Here are the answers to the questions:
1. b) Herophilus is considered the Father of Anatomy.
2. c) The meaning of the term anatomy is "to cut up".
3. c) The coronal plane divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.
4. b) Lying down with the face directed down is called the prone position.
5. a) During flexion of the arm, the arm moves upwards.
Anatomy is the science that studies the structure of the body. On this page, you'll find links to descriptions and pictures of the human body's parts and organ systems from head to toe.
Anatomy is the science that studies the structure of the body. On this page, you'll find links to descriptions and pictures of the human body's parts and organ systems from head to toe.
Planes of body and Anatomical terms
The anatomical position is the standard reference orientation of the human body.
It is used to provide a clear and consistent mechanism of describing the location of structures
In the anatomical position, the body is upright, directly facing the observer, feet flat and directed forward. The upper limbs are at the body's sides with the palms facing forward.
Sagittal plane
The sagittal plane is a vertical plane which passes through the body longitudinally. It divides the body into a left section and a right section.
A specific sagittal plane is the median sagittal plane – which passes down the midline of the body, separating it into equal halves
Median plane (midsagital plane)
This is a vertical plane that divides the right and left sides of the body lengthwise along with midline into externally symmetrical section.
Coronal plane (frontal plane)
Any vertical side to side plane at right angles to the median plane is called coronal plane.
Transverse plane (horizontal plane)
The transverse plane is a horizontal plane. It is perpendicular to both the sagittal and coronal planes, and parallel to the ground.
If the body is divide into upper and lower section is called transverse plane.
The plane is at right angle to median, sagittal, and coronal planes.
Anatomical Terms of Position
Superior (cranial): Towards the head or upper part of the body; above
Inferior (caudal): Away from the head or toward the lower part of the body; below
Ventral (anterior): Toward or at the front of the body; in front of
Dorsal (posterior): Toward or at the back of the body; behind
Medial: Toward or at the midline of the body
Lateral: Away from the midline of the body
Proximal: Closer to the origin of the body part or point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Distal: Away from the origin of a body part or point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Superficial (external): Toward or at the body surface
Deep (internal): Away from the body surface
Palmer: Refer to anterior surface of hand.
Planter: Refer to anterior surface of the foot.
Terms of Movement
Flexion: Refers to a movement that decreases the angle between two body parts. Flexion at the elbow is decreasing the angle between the ulna and the humerus
Extension: refers to a movement that increases the angle between two body parts. Extension at the elbow is increasing the angle between the ulna and the humerus
Abduction: is action of moving the limb away from the median plane of the body.
Adduction: is a movement towards the midline. Adduction of the hip squeezes the legs together.
Rotation: Rotation is a movement of body part around its own long axis.
When the interior surface rotate medially the movement is called medial rotation. And if the interior surface rotate laterally the movement is called lateral rotation.
Circumduction: When a part
Students will be able to gain a better understanding and application of medical terminology in relation general Anatomy about:
Brief History
Medical Terminology
Anatomical Planes, Directions and Movements.
Planes of body and Anatomical terms
The anatomical position is the standard reference orientation of the human body.
It is used to provide a clear and consistent mechanism of describing the location of structures
In the anatomical position, the body is upright, directly facing the observer, feet flat and directed forward. The upper limbs are at the body's sides with the palms facing forward.
Sagittal plane
The sagittal plane is a vertical plane which passes through the body longitudinally. It divides the body into a left section and a right section.
A specific sagittal plane is the median sagittal plane – which passes down the midline of the body, separating it into equal halves
Median plane (midsagital plane)
This is a vertical plane that divides the right and left sides of the body lengthwise along with midline into externally symmetrical section.
Coronal plane (frontal plane)
Any vertical side to side plane at right angles to the median plane is called coronal plane.
Transverse plane (horizontal plane)
The transverse plane is a horizontal plane. It is perpendicular to both the sagittal and coronal planes, and parallel to the ground.
If the body is divide into upper and lower section is called transverse plane.
The plane is at right angle to median, sagittal, and coronal planes.
Anatomical Terms of Position
Superior (cranial): Towards the head or upper part of the body; above
Inferior (caudal): Away from the head or toward the lower part of the body; below
Ventral (anterior): Toward or at the front of the body; in front of
Dorsal (posterior): Toward or at the back of the body; behind
Medial: Toward or at the midline of the body
Lateral: Away from the midline of the body
Proximal: Closer to the origin of the body part or point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Distal: Away from the origin of a body part or point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Superficial (external): Toward or at the body surface
Deep (internal): Away from the body surface
Palmer: Refer to anterior surface of hand.
Planter: Refer to anterior surface of the foot.
Terms of Movement
Flexion: Refers to a movement that decreases the angle between two body parts. Flexion at the elbow is decreasing the angle between the ulna and the humerus
Extension: refers to a movement that increases the angle between two body parts. Extension at the elbow is increasing the angle between the ulna and the humerus
Abduction: is action of moving the limb away from the median plane of the body.
Adduction: is a movement towards the midline. Adduction of the hip squeezes the legs together.
Rotation: Rotation is a movement of body part around its own long axis.
When the interior surface rotate medially the movement is called medial rotation. And if the interior surface rotate laterally the movement is called lateral rotation.
Circumduction: When a part
Students will be able to gain a better understanding and application of medical terminology in relation general Anatomy about:
Brief History
Medical Terminology
Anatomical Planes, Directions and Movements.
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
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2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
2. HIPPOCRATES(460-377BC)
Greek physician
Father of Medicine
His name is memorialized in the Hippocratic oath
Humoral theory :
Four body humors –
- Blood - Phlegum
- Yellow bile - Black bile
Attributed diseases to natural causes .
3. ARISTOTLE (384-322 BC)
A great Greek Philosopher, he was a
zoologist
He made careful examination on all
kinds of animals, Humans.
He named the aorta and differentiated
the arteries and the veins
4. HEROPHILUS (about 325BC)
Father of Anatomy
Performed: vivi-sections (dissections of living
humans) and dissections of human cadavers
Regarded brain as seat of intelligence
Described cerebrum, cerebellum, fourth ventricle
First to identify nerves as sensory or motor.
5. VESALIUS (1514- 1654)
His work De humani corporis fabrica written in 7
volumes
His work revolutionised the teaching of anatomy and
ruled for two centuries
Chose not to have his name attached to the parts of
body he described unlike anatomists Sylvius,
Fallopius, Eustachius.
Father of Modern Anatomy
‘Reformer of Anatomy’
8. REGIONALANATOMY
- Head and neck
- Brain
-Thorax
- Abdomen
- Upper Limb
- Lower limb
SYSTEMIC ANATOMY
- Integumentary system
- Skeletal system
- Muscular system
- Nervous system
- Cardiovascular system
- Lymphatic system
- Endocrine system
- Digestive system, Respiratory system, Urogenital
system
9. SUB – DIVISIONS OF BODY
Head and Neck
Brain
Superior Extremity
Thorax
Abdomen and Pelvis
Inferior Extremity
10. ANATOMICAL POSITION
Standing up right
Eyes are directed forward and look stright
Upper limbs hanging by the side of body
Palms facing forwards
Lower limbs are parallel with toes pointing
forwards
11. 1. MID SAGITTAL (Median
Plane):
• A vertical plane dividing the body
into right and left equal halves.
2. SAGITTAL:
• A vertical plane which is parallel
to the midsagittal plane.
• Divides the body into unequal
right and left halves
TERMS OF PLANES
12. 3. CORONAL PLANE (Frontal Plane):
A vertical plane which is at right angles to the median plane dividing the
body into an anterior and a posterior part.
4. TRANSVERSE PLANE: (Horizontal/ Cross sectional)
A plane at right angles to the sagittal / coronal plane dividing the body into
an upper and lower part.
TERMS OF PLANES
13. HORIZONTAL PLANE: A plane parrallel to
the ground.
OBLIQUE PLANE: Any plane other than of
a fore mentioned planes.
15. TERMS OF POSTURE
Supine position: The person lies on the back with face
Prone position: The person lies on his belly (abdomen) with his face
directed downwards
Lithotomy position: The person lies supine with buttocks at the edge
of the table. The hip and knees are semiflexed and the thighs are
abducted
16. Anterior - = Ventral
Intermediate = Middle
Posterior = Dorsal
TERMS OF POSITION
17. Superior = Cephalic
Inferior = Caudal
Central - Towards the center of
the mass of the body
Perpheral - Away from the
center of the mass of the body
TERMS OF POSITION
18. • Lateral
• Intermediate
• Median
• Medial
• External - close to the surface
of the body
• Internal - Close to the center
of the body
TERMS OF POSITION
19. For solid organs:
-Superficial - Towards the surface
-Deep - Towards the center
For hollow organs:
-Interior - Inside the hollow organ
-Exterior - Outside the hollow organ
For indicating the side:
-Ipsilateral
-Contralateral
OTHER TERMS
23. Combination of Terms:
- Supero medial
- Infero lateral
- Postero superior
- Antero inferior
TERMS OF POSITION
24. Skull - Inferior surface is called as Base
Hand - Posterior surface - Dorum of Hand
- Anterior surface - Palmar surface
TERMS OF POSITION
25. Flexion: - Movement that takes place in the
saggital plane around the transverse axis
- It Approximates the flexor surfaces of the
adjoining parts and thus reduces the angle of
the joint
Extension- Moving part is carried backwards
- Movement that approximates the
extensor surface of the adjoining parts and
thus increase the angle of the joint
TERMS OF MOVEMENT
26. Rotation - Movements of a part of the body
around its along/vertical axis
Circumduction - circular cone like movement
of body segement
TERMS OF MOVEMENT
27. Medial Rotation –
-Moving part is
rotated towards the
mid line.
- Movement on
vertical axis.
Lateral Rotation –
- Moving part is
rotated away from
the mid line.
- Movement on
vertical axis.
TERMS OF MOVEMENT
28. Abduction: - Moving part is carried
away from the body/
reference line.
- Movement on antero –
posterior axis.
Adduction: - Moving part is carried
towards the body /
reference line.
-Movement on antero –
posterior axis.
TERMS OF MOVEMENT
29. LEG:
Flexion – A movement on knee
joint in which leg is carried
backwards.
Extension – A movement on knee
joint in which leg is carried
forwards.
TOES:
Abduction – Toes move away from
the long axis of 2nd toe.
Adduction – Toes move towards
long axis of the 2nd toe.
SPECIAL TERMS OF MOVEMENT
31. FINGERS:
ABDUCTION – Fingers
move away from the long
axis of middle finger.
ADDUCTION – Fingers
move towards the long
axis of middle finger.
SPECIAL TERMS OF MOVEMENT
32. SPECIAL TERMS OF MOVEMENT
Thumb:
Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Opposition
Forearm:
Pronation – Forearm
is rotated that the palm
faces towards ground.
Supination – Forearm
is rotated that the palm
faces above.
Mid Prone Position
33. SPECIAL TERMS OF MOVEMENT
FOOT –
Inversion – Sole of the foot
faces medially.
Eversion – Sole of the foot
faces laterally.
Dorsiflexion – A movement
of foot in which the dorsal
surface of foot comes closure
to the front of leg.
Plantarflexion – A
movement of foot in which the
dorsal surface of foot goes
away from the front of leg.
34. SPECIAL TERMS OF MOVEMENT
Trunk:
Extension
Flexion
Rotation - Left
36. 1. Cunningham’s Manual of Practical Anatomy, Vol.1.
2. Grant’s Method of Anatomy, 11th Edition.
3. Vishram Singh. General Anatomy, 1st Edition.
37. 1. Who is the Father of Anatomy:
a) Galen
b) Herophilus
c) Vesalius
d) Hippocrates
38. 2. The meaning of term anatomy is:
a) To analyze
b) To observe
c) To cut up
d) To make
39. 3. The sectional plane that divides the body into
anterior and posterior portions is:
a) Transverse plane
b) Sagittal plane
c) Coronal plane
d) Oblique plane
40. 4. Lying down position with the face directed
down is called as:
a) Supine
b) Prone
c) Anatomical
d) Lithotomy
41. 5. During flexion of the arm, the arm moves:
a) Upwards
b) Downwards
c) Medial
d) Lateral