Basic Chemistry
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The document provides information on various chemistry concepts including atoms, isotopes, electrons, chemical bonds, acids, bases, and buffers. Key points covered include that isotopes of an element have the same chemical properties but different nuclear properties, electrons are arranged in shells and outer shell electrons determine chemical properties, and there are two main types of chemical bonds - ionic bonds formed through electrostatic interactions between ions and covalent bonds formed through shared pairs of electrons. It also notes that acids donate hydrogen ions and lower pH while bases accept hydrogen ions and raise pH. Buffers help maintain pH levels in a solution.
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Basic Chemistry
- 1. Chemistry
- 2. Chapter 2
- 3. Chapter 3
- 4. “The beauty of a living thing is not the atoms that go into it but the way those atoms are put together...” Cosmos: A Personal Voyage
- 8. Atoms
- 9. The smallest constituent of matter that has chemical properties.
- 10. Cosmos PBS, 1980
- 14. Isotopes
- 16. Isotopes of an element have the same chemical properties but different nuclear properties.
- 17. The neutron number has drastic effects on nuclear properties, but its effect on chemical properties is negligible in most elements, and still quite small in the case of the very lightest elements, where it does matter slightly. http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Isotopes
- 21. Electrons are arranged into shells.
- 34. Electrons in the outermost shell determine the chemical properties of the atom. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Electron_shell
- 35. Figure 2-7 Essential Cell Biology (© Garland Science 2010)
- 36. Ions
- 39. “...a form of matter that has constant chemical composition and characteristic properties.” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Chemical_substance
- 40. Chemical Bonds
- 43. The Octet Rule
- 44. Na?Cl? H?O? K?O? Mg?Cl? Mg?Br? C?O? C?S? Ca? Cl?
- 48. Covalent bond – H – H H2, hydrogen gas Shared electrons
- 50. H2O, water
- 51. NaCl H2O K2O MgCl2 MgBr2 CO2 / CO CS2 CaCl2
- 52. Ionic Bonds
- 53. “...formed through an electrostatic interaction between two oppositely charged ions.” http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Ionic_bond
- 56. Covalent Bonds
- 57. a pair of shared electrons
- 59. Molecules
- 60. Groups of atoms held together by covalent bonds.
- 61. Covalent bond – H H H H – Hydrogen gas (H2) Shared electrons Single H covalent bond H – – – – – – H C H H C H – – – – – H H Methane gas (CH4) Double covalent bond – – – – – – – – O O O – O – – – 61 Oxygen gas (O2) – – – –
- 65. van der Waals forces
- 69. Hydrogen Bonds
- 72. A hydrogen bond is the attractive interaction of a hydrogen atom with an electronegative atom, such as nitrogen, oxygen or fluorine, that comes from another molecule or chemical group. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Hydrogen_bond
- 82. ethanol
- 83. Cohesion
- 85. Adhesion
- 89. Life BBC, 2009
- 90. Boiling Point
- 91. Single H covalent bond – – O – – – – H C H – – – H H – – H Single covalent bonds
- 92. Acids and Bases
- 93. H2O OH- + H+ Water Hydroxide Hydrogen Ion
- 94. pH
- 95. pH = -log [H+]
- 96. Pure Water [H+] = 0.0000001 M = 10 -7 M pH = 7
- 97. M = moles / liter 1 mole = 6.022 x 1023 atoms or molecules
- 98. Black Coffee [H+] = 0.00001 M = 10 -5 M pH = 5
- 99. Pure Water pH = 7 Black Coffee pH = 5
- 100. Pure Water [H+] = 0.0000001 M = 10 -7 M pH = 7 Black Coffee [H+] = 0.00001 M = 10 -5 M pH = 5
- 102. Acids
- 103. “Any substance that dissociates in water to increase the concentration of H+...”
- 104. Do acids raise or lower the pH value of a solution?
- 106. pH < 7
- 107. Bases
- 108. “A substance that combines with H+ when dissolved in water...”
- 109. Do bases raise or lower the pH value of a solution?
- 111. pH > 7
- 113. Buffers
- 114. a substance that takes up or releases H+ into solution as the [H+] of the solution changes
- 117. Homeostasis