Evaluation of Bactericidal and BacteriostaticRajsingh467604
What are disinfectants?
As per the definition given by WHO ( World health organization ) : a disinfectant is a chemical agent, which destroys or inhibits growth of pathogenic microorganisms in the non-sporing or vegetative state.
Why Evaluation?
Evaluation of disinfectants is used to check the ability or efficacy of any disinfectant against specific microorganisms to establish its effectiveness.
Evaluation tests of bactericide.
1. RIDEAL WALKER TEST
This test is also known as the phenol coefficient test,in which any chemical is compared with phenol for its antimicrobial activity.
The result is shown in the form of phenol coefficient.
▪ If a phenol coefficient of a given test disinfectant is less than 1, it means that disinfectant is less effective than phenol.
▪ If a phenol coefficient of a given test disinfectant is more than 1, it means that disinfectant is more effective than phenol.
Procedure
1.1 Different dilutions of the test disinfectant and phenol are prepared and 5 ml of each dilution is inoculated with 0.5ml of the 24 hour growth culture of the organisms.
1.2 All tubes(Disinfectant + organisms & phenol + organisms) are placed in a water bath ( at 17.5° C)
1.3 Subcultures of each reaction mixture are taken and transferred to 5ml sterile broth at an interval of 2.5 minutes from zero to 10 mintues.
1.4 Broth tubes are incubated at 37° C for 2 to 3 days & examined for the presence or absence of the growth.
1.5 Then the Rideal Walker coefficient is calculated :
2. CHICK MARTIN TEST.
CHICK MARTIN test is performed in the much similar way as the RIDEAL Walker test but with a little variation.
Principle : This test is carried out in the presence of organic matter like 3% human feces or dried yeast.
Procedure
2.1 Serial dilutions of test solution and phenol is prepared in distilled water.
2.2 To this 3% yeast suspension is also added.
2.3 To this solution the S. typhi is added
2.4 After contact time of 30 mins the above mixture is transferred to the freshly prepared 10 ml of broth.
2.5 The test tubes are incubated at 37°C for 48 hours.
2.6 Presence or absence of the growth is calculated.
Evaluation tests of Bacteriostatic.
1. Tube dilution & Agar plate Method
1.1 The chemical agent is incorporated into nutrient broth or agar medium and inoculated with test micro-organisms.
1.2 These tubes are incubated at 30° TO 35°C for 2 to 3 days and then the results in the form of turbidity or colonies are observed.
1.3 The results are recorded and the activity of the given disinfectant is compared.
2. Cup plate method
2.1 Agar is melted and cooled at 45° Celsius.
2.2 Then inoculated with test micro-organisms and poured into a sterile petri plate.
2.3 In the cup plate method, when the inoculated agar has solidified, holes around 8mm in diameter are cut in the medium with a steel cork borer.
2.4 Now the antimicrobial agents are directly placed in the holes.
Evaluation of Bactericidal and BacteriostaticRajsingh467604
What are disinfectants?
As per the definition given by WHO ( World health organization ) : a disinfectant is a chemical agent, which destroys or inhibits growth of pathogenic microorganisms in the non-sporing or vegetative state.
Why Evaluation?
Evaluation of disinfectants is used to check the ability or efficacy of any disinfectant against specific microorganisms to establish its effectiveness.
Evaluation tests of bactericide.
1. RIDEAL WALKER TEST
This test is also known as the phenol coefficient test,in which any chemical is compared with phenol for its antimicrobial activity.
The result is shown in the form of phenol coefficient.
▪ If a phenol coefficient of a given test disinfectant is less than 1, it means that disinfectant is less effective than phenol.
▪ If a phenol coefficient of a given test disinfectant is more than 1, it means that disinfectant is more effective than phenol.
Procedure
1.1 Different dilutions of the test disinfectant and phenol are prepared and 5 ml of each dilution is inoculated with 0.5ml of the 24 hour growth culture of the organisms.
1.2 All tubes(Disinfectant + organisms & phenol + organisms) are placed in a water bath ( at 17.5° C)
1.3 Subcultures of each reaction mixture are taken and transferred to 5ml sterile broth at an interval of 2.5 minutes from zero to 10 mintues.
1.4 Broth tubes are incubated at 37° C for 2 to 3 days & examined for the presence or absence of the growth.
1.5 Then the Rideal Walker coefficient is calculated :
2. CHICK MARTIN TEST.
CHICK MARTIN test is performed in the much similar way as the RIDEAL Walker test but with a little variation.
Principle : This test is carried out in the presence of organic matter like 3% human feces or dried yeast.
Procedure
2.1 Serial dilutions of test solution and phenol is prepared in distilled water.
2.2 To this 3% yeast suspension is also added.
2.3 To this solution the S. typhi is added
2.4 After contact time of 30 mins the above mixture is transferred to the freshly prepared 10 ml of broth.
2.5 The test tubes are incubated at 37°C for 48 hours.
2.6 Presence or absence of the growth is calculated.
Evaluation tests of Bacteriostatic.
1. Tube dilution & Agar plate Method
1.1 The chemical agent is incorporated into nutrient broth or agar medium and inoculated with test micro-organisms.
1.2 These tubes are incubated at 30° TO 35°C for 2 to 3 days and then the results in the form of turbidity or colonies are observed.
1.3 The results are recorded and the activity of the given disinfectant is compared.
2. Cup plate method
2.1 Agar is melted and cooled at 45° Celsius.
2.2 Then inoculated with test micro-organisms and poured into a sterile petri plate.
2.3 In the cup plate method, when the inoculated agar has solidified, holes around 8mm in diameter are cut in the medium with a steel cork borer.
2.4 Now the antimicrobial agents are directly placed in the holes.
Definition of ELISA, Immunochemical principle of ELISA, Direct, Indirect, Sandwich and Competitive ELISA, applications of ELISA in the diagnostic field, and benefits/drawbacks of ELISA.
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) is a very sensitive immunochemical technique which is used to access the presence of specific protein (antigen or antibody) in the given sample and it’s quantification.
It is also called solid-phase enzyme immunoassay as it employs an enzyme linked antigen or antibody as a marker for the detection of specific protein.
ELISA has been used as a diagnostic tool in medicine, plant pathology and in the food industry as a quality control check.
It is a sterile solution derived from the concentrated, soluble products of growth of the tubercle bacillus (Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Mycobacterium bovis) prepared in a special medium
Definition of ELISA, Immunochemical principle of ELISA, Direct, Indirect, Sandwich and Competitive ELISA, applications of ELISA in the diagnostic field, and benefits/drawbacks of ELISA.
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) is a very sensitive immunochemical technique which is used to access the presence of specific protein (antigen or antibody) in the given sample and it’s quantification.
It is also called solid-phase enzyme immunoassay as it employs an enzyme linked antigen or antibody as a marker for the detection of specific protein.
ELISA has been used as a diagnostic tool in medicine, plant pathology and in the food industry as a quality control check.
It is a sterile solution derived from the concentrated, soluble products of growth of the tubercle bacillus (Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Mycobacterium bovis) prepared in a special medium
Cell culture is the process by which prokaryotic, eukaryotic or plant cells are grown under controlled conditions. Mammalian cell culture technology has become a major field in modern biotechnology; mammalian cell culture refers to the cells of a mammalian, isolated from specific tissues (i.e. skin, liver, glands, etc.) and further cultivated and reproduced in an artificial medium. Cell culture technology is currently playing a major role in toxicity testing, cancer research, virology, genetic engineering, and gene therapy.
OBJECTIVE:
To observe the transfection of CHO and HEK cells with GFP
To observe the recombinant GFP using Western Blotting
To purify the transfected HEK and CHO cells using AKTA Pure Purification
The main purpose of these slides is to convey information to the Professors, Lecturers, and Students. These slides contain authentic information about this topic which is mentioned in that.
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Now a days.All the World is facing a serious problem..Dengue
so i make a presentation on dengue to prevent and aware from dengue...and if you have dengue faver then which types of treatment you use for your Health.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
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The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
5. Steps involved in the invitro
micropropagation
Cleaning of glassware
Preparation of nutrient medium
Selection and sterilization of explant.
Inoculation of aseptic explant in to nutrient medium.
Proliferation of shoots on a multiplication medium.
Transfer of shoots for sub-culturing.
Rooting and hardening of plantlets
Field trials.
7. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
After the first four weeks of culturing, the external leaf
primordia of explants turned green which were initially
creamy white. The size of the explant also increased,
while blackening was observed at the base of the explant.
This blackening of the explant may be due to secretion of
phenolic compounds.
From the results it was also observed that the cultures
showing higher rate of multiplication in the first two or
three subcultures continue this behavior in the next
subculturings. Therefore, from the commercial point of
view, the explants Showing higher rate of multiplication
initially may be continued in the coming period. Cultures
showing potential for initially low rate of multiplication
may be discarded in the beginning to avoid the wastage of
time, space and other resources.
10. DNA EXTRACTION
DNA isolation is a process of purification of DNA from sample
using a combination of physical and chemical methods. The first
isolation of DNA was done in 1869 by Friedrich Miescher.
DNA extraction by CTAB method
Crush 2-3 leaf samples in mortar and pestle with liquid nitrogen (-
196 0C).
Add 2-3 ml of pre-warmed 2X CTAB having 0.05% B-marcepto-
ethanol. (50 µl β-mercaptoethanol / 50 mL 2X CTAB Buffer use
within 2-3 days).
o Transfer 750 µl of sample extract to eppendorf tube (1.5 ml)
o Incubate the eppendorf tubes at 65 ºC for 30 minutes.
Add 0.8 volume of Chloroform: Iso-amylalcohol (24:1) solution to
the eppendorf tubes and mix gently.
o Centrifuge the samples at 14000 rpm for 10 minutes.
Transfer the supernatant to a new tube and add equal volume of
pre-chilled Iso-propanol and mix gently by inverting the tubes. Also
80 µl of 3M sodium acetate to adjust ion balance.
14. ELISA Results
The ELISA assay yields three different types of data output:
1) Quantitative:
ELISA data can be interpreted in comparison to a standard curve (a serial
dilution of a known, purified antigen) in order to precisely calculate the
concentrations of antigen in various samples.
2) Qualitative:
ELISAs can also be used to achieve a yes or no answer indicating whether
a particular antigen is present in a sample, as compared to a blank well
containing no antigen or an unrelated control antigen.
3) Semi-quantitative:
ELISAs can be used to compare the relative levels of antigen in assay
samples, since the intensity of signal will vary directly with antigen
concentration.
ELISA data is typically graphed with optical density vs log concentration to
produce a sigmoidal curve as shown in Figure . Known concentrations of
antigen are used to produce a standard curve and then this data is used to
measure the concentration of unknown samples by comparison to the
linear portion of the standard curve. This can be done directly on the graph
or with curve fitting software which is typically found on ELISA plate