 5-year survival rate.
Multiple Primary Tumors.pptx
Multiple primary cancers arise independently in the same or different organs and have different histologies. They occur in 2-17% of cancer patients, with the most common being lung, bladder, and lymphomas. Risk factors include family history, cancer predisposition syndromes, environmental exposures, and prior therapies. Diagnosis requires histologic confirmation of independent primaries. Management involves an multidisciplinary approach considering goals of care, interactions between treatments, residual toxicities from prior therapies, and surveillance for secondary malignancies.
Decision making in early & advanced colorectal cancer
This document discusses decision making for early and advanced colorectal and rectal cancer. It provides information on risk factors, symptoms, staging, and treatment decisions based on cancer location and stage. Treatment may involve polypectomy, surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. Decision making is guided by a multi-disciplinary team based on tumor characteristics and with the goal of maximizing survival while preserving organ function and quality of life.
Advanced colorectal cancer
This document discusses decision making for early and advanced colorectal and rectal cancer. It provides information on risk factors, symptoms, staging, and treatment decisions based on cancer location and stage. Treatment may involve polypectomy, surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. Decision making is guided by a multi-disciplinary team based on tumor characteristics and with the goal of maximizing survival while preserving organ function and quality of life.
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Basic Principles
- 1. Winston W. Tan MD FACP Associate Professor of Medicine Hematology/Oncology Mayo Clinic Florida
- 3. • Discuss the principles of cancer pathophysiology. • Describe the principles of staging and diagnosing cancer • List at least two principles for therapy of cancer Objectives
- 5. Extrinsic factors- smoking, virus, sun, radiation Intrinsic factors- genetics Population risk is often reported relative to another population Risk of Cancer
- 6. Nucleic acid structure Organization of gene Structure of DNA and RNA Molecular Biology
- 7. Diagnosis Stage Plan of treatment Surgery Radiation Combined Chemotherapy or targeted treatment Steps
- 8. Routine histo-pathologic examination Immuno-histochemistry for classification Histologic diagnosis and classification of cancer Cytogenetics and flow cytometry Tumor markers Diagnosis:Surgical pathology
- 9. X-ray Ultrasound CT scan MRI PET scan Diagnosis: Radiologic imaging
- 11. Incidence Mortality Prevalence Lung Lung breast Breast stomach colorectal Stomach liver prostate Leading causes of Cancer incidence, mortality and prevalence worldwide
- 12. Localized Systemic Stage I and II localized Stage III locally advanced Stage IV metastatic Staging
- 13. Most common use is in advanced and metastatic disease Adjuvant Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy
- 14. Combination chemotherapy has become the standard for majority of cancer therapy Biologic targeted therapies are quickly entering standard pratices Clinical Pharmacology
- 15. Maximal cell kill within a range of tolerable toxicity Broad coverage in resistant cell lines Prevention of drug resistance Stimulation of cellular cycle through cellular stress Combination chemotherapy
- 16. Effective therapy must be available Known tumor must be removed by surgery Chemotherapy started postoperatively Chemotherapy given at maximum tolerated dose Chemotherapy for a limited period of time Abeloff et al Principles of adjuvant chemotherapy
- 17. Wilm’ s tumor Testicular cancer Osteosarcoma Breast cancer Colon cancer Cancers effectively treated with adjuvant chemotherapy
- 18. Soft tissue sarcoma Osteosarcoma Anal cancer Bladder cancer Larynx cancer Esophageal cancer Locally advanced breast cancer Tumors effectively treated with neo- adjuvant chemotherapy
- 19. Gestational choriocarcinoma Testicular cancer Hodgkins lymphoma Acute lymphoid leukemia Non-hodgkins lymphoma Hairy cell leukemia Cancers curable with chemotherapy alone
- 20. Immune system T lymphocytes T cell recognize antigen T cell receptor interaction Eg. Interleukin- 2, rituximab, trastuzumab Ipilumimab Pd-1 inhibitors Biologic therapy
- 21. Most common cancer in women 215,000 women each year and 1450 men 40,000 deaths 1:8 women will have breast cancer American Cancer Society 2009 Breast Cancer
- 22. Female BRCA1, 2 Family history of breast cancer Age 50 Benign breast disease Nulli-parity Age at first birth 30 Age at menarche Radiation Oral contraceptives Alcohol consumption Increased body mass index Risk factor for breast Cancer
- 24. FNA Core biopsy Needle localization Excision biopsy Incisional biospy Diagnosis
- 25. Tumor size Axillary involvement Histologic type Histologic grade Steroid receptor Her2 status Prognostic markers
- 26. T O non-invasive breast cancer Stage I Stage II Stage III Stage IV Staging
- 27. Tumor size Grade Estrogen Her-2 Axillary node Pathology
- 29. Sentinel node Axillary node dissection Node status as basis for therapy Node evaluation
- 30. SERM- tamoxifen, raloxifene Aromatase inhibitors Anastrazole Letrozole exemestane Anti-estrogen treatment
- 31. Surgery- mastectomy, lumpectomy Radiation Chemotherapy Treatment
- 32. Adjuvant Neoadjuvant Metastatic disease Chemotherapy indications
- 33. Tamoxifen Arimidex Exemestane letrozole Antiestrogen
- 34. Most common cancer in men 173,770 new cases 160,000 deaths Smoking Lung Cancer
- 36. Lung biopsy Mediastinoscopy PET/CT Staging Diagnosis
- 37. EGFR RAS ALK Tumor markers for personalize medicine
- 38. Stage IIIA or B Downstage disease Chemotherapy-radiation Radiation
- 39. Adjuvant Stage I-B to Stage II Metastatic treatment Adenocarcinoma or not EGFR ALK Chemotherapy
- 40. Most common cancer in men 200,000 Mortality 27, 000 PSA Rectal examination biopsy Prostate Cancer
- 41. From Prostate Cancer: with a Dose of Reality and a Slice of Humor
- 42. Testicular mass Pathology Seminoma nonseminoma Testicular cancer
- 43. Stage 1 Stage II node Stage III lung or others Staging
- 44. Stage I resection, options Stage II radiation Stage III chemotherapy Seminoma treatment
- 45. Stage I resection Stage II retroperitoneal node dissection Size 5 cm and greater chemotherapy Stage III chemotherapy Non-seminoma
- 47. ALL AML CML CLL Leukemias
- 48. Chemotherapy Bone marrow transplant Immunotherapy/monoclonal antibodies Treatment
- 49. Induction Consolidation maintenance ALL
- 50. Capture the Moment: Patient/Caregiver Cancer Education Symposium: Complimentary