Public transport service is one of the most preferred
modes of transportation in today’s smart cities. People prefer
public transport mainly for the cost benefit reasons. The
problems faced by the people while using the public transport
can be overcome by the technology such as Internet of Things
(IOT). In this paper, we present how this technology can be
applied to eliminate the problems faced by the passengers of the
public bus transport service. The Internet of Things technology is
used to provide the passengers waiting at the bus stop with real
time information of the arriving buses. Information such as
arrival time, crowd density and traffic information of the
arriving buses are predetermined and provided to the passengers
waiting at the bus stop. The display boards fitted at the bus stops
provide the real time bus navigation information to the waiting
passengers. This Smart Bus Navigation system enables the
passengers to make smart decisions regarding their bus journey.
This system reduces the anxiety and the waiting time of the
passenger’s at the bus stop. The smart bus navigation system
creates a positive impact and increases the number of people who
prefer to use the public mode of transportation.
A NOVEL AND COST EFFECTIVE APPROACH TO PUBLIC VEHICLE TRACKING SYSTEMijujournal
There are lots of efforts being made by public transport corporations to improve public vehicle occupancy
by requesting the public to use public transport over other modes of transportation. It can be noted that if
the passenger knows with high confidence that the bus is going to come, he/she will definitely wait rather
than opting for other modes of transport. Efficient information can therefore help the users to choose faster
and more easier connections which saves their time. Trends in wireless technology like Global System for
Mobile communication (GSM) and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) have resulted in easier and
faster communication. This paper presents a vehicle tracking system by integrating both of the above
mentioned technologies. The central server uses geographic information system (GIS) to track vehicles to
display the position information on the electronic map. This paper suggests a new cost-effective way for
tracking a vehicle in public transport domain and compares proposed technique to some of the methods
advised previously for tracking public vehicles.
A VISION-BASED REAL-TIME ADAPTIVE TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM USING VEHICULA...JANAK TRIVEDI
In India, traffic control management is a difficult task due to an increment in the number of vehicles for the same infrastructure and systems. In the smart-city project, the Adaptive Traffic Light Control System (ATLCS) is one of the major research concerns for an Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) development to reduce traffic congestion and accidents, create a healthy environment, etc. Here, we have proposed a Vehicular Density Value (VDV) based adaptive traffic light control system method for 4-way intersection points using a selection of rotation, area of interest, and Statistical Block Matching Approach (SBMA). Graphical User Interface (GUI) and Hardware-based results are shown in the result section. We have compared, the normal traffic light control system with the proposed adaptive traffic light control system in the results section. The same results are verified using a hardware (raspberry-pi) device with different sizes, colors, and shapes of vehicles using the same method.
Cost Effective SMS Fire Approach for Transportation based on Vehicle Speediosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Review on Design & Implementation of Road Side Symbol Detection In VANETIJERA Editor
Establishment of vehicular ad-hoc network plays important role in smart traffic management system. Researcher
can create VANET by information sharing of road side unit, vehicle and traffic system & implementing it in real
world. This system implemented to detect road signs from a moving vehicle. In this technology vehicle is able
to detect traffic signs which are on the road side boards e.g. "speed limit" or "school" or "turn ahead". Consider
a condition, user is driving a car at night or in rainy season then it is not possible for driver to keep watch on
each and every road symbol or the message plates like turn, speed breaker, school, diversion etc. Here in this
proposed system every road side board or symbol will use one signal transmitter and the moment vehicle passes
from that road side board the vehicle will receive signals with the help of receiver and indicates the symbol on
LCD display which is in the car. So that the driver can able to concentrate on driving vehicle.
: This paper is aimed at designing a density based dynamic traffic signal system where the timing
of signal will change automatically on sensing the traffic density at any junction using the IoT technology. Traffic
congestion is a severe problem in most cities across the world and therefore it is time to shift more manual mode
or fixed timer mode to an automated system with decision making capabilities. To optimize this problem, we have
made a framework for an intelligent traffic control system. Sometimes higher traffic density at one side of the
junction demands longer green time as compared to standard allotted time. We therefore propose here a
mechanism in which the time period of green light and red light is assigned on the basis of the density of the
traffic present at the time. This is achieved by using LIDAR sensors.
This paper proposes development of an android app to improve the transportation services for
bus rental companies that lift Taibah University students. It intends to reduce the waiting time
for bus students, thereby to stimulate sharing of updated information between the bus drivers
and students. The application can run only on android devices. It would inform the students
about the exact time of arrival and departure of buses on route. This proposed app would
specifically be used by students and drivers of Taibah University. Any change in the scheduled
movement of the buses would be updated in the software. Regular alerts would be sent in case of
delays or cancelation of buses. Bus locations and routes are shown on dynamic maps using
Google maps. The application is designed and tested where the users assured that the
application gives the real time service and it is very helpful for them.
A NOVEL AND COST EFFECTIVE APPROACH TO PUBLIC VEHICLE TRACKING SYSTEMijujournal
There are lots of efforts being made by public transport corporations to improve public vehicle occupancy
by requesting the public to use public transport over other modes of transportation. It can be noted that if
the passenger knows with high confidence that the bus is going to come, he/she will definitely wait rather
than opting for other modes of transport. Efficient information can therefore help the users to choose faster
and more easier connections which saves their time. Trends in wireless technology like Global System for
Mobile communication (GSM) and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) have resulted in easier and
faster communication. This paper presents a vehicle tracking system by integrating both of the above
mentioned technologies. The central server uses geographic information system (GIS) to track vehicles to
display the position information on the electronic map. This paper suggests a new cost-effective way for
tracking a vehicle in public transport domain and compares proposed technique to some of the methods
advised previously for tracking public vehicles.
A VISION-BASED REAL-TIME ADAPTIVE TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM USING VEHICULA...JANAK TRIVEDI
In India, traffic control management is a difficult task due to an increment in the number of vehicles for the same infrastructure and systems. In the smart-city project, the Adaptive Traffic Light Control System (ATLCS) is one of the major research concerns for an Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) development to reduce traffic congestion and accidents, create a healthy environment, etc. Here, we have proposed a Vehicular Density Value (VDV) based adaptive traffic light control system method for 4-way intersection points using a selection of rotation, area of interest, and Statistical Block Matching Approach (SBMA). Graphical User Interface (GUI) and Hardware-based results are shown in the result section. We have compared, the normal traffic light control system with the proposed adaptive traffic light control system in the results section. The same results are verified using a hardware (raspberry-pi) device with different sizes, colors, and shapes of vehicles using the same method.
Cost Effective SMS Fire Approach for Transportation based on Vehicle Speediosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Review on Design & Implementation of Road Side Symbol Detection In VANETIJERA Editor
Establishment of vehicular ad-hoc network plays important role in smart traffic management system. Researcher
can create VANET by information sharing of road side unit, vehicle and traffic system & implementing it in real
world. This system implemented to detect road signs from a moving vehicle. In this technology vehicle is able
to detect traffic signs which are on the road side boards e.g. "speed limit" or "school" or "turn ahead". Consider
a condition, user is driving a car at night or in rainy season then it is not possible for driver to keep watch on
each and every road symbol or the message plates like turn, speed breaker, school, diversion etc. Here in this
proposed system every road side board or symbol will use one signal transmitter and the moment vehicle passes
from that road side board the vehicle will receive signals with the help of receiver and indicates the symbol on
LCD display which is in the car. So that the driver can able to concentrate on driving vehicle.
: This paper is aimed at designing a density based dynamic traffic signal system where the timing
of signal will change automatically on sensing the traffic density at any junction using the IoT technology. Traffic
congestion is a severe problem in most cities across the world and therefore it is time to shift more manual mode
or fixed timer mode to an automated system with decision making capabilities. To optimize this problem, we have
made a framework for an intelligent traffic control system. Sometimes higher traffic density at one side of the
junction demands longer green time as compared to standard allotted time. We therefore propose here a
mechanism in which the time period of green light and red light is assigned on the basis of the density of the
traffic present at the time. This is achieved by using LIDAR sensors.
This paper proposes development of an android app to improve the transportation services for
bus rental companies that lift Taibah University students. It intends to reduce the waiting time
for bus students, thereby to stimulate sharing of updated information between the bus drivers
and students. The application can run only on android devices. It would inform the students
about the exact time of arrival and departure of buses on route. This proposed app would
specifically be used by students and drivers of Taibah University. Any change in the scheduled
movement of the buses would be updated in the software. Regular alerts would be sent in case of
delays or cancelation of buses. Bus locations and routes are shown on dynamic maps using
Google maps. The application is designed and tested where the users assured that the
application gives the real time service and it is very helpful for them.
Smart bus system pilot project (BUSKET)Minh S. Dao
BUSKET is a wireless system aimed at supporting the quality of bus transportation service in Brunei Darussalam. BUSKET exploits low-cost wireless technologies for the real-time estimation of the buses position throughout the road network and to communicate to the users when one bus approaches the bus stop. The goal of BUSKET is to make smarter the bus transportation system and to improve the user awareness about the status of the bus service. From the user perspective, BUSKET will reduce the waiting time of citizens at the bus stops, while from the bus management viewpoint will enable a more centralized and pervasive control of the whole transportation network. BUSKET will use commercial smartphones (already diffused among citizens) as well as low-cost wireless GPS sensors to enable the acquisition of position information and to communicate with the users.
BUSKET is the joint-research between UTB, ELEDIA, and AITI
Traffic Congestion Prediction using Deep Reinforcement Learning in Vehicular ...IJCNCJournal
In recent years, a new wireless network called vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET), has become a popular research topic. VANET allows communication among vehicles and with roadside units by providing information to each other, such as vehicle velocity, location and direction. In general, when many vehicles likely to use the common route to proceed to the same destination, it can lead to a congested route that should be avoided. It may be better if vehicles are able to predict accurately the traffic congestion and then avoid it. Therefore, in this work, the deep reinforcement learning in VANET to enhance the ability to predict traffic congestion on the roads is proposed. Furthermore, different types of neural networks namely Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) are investigated and compared in this deep reinforcement learning model to discover the most effective one. Our proposed method is tested by simulation. The traffic scenarios are created using traffic simulator called Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO) before integrating with deep reinforcement learning model. The simulation procedures, as well as the programming used, are described in detail. The performance of our proposed method is evaluated using two metrics; the average travelling time delay and average waiting time delay of vehicles. According to the simulation results, the average travelling time delay and average waiting time delay are gradually improved over the multiple runs, since our proposed method receives feedback from the environment. In addition, the results without and with three different deep learning algorithms, i.e., CNN, MLP and LSTM are compared. It is obvious that the deep reinforcement learning model works effectively when traffic density is neither too high nor too low. In addition, it can be concluded that the effective algorithms for traffic congestion prediction models in descending order are MLP, CNN, and LSTM, respectively.
Novel based Approach Schema for Processing Vehicle Tracking System through GP...ijtsrd
In recent years many systems are approached to track the vehicles in order to find out movement of any equipped vehicle from any location at any time. This paper implements formalised schema to develop a tracking system that is much cost effective that available in the market. Various technologies utilised are GPS Global Positioning System module to get geographic coordinates at regular time intervals. The GSM GPRS Global System Positioning General Packet Radio Service module is used to transmit and update the vehicle location to a database. The Google Maps API is used to display the vehicle position on the map in the Smartphone application. The tracking system here helps to identify the location of the college bus through our smart phone when a SMS Short Message Service is sent to a personal number thus indicating the bus location via SMS. By incorporating a GPS and GSM modem the location of the device by sending a SMS to the number specified. No external server or internet connection is used in knowing the location at user end which in return reduces the cost. We can also use this technology to reduce our time whenever we are waiting for buses by knowing their location on our mobile phones. If vehicle has been stolen then also we can track our vehicles. Sermakani. A. M | Veena. T | Julia Faith. S "Novel based Approach Schema for Processing Vehicle Tracking System through GPS SMS Gateways" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd20205.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-network/20205/novel-based-approach-schema-for-processing-vehicle-tracking-system-through-gps-sms-gateways/sermakani-a-m
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The application of automated sensor data for development of estimation models for various traffic variables in the homogeneous as well as heterogeneous (mixed) traffic conditions will be discussed in the seminar as two case studies. The first case study will discuss the development of a model-based queue estimation scheme using the Kalman filtering technique, taking into account the statistical properties of detector errors, for homogeneous traffic conditions. The second case study will discuss the suitability of Bluetooth and RFID (Radio Frequency Identifier) sensors for data collection and development of travel time estimation models using ARIMA modeling method under mixed traffic conditions, as prevailing in India. The developed estimation schemes can be used as part of travel time information applications in real time Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) implementations.
Comparative study of user experience on mobile pedestrian navigation between ...IJECEIAES
Fast-paced mobile technology development has permitted augmented reality experiences to be delivered on mobile pedestrian navigation context. The fact that the more prevalent of this technology commonly will substituting the digital map visualization to present the geo-location information is still debatable. This paper comprises a report on a field study comparing about user experience when interacting with different modes of mobile electronic assistance in the context of pedestrian navigation interfaces which utilize location-based augmented reality (AR) and two-dimensional digital map to visualize the points of interest (POIs) location in the vicinity of the user. The study was conducted with two subsequent experiments in the Zhongli District, Taoyuan City, Taiwan. The study involved 10 participants aged between 22 and 28 years with different experiences in using smartphones and navigation systems. Navigation performance was measured based on a usability approach on pragmatic quality and hedonic quality like effectiveness (success rate of task completion), efficiency (task completion time) and satisfaction in real outdoor conditions. The evaluation findings have been cross-checked with the user’s personal comments. We aim at eliciting knowledge about user requirements related to mobile pedestrian interfaces and evaluating user experience from pragmatic and hedonic viewpoints. Results show that in the context of pedestrian navigation, digital map interfaces lead to significantly better navigation performance in pragmatic attributes in comparison to AR interfaces. Nevertheless, the study also reveals that location-based AR is more valued by participants in hedonic qualities and overall performance.
Review of Environment Perception for Intelligent VehiclesDr. Amarjeet Singh
Overview of environment perception for intelligent
vehicles supposes to the state-of-the-art algorithms and
modeling methods are given, with a summary of their pros
and cons. A special attention is paid to methods for lane and
road detection, traffic sign recognition, vehicle tracking,
behavior analysis, and scene understanding. Integrated lane
and vehicle tracking for driver assistance system that
improves on the performance of both lane tracking and
vehicle tracking modules. Without specific hardware and
software optimizations, the fully implemented system runs at
near-real-time speeds of 11 frames per second. On-road
vision-based vehicle detection, tracking, and behavior
understanding. Vision based vehicle detection in the context of
sensor-based on-road surround analysis. We detail advances
in vehicle detection, discussing monocular, stereo vision, and
active sensor–vision fusion for on-road vehicle detection. The
traffic sign detection detailing detection systems for traffic
sign recognition (TSR) for driver assistance. Inherently in
traffic sign detection to the various stages: segmentation,
feature extraction, and final sign detection.
Smart Card: A study of new invention on bus fare in Dhaka cityMd. Abdul Munem
Technology is developing day to day. So we have to be familiar with technology. Digital payment system
is one of them. Our government will launch a pilot project for transportation under 22 buses on 42 routes.
It will be better if the smart card will included in that project. In the term paper I have focused the problems
we faced on public transport.
The Presentation provides insight of actual implementation of the bus cluster scheme in Delhi. The government launched the scheme in 2008 . However, the project saw the light of the day in May 2011...it is expanding rapidly...please share your feedback at info@valoriserconsultants.com.
Smart bus system pilot project (BUSKET)Minh S. Dao
BUSKET is a wireless system aimed at supporting the quality of bus transportation service in Brunei Darussalam. BUSKET exploits low-cost wireless technologies for the real-time estimation of the buses position throughout the road network and to communicate to the users when one bus approaches the bus stop. The goal of BUSKET is to make smarter the bus transportation system and to improve the user awareness about the status of the bus service. From the user perspective, BUSKET will reduce the waiting time of citizens at the bus stops, while from the bus management viewpoint will enable a more centralized and pervasive control of the whole transportation network. BUSKET will use commercial smartphones (already diffused among citizens) as well as low-cost wireless GPS sensors to enable the acquisition of position information and to communicate with the users.
BUSKET is the joint-research between UTB, ELEDIA, and AITI
Traffic Congestion Prediction using Deep Reinforcement Learning in Vehicular ...IJCNCJournal
In recent years, a new wireless network called vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET), has become a popular research topic. VANET allows communication among vehicles and with roadside units by providing information to each other, such as vehicle velocity, location and direction. In general, when many vehicles likely to use the common route to proceed to the same destination, it can lead to a congested route that should be avoided. It may be better if vehicles are able to predict accurately the traffic congestion and then avoid it. Therefore, in this work, the deep reinforcement learning in VANET to enhance the ability to predict traffic congestion on the roads is proposed. Furthermore, different types of neural networks namely Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) are investigated and compared in this deep reinforcement learning model to discover the most effective one. Our proposed method is tested by simulation. The traffic scenarios are created using traffic simulator called Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO) before integrating with deep reinforcement learning model. The simulation procedures, as well as the programming used, are described in detail. The performance of our proposed method is evaluated using two metrics; the average travelling time delay and average waiting time delay of vehicles. According to the simulation results, the average travelling time delay and average waiting time delay are gradually improved over the multiple runs, since our proposed method receives feedback from the environment. In addition, the results without and with three different deep learning algorithms, i.e., CNN, MLP and LSTM are compared. It is obvious that the deep reinforcement learning model works effectively when traffic density is neither too high nor too low. In addition, it can be concluded that the effective algorithms for traffic congestion prediction models in descending order are MLP, CNN, and LSTM, respectively.
Novel based Approach Schema for Processing Vehicle Tracking System through GP...ijtsrd
In recent years many systems are approached to track the vehicles in order to find out movement of any equipped vehicle from any location at any time. This paper implements formalised schema to develop a tracking system that is much cost effective that available in the market. Various technologies utilised are GPS Global Positioning System module to get geographic coordinates at regular time intervals. The GSM GPRS Global System Positioning General Packet Radio Service module is used to transmit and update the vehicle location to a database. The Google Maps API is used to display the vehicle position on the map in the Smartphone application. The tracking system here helps to identify the location of the college bus through our smart phone when a SMS Short Message Service is sent to a personal number thus indicating the bus location via SMS. By incorporating a GPS and GSM modem the location of the device by sending a SMS to the number specified. No external server or internet connection is used in knowing the location at user end which in return reduces the cost. We can also use this technology to reduce our time whenever we are waiting for buses by knowing their location on our mobile phones. If vehicle has been stolen then also we can track our vehicles. Sermakani. A. M | Veena. T | Julia Faith. S "Novel based Approach Schema for Processing Vehicle Tracking System through GPS SMS Gateways" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd20205.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-network/20205/novel-based-approach-schema-for-processing-vehicle-tracking-system-through-gps-sms-gateways/sermakani-a-m
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The application of automated sensor data for development of estimation models for various traffic variables in the homogeneous as well as heterogeneous (mixed) traffic conditions will be discussed in the seminar as two case studies. The first case study will discuss the development of a model-based queue estimation scheme using the Kalman filtering technique, taking into account the statistical properties of detector errors, for homogeneous traffic conditions. The second case study will discuss the suitability of Bluetooth and RFID (Radio Frequency Identifier) sensors for data collection and development of travel time estimation models using ARIMA modeling method under mixed traffic conditions, as prevailing in India. The developed estimation schemes can be used as part of travel time information applications in real time Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) implementations.
Comparative study of user experience on mobile pedestrian navigation between ...IJECEIAES
Fast-paced mobile technology development has permitted augmented reality experiences to be delivered on mobile pedestrian navigation context. The fact that the more prevalent of this technology commonly will substituting the digital map visualization to present the geo-location information is still debatable. This paper comprises a report on a field study comparing about user experience when interacting with different modes of mobile electronic assistance in the context of pedestrian navigation interfaces which utilize location-based augmented reality (AR) and two-dimensional digital map to visualize the points of interest (POIs) location in the vicinity of the user. The study was conducted with two subsequent experiments in the Zhongli District, Taoyuan City, Taiwan. The study involved 10 participants aged between 22 and 28 years with different experiences in using smartphones and navigation systems. Navigation performance was measured based on a usability approach on pragmatic quality and hedonic quality like effectiveness (success rate of task completion), efficiency (task completion time) and satisfaction in real outdoor conditions. The evaluation findings have been cross-checked with the user’s personal comments. We aim at eliciting knowledge about user requirements related to mobile pedestrian interfaces and evaluating user experience from pragmatic and hedonic viewpoints. Results show that in the context of pedestrian navigation, digital map interfaces lead to significantly better navigation performance in pragmatic attributes in comparison to AR interfaces. Nevertheless, the study also reveals that location-based AR is more valued by participants in hedonic qualities and overall performance.
Review of Environment Perception for Intelligent VehiclesDr. Amarjeet Singh
Overview of environment perception for intelligent
vehicles supposes to the state-of-the-art algorithms and
modeling methods are given, with a summary of their pros
and cons. A special attention is paid to methods for lane and
road detection, traffic sign recognition, vehicle tracking,
behavior analysis, and scene understanding. Integrated lane
and vehicle tracking for driver assistance system that
improves on the performance of both lane tracking and
vehicle tracking modules. Without specific hardware and
software optimizations, the fully implemented system runs at
near-real-time speeds of 11 frames per second. On-road
vision-based vehicle detection, tracking, and behavior
understanding. Vision based vehicle detection in the context of
sensor-based on-road surround analysis. We detail advances
in vehicle detection, discussing monocular, stereo vision, and
active sensor–vision fusion for on-road vehicle detection. The
traffic sign detection detailing detection systems for traffic
sign recognition (TSR) for driver assistance. Inherently in
traffic sign detection to the various stages: segmentation,
feature extraction, and final sign detection.
Smart Card: A study of new invention on bus fare in Dhaka cityMd. Abdul Munem
Technology is developing day to day. So we have to be familiar with technology. Digital payment system
is one of them. Our government will launch a pilot project for transportation under 22 buses on 42 routes.
It will be better if the smart card will included in that project. In the term paper I have focused the problems
we faced on public transport.
The Presentation provides insight of actual implementation of the bus cluster scheme in Delhi. The government launched the scheme in 2008 . However, the project saw the light of the day in May 2011...it is expanding rapidly...please share your feedback at info@valoriserconsultants.com.
Online Accessable Traffic Control System for Urban Areas Using Embedded Syste...IJSRD
During recent years traffic congestion is become a serious problem in almost all cities. Due to the high density of traffic, pedestrians find it difficult to cross the road. Even though several advanced strategic plans are introduced to regulate the traffic but due to lack of provision for on- road pedestrian crossing, rate of accidents become very high. One such provision is given is elevated path for pedestrian to cross the road, but the elderly person finds it difficult to use that. Hence an idea is proposed to help the elderly people by giving provision for on- road pedestrian crossing in high density traffic areas like near schools, hospitals, markets, etc. which reduces the accidents rate also. To implement this, here an additional time delay is introduced in the traffic signal for pedestrian crossing in addition to vehicle crossing in all possible direction. Additionally, provision is given to track the vehicle which violates the traffic rules and to clear the traffic for emergency vehicles. All the above said three parameters can be simulated by using PROTEUS software.
International Journal of Artificial Intelligence & Applications (IJAIA)gerogepatton
The conventional pedestrian crossing system's shortcomings require urgent reform to enhance the safety of
pedestrians and improve urban mobility. Issues such as insufficient time for pedestrians to cross, prolong
waiting times, neglection of emergency vehicles, and the absence of effective 24/7 response mechanisms at
traditional crosswalks present significant safety concerns in urban areas. Our primary intention is to
develop a cutting-edge pedestrian crossing system that relies on deep learning and image processing
technologies as its foundation. This research addresses to innovate an advanced smart crosswalk
consisting of four essential components: a real-time Pedestrian Detection and Priority System customized
for individuals with special needs, a responsive system for detecting road conditions, vehicle availability
and speed near crosswalks, a real-time Emergency Vehicle Detection and Priority System strengthened by
rigorous verification procedures, and a robust framework for identifying pedestrian accidents and
violations of crosswalk rules. The entire system has been meticulously designed not only to enhance
pedestrian safety by identifying potential dangers but also to optimize traffic flow. In essence, it aims to
provide an improved pedestrian crossing experience characterized by increased safety and efficiency.
SMART CROSSWALK: MACHINE LEARNING AND IMAGE PROCESSING BASED PEDESTRIAN AND V...gerogepatton
The conventional pedestrian crossing system's shortcomings require urgent reform to enhance the safety of
pedestrians and improve urban mobility. Issues such as insufficient time for pedestrians to cross, prolong
waiting times, neglection of emergency vehicles, and the absence of effective 24/7 response mechanisms at
traditional crosswalks present significant safety concerns in urban areas. Our primary intention is to
develop a cutting-edge pedestrian crossing system that relies on deep learning and image processing
technologies as its foundation. This research addresses to innovate an advanced smart crosswalk
consisting of four essential components: a real-time Pedestrian Detection and Priority System customized
for individuals with special needs, a responsive system for detecting road conditions, vehicle availability
and speed near crosswalks, a real-time Emergency Vehicle Detection and Priority System strengthened by
rigorous verification procedures, and a robust framework for identifying pedestrian accidents and
violations of crosswalk rules. The entire system has been meticulously designed not only to enhance
pedestrian safety by identifying potential dangers but also to optimize traffic flow. In essence, it aims to
provide an improved pedestrian crossing experience characterized by increased safety and efficiency.
Techniques for Smart Traffic Control: An In-depth ReviewEditor IJCATR
Inadequate space and funds for the construction of new roads and the steady increase in number of vehicles has prompted
scholars to investigate other solutions to traffic congestion. One area gaining interest is the use of smart traffic control systems (STCS)
to make traffic routing decisions. These systems use real time data and try to mimic human reasoning thus prove promising in vehicle
traffic control and management. This paper is a review on the motivations behind the emergence of STCS and the different types of
these systems in use today for road traffic management. They include – fuzzy expert systems (FES), artificial neural networks (ANN)
and wireless sensor networks (WSN). We give an in depth study on the design, benefits and limitations of each technique. The paper
cites and analyses a number of successfully tested and implemented STCS. From these reviews we are able to derive comparisons of
the STCS discussed in this paper. For instance, for a learning or adaptive system, ANN is the best approach; for a system that just
routes traffic based on real time data and does not need to derive any data patterns afterwards, then FES is the best approach; for a
cheaper alternative to the FES, then WSN is the least costly approach. All prove effective in traffic control and management with
respect to the context in which each of them is used.
Integrated Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS)Babagana Sheriff
An Implementation of Integrated ITS Solution supporting Mobility as a Service within West Midlands Region, UK in Collaboration of Integrated Transport Authority.
Deployment of Intelligent Transport Systems Based on User Mobility to be Endo...ijbuiiir1
The emerging increase in vehicles and very high traffic, demands the need for improved Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS). The available ITSs do not meet all the requirements of the present day situation in providing safetravels and avoidance of congestionin spite of its limitations on road. Intelligent Transport Systemsrequiremore research and implementation of better solutions on the traffic network with increased mobility and more rapid acquisition of data by sense network technology. In this paper a review is made on the present ITS where research is required so that improvement in the course of implementing reality mining can enhance the behavior of ITS. This will breed a forward leap in the improvement of safety and convenience of personal and commercial travel and in turn guarantee an ultimate drop in fatality in the society
RFID-based public transport ticketing systems
rely on widespread networks of RFID readers that locate
the user within the transport network in real time to be
able to verify whether he can travel at that time with the
ticket he holds. This paper presents a system that uses that
same RFID-based location information to give the user
navigation indications depending on his current location
provided that the user has indicated beforehand the places
he intends to visit. The system was designed to be costeffectively
deployable on the short term but open for easy
extension. This paper is based on ticketing and
identification of the passenger in the public transport. In
the metropolitan city like Mumbai, Kolkata we have a
severe malfunction of public transport and various
security problems. Firstly, there is a lot of confusion
between the passengers regarding fares which lead to
corruption, Secondly due to mismanagement of public
transport the passengers faces the problem of traffic jam,
thirdly nowadays we have severe security problems in
public transport due anti-social elements.The entire
network comprises of three modules; Base Station Module,
In-Bus Modules and Bus Stop Module. The base station
module consists of monitoring system which includes GSM
and a PC. The In-Bus Modules consists of two
Microcontrollers, GSM Modem, GPS, Zigbee, RFID, LCD
and infrared sensor. RFID for ticketing purpose, GSM,
GPS is used for mobile data transmission and tracking
location. The Zigbee module is also interfaced with the
microcontroller which is used to send the bus information
to bus stop and to get the information from the bus stop to
bus. The Bus Stop Module is fixed at every bus stop
consists of Zigbee node which is interfaced with the
Microcontroller.
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Crowd Conscious Internet of Things Enabled Smart Bus Navigation System
1. CROWD CONSCIOUS INTERNET OF THINGS
ENABLED SMART BUS NAVIGATION SYSTEM
Devi Mukundan
PG Student ,
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
R.M.D Engineering College
Kavaraipettai,Tamil Nadu, India
devibe281@gmail.com
Dr.P.Ezhumalai
Professor &Head of Department
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
R.M.D Engineering College
Kavaraipettai,Tamil Nadu, India.
hodcse@rmd.ac.in
Abstract— Public transport service is one of the most preferred
modes of transportation in today’s smart cities. People prefer
public transport mainly for the cost benefit reasons. The
problems faced by the people while using the public transport
can be overcome by the technology such as Internet of Things
(IOT). In this paper, we present how this technology can be
applied to eliminate the problems faced by the passengers of the
public bus transport service. The Internet of Things technology is
used to provide the passengers waiting at the bus stop with real
time information of the arriving buses. Information such as
arrival time, crowd density and traffic information of the
arriving buses are predetermined and provided to the passengers
waiting at the bus stop. The display boards fitted at the bus stops
provide the real time bus navigation information to the waiting
passengers. This Smart Bus Navigation system enables the
passengers to make smart decisions regarding their bus journey.
This system reduces the anxiety and the waiting time of the
passenger’s at the bus stop. The smart bus navigation system
creates a positive impact and increases the number of people who
prefer to use the public mode of transportation.
Keywords-Public Transport; smart cities; Bus Navigation
System; Internet of Things; display boards.
1. INTRODUCTION
People in smart cities prefer smart modes of transportation
where they can reach their destination in a faster and efficient
manner. An intelligent public transport service is one of the
essential needs for the fast growing cities of today to satisfy
the requirements of the urban mobility. People prefer the
public bus transport for the social, economic and
environmental reasons. Though the public bus transport
system have their own advantages they suffer from several
drawbacks .Passengers are seen waiting at the bus stop without
knowing the exact arrival time of the bus. One of the
important requirements of the modern traveller information
system is the provision of arrival time predictions of the next
available bus or train [1]. The crowd density in the arriving
bus is not known to the passengers which results in long
waiting time at the bus stops. The traffic information of the
arriving buses is not known to the passengers. The
technologies play an important role to overcome the problems
faced by the public transport system. [2],[3],[4].
The Internet of Things (IOT) technology provides the way to
overcome the drawbacks in the existing public transport
system. The IOT in transportation can be used for control,
communication and information processing across various
transportation systems. The use of smart devices and powerful
enabling technology improves the data collection, automation
and operations. Passenger satisfaction levels among public
transport users were found to decline for those who travel on
crowded or unreliable bus services and those who have long
wait-times at the bus stop [5].
In this paper we show how the Internet of Things Technology
can be used to improve the satisfaction of the passengers by
reduced waiting time at the bus stop. The smart bus navigation
system reduces the anxiety of the passengers at the bus stop by
providing the 1) arrival time information 2) crowd density in
the arriving bus 3) traffic information of the arriving bus.
Altogether Smart Bus navigation System provides the
passengers with all the information that is required for a
pleasant journey.
The remainder of the paper is structured as follows. In
section 2 we review related work. Section 3 will be problem
analysis. Section 4 will be proposed work and finally section 5
will be conclusion.
2. RELATED WORK
One of the key problems that is found by the cities in today’s
world is finding trustworthy public transport services that
understand the needs and the demands of the passengers
[6].Marcus Handle et al., propose the Urban Bus Navigator
(UBN). The main feature of the urban bus navigator is that it
provides the micro navigation and the crowd aware route
recommendation to the passengers. The passengers are guided
along their journey and the route recommendations enable the
passengers to take better decisions along their bus travel.
Though this system has many useful features it does not
consider the traffic conditions along the road which may affect
the arrival time of the buses at the bus stop. Wenping Liu et
al., discusses about WiLocator which is a powerful tool that
was implemented to tackle the problems faced during the
arrival time prediction of the bus[7]. This tool partition the
radio frequency signal space of the Wi-Fi access points. It
International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security (IJCSIS),
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168 https://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis/
ISSN 1947-5500
2. tackles the problem of noisy signal and AP dynamics.
Smartphones are used to collect the navigation information
that is predicted using the surrounding Wi-Fi signal
information.In this paper Signal Vornoi Diagram(SVD) is
used to tackle the noisy received signal strength and uses tool
called WiLocator for navigation. It provides accurate and real-
time traffic map and predicted travel time on each road
segment. This system does predict the crowd in the bus and it
is Smartphone based.
GPS technology can be used to gather information regarding
the location of the vehicles. It can be used for single vehicle or
a group of vehicles. M.B.M Kamel proposes a vehicle tracking
system that is based on GPS and GPRS [8]. It uses traffic
modified coding method to encode and compress data about
the location before it is transmitted to the destination. It uses a
simple security mechanism that guarantee the privacy of the
transmitted data. . A protected web interface is used by the
authorized user to track the vehicle. This system involves cost
effective usage of network traffic. It also includes the
drawbacks which are seen commonly in GPRS systems like
the distance factors. Cemil Sungur et al., propose a smart bus
station passenger information system that provides the
passengers waiting at the bus stops with the current location
and the status of the vehicle [9]. Embedded mini-computers
and digital monitors are used to provide the location
information. The passengers are provided with information
such as bus status information, remote bus information and
status management. Micro-Navigation discussed by S.Foell et
al proposes a tool called the Urban Bus Navigator (UBN)
which is a reality aware navigation system [10].Micro-
Navigation is done by using the Internet of Things
Technology. The proposed system provided end to end route
guidance to the bus riders. Though micro navigation improves
the satisfaction of the passengers it does not predict the crowd
in the arriving buses and it is smart phone based. P.Zhou et al.,
proposes a system for predicting the bus arrival time by using
a mobile phone based participatory sensing [11].This system
gathers the navigation information from the cell tower signals,
movement statuses, audio recordings etc., rather than from the
GPS. This system provides accurate travelling route and
arrival time estimates than GPS operated solutions. It results in
loss of information when disruptions occur in cell tower
signals.
A.Thiagarajan et al., discusses about a crowd sourced
technique for transit tracking [12]. This system makes use of
built in sensors, GPS modules, Wi-Fi and accelerometer to
detect the user’s activity. It determines whether the user is
driving in a transit vehicle or not. A central tracking server is
used to send periodic and anonym zed location updates The
underground vehicle tracking can also be done using this
system. J.Zimmerman et al., proposes a transit information
system called Tiramisu where the commuters share GPS
traces and also submit problem details [13]. The incoming
traces of information from the commuters are processed by the
Tiramisu and it generates real-time arrival time for the buses.
The proposed system was also fielded trailed with 28
participants. This paper mainly discusses how crowd sourcing
can be used to generate cooperative production between the
commuters and the public transport services
3. EXISTING TECHNOLOGIES
There are various technologies that are used for real time
bus navigation. Researchers have increasingly turned their
attention to digital technologies that can overcome the inherent
drawbacks that is observed in the present bus transport system
and can lead to an efficient bus transport system. Technologies
such as Zigbee, RFID, GPS, GLONASS are used for real time
bus tracking.
3.1 Satellite Navigation System
3.1.1 GPS
The Global Positioning System ( GPS) is United
States Government owned space based radio navigation. It is
also known as Navstar(Navigation System for Training and
Ranging).It was initially developed with 24 satellites. It
currently comprises of 31 satellites orbiting the earth every 12
hours at 12,000 miles in altitude.The first generation of GPS
was developed by the US Department of Defence in 1973 for
military purposes. GPS has global coverage and it works in all
weather conditions.
The GPS system comprises of three segments: space
segment, user segment, and control segment. The space
segment consists of 24 to 32 satellites. It helps to locate the
position of the object by broadcasting the signal used by the
receiver. The signals of four satellites are needed to calculate
the position. The user segment includes military and civilian
users. This segment comprises of a receiver which can detect
signals and it consists of a computer to convert the data that is
received to required information. The GPS receiver locates the
position and it consists of security measures that disallow the
person from being tracked by someone else. The control
segment is required to work efficiently. It is that the
transmission signals are kept updated and the satellite should
be maintained in appropriate orbits. Using input of GPS we
can identify the current location of the bus. With the help of
built-in sensors, such as GPS, the application will
automatically detect when the user is riding in the vehicle. The
arrival time of the bus can be predicted with extreme accuracy,
since estimates are constantly being updated in real time. GPS
is used in many cities for bus navigation that improves the
efficiency of city bus operation. Passengers could use in co
creation of value by using the GPS equipped mobile phones
they carry to generate real-time bus arrival information.
3.1.2 GLONASS
The Global Navigation Satellite System is a
navigation system based on satellites developed in the Soviet
Union and is operated by the Russian Aerospace Defense
Forces. It was built to overcome the problems faced by
Tsikada system. The Tsikada system required several hours of
observation to provide accurate position. It can be used as a
International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security (IJCSIS),
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169 https://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis/
ISSN 1947-5500
3. Technologies Coverage Frequency Precision Coding Advantages Disadvantages
GPS Global 1.57542 GHz
(L1 signal)
1.2276 GHz
(L2 signal)
15m CDMA Global coverage
Easy navigation
Low cost
Does not pierce
through solid walls
and structures,
accuracy depends on
signal quality
GLONASS Global Around
1.602 GHz (SP)
Around
1.246 GHz (SP)
4.5m-7.4m FDMA Global coverage
Better accuracy than
GPS at high latitudes
Satellite
errors,atmosphererro
rs (ionosphere,
troposphere)
GALILEO Global 1.164–
1.215 GHz (E5a
and E5b)
1.260–
1.300 GHz (E6)
1.559–
1.592 GHz (E2-
L1-E11)
1m CDMA Global coverage,
Better accuracy than
GPS,
GLONASS at high
latitudes
Atmospheric errors,
receiver noise
ZIGBEE 10-100
meters
2.4 to
2.4835 GHz (w
orldwide)
10m-20m
approx
CSMA/C
A
Low cost
Low power
Wireless technology
Short distance
coverage, high
replacement cost,
less secure.
RFID 1-500
meters
120-150KHz
(LF)
3.1-10GHz
(microwave)
3feet(passi
ve tags)
20-
25feet(UH
F)
300feet(Ac
tive tags)
TDMA(
Aloha/sl
otted
Aloha)
Easy to install
No line of sight
limitation
RFID tags can store
lot of information
Expensive, signal
frequencies are non-
standardised,
privacy concerns
Table1 Comparison between different navigation technologies
Substitute for the GPS and it is the second navigational system
which is used widely for accurate navigation information. It is
composed of 24 satellites that provide the navigation details
with precision. GLONASS is suited for usage in high latitudes
where receiving a GPS signal can be problematic. It provides
horizontal positioning accuracy within 5–10 meters.
GLONASS is supported by devices like smartphones and
tablets that provided that speed and accuracy in difficult
conditions. some modern receivers combine both GLONASS
and GPS together which provides improved coverage and
efficiency
3.1.3 GALILEO
Galileo is a satellite based navigation system created
by the European Union. It provides high precision in higher
latitudes than other navigation system such GPS and
GLONASS. It consists of a total of 30 satellites out of which
22 are operational. The first satellite was launched in 2011.
The fully operational Galileo system will consist of 24
operational satellite and 6 active spares and it is scheduled for
completion in2020. It is independent navigation system but it
is compatible and interoperable with GPS. Galileo’s higher
orbit coupled with inclination increase enables it to have better
Coverage at high latitudes compared with its counterparts.
Galileo’s signal design is expected to have improved
acquisition and tracking, improved multipath performance,
and improved building penetration. Their dual civil frequency
mitigates the ionospheres uncertainties.
3.2 ZIGBEE
Zigbee is a wireless technology that is mainly aimed at
remote control and secures applications. It is a low-cost, low
power wireless network. It is best suited for several embedded
applications, industrial control and home automation. It covers
10-100 meters within the range. It is less expensive and
simpler than Bluetooth and wifi. Zigbee networks are
extendable with the use of routers and many nodes to
interconnect with each other for building a wider area network.
Zigbee structure consists of coordinator, router and end
device. Coordinator is one of the essential devices in the
zigbee network. It acts as the root and bridge of the network.
The handling and storing of information is done by the
coordinator. Zigbee routers are responsible for transmitting the
data to and from other devices. End devices have limited
functionality to transmit and receive data from the parent
nodes. Zigbee
International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security (IJCSIS),
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170 https://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis/
ISSN 1947-5500
4. follows different types of network topology such as star, mesh
and cluster tree.
3.3 RFID
The Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) system makes
use of RFID tags for tracking the objects. It makes use of the
radio signals to detect the presence of an object. RFID
electronic tags do not require a viewable scan and it can carry
essentially more information. The normal method used for
identification is to store a serial number that identifies a person
or object on a microchip which is fixed to an antenna. The chip
transmits the identification information to the reader. The chip
transmits the information with the help of the antenna .The
radio waves that are reflected back from the RFID tag is
converted into digital information that can be passes on to
computers for using it efficiently.
RFID system consists of an unique serial number for
every object. The serial number is used to identify the object.
It transmits the identity of an object using radio waves. A
RFID system consists of three components:RF tags
(transponder),An antenna (coil),A transceiver. An RFID tag is
made up of a microchip containing information for identifying
the object. The chip contains a serialized identifier or bus stop
identifier.
4 PROPOSED SYSTEM
Location Technologies that are based only upon GPS are
defenceless and it needs to be supported by additional sources
of information to obtain the desired availability, accuracy,
integrity and uninterrupted service [14]. In the proposed
system we are using Internet of Things (IOT) to implement an
efficient real time bus navigation system. Providing additional
information about the expected number of passengers can be
very useful since it enables the passengers to travel in comfort
[15].IOT can be used to determine the accurate location and
the arrival time of the bus and also the crowd in the bus which
leads to less crowded bus routes to the bus riders.
The Internet of Things (IOT) technology consists of a
network of physical objects that require sensors and API’s to
communicate and exchange data over the internet. It requires
sensors to collect the details about the object. It collects data
by various technologies such as GPS, RFID and then
autonomously flow the data between other devices. It consists
of unique identifiers to transfer data without requiring human-
to-human or human-to-computer interaction.
The proposed system provides the passengers waiting at the
bus stop with the information such as arrival time of the bus,
crowd density in the arriving bus and traffic information. The
provision of this information to the waiting passengers enables
them to make smart decisions regarding their journey.
4.1Location Tracking
The Buses are fitted with GPS modems to obtain the real
time information about the location of the buses. The GPS
modem receives the signal from at least three satellites. It
displays the latitude and the longitude of the location based on
the received signal. This information is used to predict the
arrival time of the bus. The estimated arrival time of the bus
can be obtained with extreme precision since estimates are
constantly being updated in real time. The position values
obtained from the GPS modem are sent to the microcontroller
unit through serial communication. An IOT modem is used to
transfer the location details to the cloud server. The
information from the cloud server is retrieved at the bus stops.
The arrival time information is displayed to the passengers
through the LCD Display boards fitted at the bus stop.
Fig 1:System Architecture
4.2Crowd Prediction
We often see that passengers are waiting at the bus stop
without knowing the crowd in the arriving bus that is whether
the arriving bus has enough seating capacity for the passenger.
The IOT technology can be used to predict the number of
passengers in the arriving bus. This reduces the waiting time
of the passengers at the bus stop. This enables the passengers
to make decisions as to whether wait for the bus or move on.
The buses are fitted with IR sensors to find the number of
passengers in the bus. Each bus is fitted with two IR sensors.
IR1 that is used to determine the in-count or the people
entering the bus and IR2 that is used to determine the out-
count or the people leaving the bus. The data received from
the IR sensors is used to calculate the number of passengers in
the bus. This information is collected by the IOT modem from
the sensors and transferred to the cloud server. The crowd
information is retrieved from the cloud at the bus stops. The
people waiting at the bus stop are able to view the crowd in
the arriving bus through the LCD Display Boards fitted at the
bus stop.
4.3Traffic Analysis
The provision of traffic related information of the arriving
bus to the passengers reduces the anxiety and the waiting time
of the passengers at the bus stop. When the passenger is aware
that the bus is stuck in traffic he is able to make better
International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security (IJCSIS),
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171 https://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis/
ISSN 1947-5500
5. GPS with internal Antenna
IOT
decisions regarding his travel. The sensors are placed at the
points on the road where traffic may occur such as near the
traffic signals. The information from the sensor is collected by
the IOT modem and transferred to the cloud server. This
information is retrieved from the cloud at the bus stops. The
people waiting at the bus stop are able to view the traffic
information of the arriving bus through the LCD Display
Boards fitted at the bus stop.
The IOT module plays a major role in retrieving all the
information regarding the location, people count and traffic
related information from the sensors fitted in the bus. IOT
module consists of UART, controller that captures the
information and stores it in a cloud server. The IOT module
acts as an interface between the buses related information and
the cloud server.
5 CONCLUSION
In this paper, a crowd conscious smart bus navigation
system can able to enhance the passenger bus journey. The
passenger is able to know the arrival time information and the
crowd density of the arriving bus. The passengers are also
provided with the traffic conditions on the road that enable
them to make correct decisions regarding their bus journey
whether to wait for the bus or not. When the crowd in the bus
is beyond the seating capacity alternative bus options are
provided to the passengers. Thus the system reduces the
anxiety and the waiting time of the passengers at the bus stop.
The bus information is stored in the cloud which is retrieved
and displayed through the LCD Display Boards fitted at the
bus stops. The Internet of Things (IOT) devices can be
monitored and controlled by easy to use applications available
thus improving the performance of the system. Thus the crowd
conscious smart bus system enables the passenger to make
smart decisions regarding their bus journeys.
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