Presented at the USDOT O View the recording at http://youtu.be/aXFwVh-gDBc Mobile phones are quickly reshaping our world. As of November 2014, 97 percent of US households have mobile phones, with the average household owning 5.2 connected mobile devices. Mobile app use on these devices is skyrocketing, with app usage up 76 percent in 2014. These apps can help us make better transportation choices by delivering the right information at the right time & location - from decreasing your wait time for public transportation, to letting you know about traffic incidents before you even leave for your destination, to helping transit riders with special needs get to and from jobs. However, developing new mobile technology that is smart, both in terms of delivering the information at the right moment and conserving limited resources such as battery life and data plans, is not always simple. Research conducted at universities has the potential to break through some of these challenges, which can result in improvements in mobility to everyone. This presentation discusses the multi-disciplinary innovation process at the University of South Florida, including research funded by the National Center for Transit Research UTC and the Florida Department of Transportation, that has resulted in 14 U.S. patents on location-aware mobile technology and resulted in the deployment of real-world systems. Lessons learned, both during the research itself as well as the technology transfer process to real-world deployments, will be presented. Facts and figures from CTIA.org

1. Center for Urban Transportation Research | University of South Florida
Enabling Better Mobility Through
Innovations For Mobile Devices
Sean J. Barbeau, Ph.D.
OST-R Speaker Series - February 18, 2015
National Center for Transit Research

2. 2
Opportunities
• 97% of US households have mobile phones (Nov. 2014)
[1]
– Avg. household owns 5.2 connected devices
• Smartphones accounted for 66% of total phone
market in 2014[2]
– Estimated to increase to 9 out of 10 phones in 2018[2]
• Mobile app use up 76% in 2014[2]
• National Center for Transit Research (NCTR)
– UTC focused on public transportation, other
alternatives to single occupancy vehicle travel
[1] http://www.ctia.org/
[2] http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2944819

3. 3
Overview
Problems
• Increase riders
independence via fixed
route transit
• Assess impact of real-time
bus arrival information
• Collecting multimodal data
to support community-
based social marketing
NCTR Project
TRAC-IT
OneBusAway
Travel Assistance Device
(TAD)
Funded by National Center for Transit Research
(NCTR) and Florida Department of Transportation

4. 4
Problem – Exiting the bus
• One of the hardest of the 23 skills necessary
for riding public transportation
– Especially for those with intellectual impairment
– Hardest skill to “travel train”
• Paratransit is expensive for transit agencies
– ~10x the cost of one-way fixed route[1]
• Paratransit limits independence and
spontaneity of travel for some riders
[1] National Transit Database (2005)
National Center for Transit Research

5. 5
TADTAD
Cancel Select
Select Trip
(1) Home to Work
(2) Work to Home
(3) Home to Movie
Work to HomeWork to Home
Back #
Distance to Final Stop:
5.6 miles
18 Livingston West
TADTAD
OK
Pull the Cord Now!
(+Sound and Vibration)
Travel Assistance Device (TAD)
• TAD mobile app tells the traveler to “Get Ready” and
“Pull the Cord Now!” when it is time to exit the bus.
• Prompts are visual, auditory, and tactile
Funded by NCTR, FDOT, TRB IDEA program

6. 6
Evaluation & Results
• Partnered with USF Florida Mental Health Institute &
Hillsborough Area Region Transit
– 3 individuals with moderate intellectual impairments
– Evaluated requesting stop, getting off at correct stop
– ABAB experimental design
– Safeguards in place
• When no prompts were given, all subjects failed to pull
the stop request cord and exit the bus at the correct
location
• When TAD was used, the subjects pulled the stop request
cord and exited the bus at the correct location
• One rider without TAD asked the bus driver for help
– Driver gave the rider incorrect directions
– Rider exited the bus at the wrong stop
Bolechala, Miltenberger, Barbeau, and Gordon. “Evaluating the Effectiveness of the Travel Assistance Device on the Bus Riding Behavior of Individuals
with Disabilities,” 37th Association for Behavior Analysis International (ABAI) Annual Convention, Denver, CO, May 27-31, 2011. Paper #11396.

7. 7
Recognition
• 2 patents granted in 2012
– #8,138,907 - System and method to assist
transit rider with intellectual disability
– #8,169,342 - Algorithm used to notify the
rider when to exit the vehicle
Protected under U.S. patents #8138907, 8169342
“Implementing a TAD in the hands of our trainees will not only help to
reduce the amount of time we must dedicate to each trainee, but it will
open the door of [travel trainers’] availability to many more trainees,”
- Mark Sheppard, Travel Trainer, Hillsborough Area Regional Transit
• Endorsements by those closest to the problem

8. 8
Next Steps
• Identifying partnerships/grants to adapt TAD to
help other populations (e.g., visually impaired,
seniors, tourists/visitors, wheelchair bound, etc.)
• Continued collaboration with USF Florida Mental
Health Institute for evaluations
• Identifying opportunities with Veterans
Administration (VA) to help veterans with multiple
disabilities
• USF Patents and Licensing actively pursuing
licensing opportunities to commercialize TAD
National Center for Transit Research

9. 9
What is OneBusAway?
• What? Suite of tools that provides real-time
bus/train tracking information
– Originally deployed in greater Seattle, WA
– Started as graduate student project at UW, grew
to over 100,000 unique weekly users
• Why? Make riding public transit easier by
providing good info in usable formats
– Research evaluates the impacts
• Includes apps on many platforms:
http://onebusaway.org
Android Windows Phone
iPhone Windows 8

10. 10
Problem – Lack of transit apps
• In some cities, transit apps aren’t as prevalent
• OneBusAway is open-source software
• How can we replicate success of OneBusAway in
other cities?

11. 11
Multi-region architecture
• Region
information is
stored in
centralized server
directory
• Apps now find
nearby regions
using Regions API
• Supports multiple
cities!
Barbeau, Borning, Watkins. “OneBusAway Multi-region: Rapidly expanding mobile transit apps to new cities,” Journal of Public
Transportation – Vol. 17 No. 4 (2014).

12. 12
OneBusAway Tampa
• USF lead a pilot deployment of OneBusAway multi-region in Tampa
• Survey lead by Dr. Candace Brakewood and Dr. Kari Watkins at Georgia Tech*
Objective: Quantify the impacts of real-time bus information on transit rider
behavior and satisfaction in pilot deployment prior to public launch
Methodology: Before and after web-based survey with a non-user (control)
group
BEFORE SURVEY
of Control Group
(approx. 230 participants)
AFTER SURVEY
of Control Group
(107 Non-Users)
BEFORE SURVEY
of OneBusAway Group
(approx. 230 participants)
AFTER SURVEY
of OneBusAway Group
(110 OneBusAway Users)
* Dr. Candace Brakewood is now at City College of New York
No
OneBusAway

13. 13
OneBusAway Tampa - Results
• Significant improvements in the waiting
experience[1]:
– Decreases in self-reported usual wait times by ~2
min.
– Decreases in negative feelings, particularly
frustration
– Increases in satisfaction with wait times
• Other research is ongoing
– Affects ridership? (in NYC, yes![2])
– Issue reporting / rider feedback
[1] Brakewood, Barbeau, Watkins. “An experiment evaluating the impacts of real-time transit information on bus riders in Tampa, Florida”,
Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Volume 69, November 2014, Pages 409-422
[2] Brakewood, C., Macfarlane, G., and Watkins, K. ”The Impact of Real-Time Information on Bus Ridership in New York City.” Transportation
Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 2015.

14. 14
TRAC-IT
• Allows “high-definition”
view of travel
• Frequent sampling
allows us to determine:
– Path, distance traveled
– Origin-Destination pairs
– Average speeds
• Two modes:
– “Passive” - GPS only
– “Active” - GPS + input
14

15. 15
Battery Life Problems!
• Infrequent tracking
solves energy, data
problems
• BUT, doesn’t give us
the data we want:
– Path, distance
traveled
– Origin-Destination
pairs
– Avg. speeds
15National Center for Transit Research

16. 16
What is “Stationary”?
Detecting User Movement
Moving Stopped d
4 second
GPS
sampling
5 min.
GPS
sampling
• What if we only sample GPS while the
user is moving?
• GPS noise causes uncertainty in states
• Many false transitions waste battery
energy

17. 17
4 second
GPS sampling
5 min.
GPS sampling
State
0
State
1
State
n – 1
State
n
Move directly to state[0] when speed
exceeds high_speed threshold
Location
Recalculation
Interval = 4 sec.
Location
Recalculation
Interval = 8 sec.
Location
Recalculation
Interval = 64 sec.
Location
Recalculation
Interval = 128 sec.
Move gradually towards state[n] when (speed < low_speed value)
and (distance_between_fixes < distance_threshold).
Move gradually towards state[0]
when (speed < high_speed value)
and (distance_between_fixes >
distance_threshold).
GPS Auto-Sleep - Dynamically change the GPS sampling rate
Moving Stopped
U.S. Patent # 8,036,679 – Optimizing performance of location-aware applications using state machines

18. 18
0.51%
29.10%
11.60% 10.54%
15.67%
23.97%
7.37%
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
25.00%
30.00%
35.00%
Min Max Mean 50th 68th 95th STD DEV
GPS Auto-Sleep -
State ErrorPercentage
• Approx. 88% mean accuracy in state tracking
• Avg. doubling of battery life (based on TRAC-IT tests)

19. 19
Critical Point Algorithm
• Purpose – to reduce battery energy expenditures and amount of data transferred by
eliminating non-essential GPS data
• Pre-filters real-time GPS data on mobile device before it is wirelessly transmitted
U.S. Patent # 8,249,807 – Method for Determining Critical Points in Location Data Generated by Location-Based Applications

20. 20
Critical Point Algorithm
• Avg. point reduction of 77% per trip
• Avg. 18.8kB saved per trip
• Average distance error percentage under 10%
• On avg., as Tx interval doubles, battery life doubles
Min Max Avg.
5th
percentile
25th
percentile
50th
percentile
68th
percentile
95th
percentile
Total Critical Point Count 2 322 35 3 13 27 38 97
Total GPS Fix Count 20 3,710 193 31 74 130 188 511
% Savings 20.83% 99.40% 77.43% 47.97% 69.49% 80.00% 86.83% 95.84%
Bytes Saved* 595 403,172 18,883 2,380 6,426 12,138 17,493 54,788
Distance Critical Points (m) 0.00 1,043,805.50 7,437.09 328.14 1,162.37 2,675.00 4,049.37 22,815.61
Total Distance (m) 2.36 1,087,043.20 7,878.02 380.79 1,252.55 2,913.39 4,345.91 24,231.34
Distance Error Percentage 0.00% 100.00% 8.90% 1.94% 3.98% 6.20% 8.70% 24.11%
* Based on 119 bytes per UDP payload
U.S. Patent # 8,249,807 – Method for Determining Critical Points in Location Data Generated by Location-Based Applications

21. 21
Measuring Spatial Patterns of
Activity-Travel for Carsharing
Minor Axis
Major Axis
Standard deviation ellipse (SDE)
Y
X
• USDOT Value Pricing Project
• TRAC-IT w/ 30 participants in
Tampa, avg. 40 days per participant
• Daily emails so users can view data
• Results:
– Carsharing users have smaller
activity space (0.5 sq mi) than non-
carsharing (7.8 sq mi), using SDE
– Activity space of carsharing users
contracts while using carsharing (.2
sq mi vs. 0.5 sq mi), but is directed
Concas, Barbeau, Winters, Georggi, Bond. “Using Mobile Apps to Measure Spatial Travel Behavior Changes of Carsharing Users,”Proceedings of 2013
Transportation Research Board Conference, Washington, D.C., January 13-17, 2013.

22. 22
Problem-solving approach
• Multi-disciplinary – collaboration between:
– Computer Science & Engineering
– Civil Engineering
• Brainstorming meetings
• Target real-world problems with solutions not yet
commercially available
• CUTR => contract & grant-funded
• Leverage existing (or soon-to-exist) commercially-
available mobile devices
• 14 U.S. patents to date
– (see http://bit.ly/CUTRPatents for full list)
National Center for Transit Research

23. 23
Software Tech Transfer
Pros Cons
Patents & Licensing • Exclusive rights to
technology may lead to
more investment from
private sector
• Revenue for university
• Must identify & contract
with a licensee
• Slow - May take a long time
from idea to patent to license
(~3-6 yrs for patent alone)
Open-source software • Fast – available to the
world with the click of a
button
• Open – can create new
collaboration opportunities
(and funding)
• No licensing revenue for
university
• Private sector may be slower
to invest in technology due to
lack of exclusivity
• For open-source software, Apache v2 license offers the most freedom of
use (including private sector)
• Sites such as Github offer “social” code sharing, collaboration
National Center for Transit Research

24. 24
Examples of open-source tech transfer
• OneBusAway
– Deployed new pilot Tampa region in 2013
– In 2013-2014, several new regions have started up:
• Atlanta
• York, Canada
• Washington, D.C. (beta)
• Bear Transit (UC Berkeley) (beta)
– 3 vendors involved with deploying/supporting technology
– MTA in NYC leveraged OneBusAway for their Bus Time system
• OpenTripPlanner for Android
– Developed as multi-modal trip planning tech demo
– Attracted interest/funding via Google Summer of Code
– Now available in 5 countries (10 cities) and 3 languages
National Center for Transit Research

25. 25
Conclusions
• Mobile devices offer many opportunities,
many challenges
• Multi-disciplinary collaboration yields
innovation
• Tech transfer for software
– Patents & licensing and open-source are two
different paths
– Consider your goals when choosing your path

26. 26
Thanks!
Sean J. Barbeau, Ph.D.
barbeau@cutr.usf.edu
813.974.7208
Principal Mobile Software Architect for R&D
Center for Urban Transportation Research
University of South Florida
http://www.linkedin.com/in/seanbarbeau
Protected under U.S. patents #8138907, 8169342
Funded by the National Center for Transit Research and
Florida Department of Transportation