Learning Theories Group Project: Cognitive TheoryStephanie Conway
This is a group project from Team 7 in the course EME2040; fall semester, 2011. It was created to explore Cognitive Theory in an educational setting ,and stimulate thought about ways of applying this theory in the classroom.
Learning is a mental action: When information enters the brain, is manipulated, stored and used it when it’s needed. Cognitivism is a learning theory that defines learning as a semi-permanent change in mental process associations. Learning takes place through observation and sensorial experiences.
Mental activity is the primary focus or learning. Learning occurs when connections are made between old and new information in meaningful interactions. Learning is measured by how one thinks, not how one behaves. Prior knowledge plays and important role in the learning process.
The 15 most influential learning theories in education (a complete summary)Paul Stevens-Fulbrook
A Complete summary of the 15 most influential learning theories in education. All theories explained in detail with classroom examples. The full article can be found at:
https://teacherofsci.com
https://teacherofsci.com/learning-theories-in-education/
Learning Theories Group Project: Cognitive TheoryStephanie Conway
This is a group project from Team 7 in the course EME2040; fall semester, 2011. It was created to explore Cognitive Theory in an educational setting ,and stimulate thought about ways of applying this theory in the classroom.
Learning is a mental action: When information enters the brain, is manipulated, stored and used it when it’s needed. Cognitivism is a learning theory that defines learning as a semi-permanent change in mental process associations. Learning takes place through observation and sensorial experiences.
Mental activity is the primary focus or learning. Learning occurs when connections are made between old and new information in meaningful interactions. Learning is measured by how one thinks, not how one behaves. Prior knowledge plays and important role in the learning process.
The 15 most influential learning theories in education (a complete summary)Paul Stevens-Fulbrook
A Complete summary of the 15 most influential learning theories in education. All theories explained in detail with classroom examples. The full article can be found at:
https://teacherofsci.com
https://teacherofsci.com/learning-theories-in-education/
5. februarja 2013 smo v ADP izvedli predstavitev z naslovom Opis stanja na področju raziskovalnih podatkov v Sloveniji, predstavitev poročila predstavnikom ESFRI.
A Research Papers on the Learning .docxJohnsonFlomo1
In this presentation, we will explore Cognitive Learning Theory, a psychological framework that focuses on how individuals acquire, process, and retain knowledge. We will discuss the theory's historical background, key principles, applications, and limitations. We will also explore future directions for research and practice in cognitive learning theory.
J. BRUNER’s THEORY OF LEARNING PROCESS.pptxDrHafizKosar
Principles of J. Bruner Theory
1. Instruction must be concerned with the experiences and contexts that make the student willing and able to learn (readiness).
2. Instruction must be structured so that it can be easily grasped by the student (spiral organization).
3. Instruction should be designed to facilitate extrapolation and or fill in the gaps (going beyond the information given).
J. Bruner Theory
(i). Bruner's theoretical framework is based on the theme that learning is an active process and learners construct new ideas or concepts based upon existing knowledge.
(ii). Facets of the process include selection and transformation of information, decision making, generating hypotheses, and making meaning from information and experiences.
(iii). Cognitive structure (i.e., schema, mental models) provides meaning and organization to experiences and allows the individual to "go beyond the information given".
(iv). Bruner believed that intuitive and analytical thinking should both be encouraged and rewarded.
(v). He believed the intuitive skills were under-emphasized and he reflected on the ability of experts in every field to make spontaneous bound.
(vi). Bruner believed that intuitive and analytical thinking should both be encouraged and rewarded.
Features of J. Bruner's theory of Instruction
1. Tendency towards learning
2. The ways in which a body of knowledge can be structured so that itcan be most readily grasped by the learner,
3. The most effective sequences in which to present material.
4. The nature and pacing of rewards and punishments.
Cognitive Development
Like Piaget, Bruner believed in stages of instruction based on development.
Enactive (birth to age 3)
Iconic (age 3 to 8)
Symbolic (from age 8)
IntroductionLearning ObjectivesAfter reading this chapter,.docxnormanibarber20063
Introduction
Learning Objectives
After reading this chapter, you should be able to do the following:
Describe how understanding how we learn can be applied in a real-world setting with self and others.
Explain the basic premises of behaviorism as applied to learning theory.
Explain the basic premises of cognitivism as applied to learning theory.
Explain the basic premises of constructivism as applied to learning theory.
Explain the basic premises of humanism as applied to learning theory.
Identify evolving frameworks of learning theory that expand upon our understanding of how we learn.
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i.1 Understanding How We Learn
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i.1 Understanding How We Learn
Have you ever
· tried to help someone with a task, but the more you encouraged him or her, the worse the process became?
· studied all night for an exam but received an F on the test?
· heard a song from 20 years ago on the radio but still knew the lyrics? (Maybe you even wondered how you could possibly still know the old melody but not remember the name of the classmate you met less than 24 hours ago.)
· ignored someone because his or her beliefs differed from your beliefs?
· felt frustrated because your child was struggling in school?
· needed to train a group of employees but had no idea how to begin the process?
· assumed that the people around you should learn something as easily as you do?
· looked back on a decision and recognized that you were not thinking logically when that decision was made?
· had someone dear to you pass away and, afterwards, found it difficult to focus on tasks for any length of time?
If you have ever experienced any of these situations, then the psychology of learning could potentially be one of the most important areas that you will ever study. Understanding how humans learn, based on the psychological principles of learning and educational psychologies, can have profound results on productivity, success, and the search for self-actualization. Such knowledge is applicable in your personal and professional lives. It can empower you to know yourself better. Your knowledge about learning can help you teach and support others better, too. Learning, in essence, is something that you do and that affects you every day (Curran, Harrison, & Mackinnon, 2013).
Bowie15/iStock/Thinkstock
Understanding how you learn enables you to teach and support others.
Before you can successfully apply such information in your daily life, it’s important to familiarize yourself with the theories, models, and conceptual frameworks associated with learning. A theory is a set of principles used to explain, predict, and understand why a phenomenon occurs. Theories are supported by research but may not be valid in all situations; theories are propositions, not facts. For example, cognitive load theory (CLT), which is discussed further in Chapter 3, proposes th.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Overview on Edible Vaccine: Pros & Cons with Mechanism
Bankston learning
1. Behaviorism, Cognitivism, and Constructivism
Definition
In education there are several theories that are used in the
field. Many educators use the three most popular theories on a
daily basis at any given time in a class. These theories can be
documented back to the era of Aristotle. The three popular
theories are Behaviorism, Cognitivism, and Constructivism.
Behaviorism is the theory that describes learning is due to an
observable change in behavior. The behaviors are sometimes
learned in the process. In this theory, the learners observe
the information, practice the information and then receive
reinforcement through praise. The classic example of
behaviorism is when Pavlov used classic conditioning to
investigate the digestive system of dogs. Pavlov conditioned the
dogs to react to the sound of a tuning fork. The tuning fork
became a conditioned stimulus. Other famous theorists include
Edward Thorndike who is known for inventing the puzzle box to
investigate problem solving in animals and B. F. Skinner who is
known for inventing the concept of operant conditioning.
Cognitivism is the theory that describes how information is
processed to produce learning. It is the change in a learner’s
mental behavior. Cognitive theory looks at how information
travels from the sensory memory to the working memory to the
long-term memory. This theory focuses on gaining and
maintaining the learner’s attention. After the learner’s
attention is gained, then rehearsal and visuals are used to move
the information in the memories. Reinforcement is used
primarily as feedback (Woolfolk, 2004). Two famous contributors
to Cognitivism are Jean Piaget who is known for the theory that
children progress through stages and J. Anderson who is know
for the two types of memory procedural and declarative.
Constructivism is the theory that describes learning to due to
the construction of knowledge. The theory focuses on the
understanding the information. A big component of
Constructivism is socializing. The learners are posed with
guiding questions and the learners work together to acquire the
new information.
Two famous contributors to Constructivism are
Lev Vygotsky who is known for the definition of Zone of Proximal
Development and Jerome Bruner who is known for stating that
learning is an active process.
2. Behaviorism, Cognitivism, and Constructivism
Classroom Implication
In a Behaviorist classroom learning takes place through
acquiring facts, concepts and skills. In this type of classroom
one may observe a reward system for positive learning behavior.
There may be a money system where the students earn classroom
buck to spend at a later time. Also, there may be progress
charts visible. In this classroom, there may be contracts on a
particular student’s desk. Also, the learners will be receiving
effective praise in small and large accomplishments. Also, the
teacher reinforces for both positive and negative behavior. The
teacher is a supervisor in the Behaviorist classroom. Finally
in this classroom there may be an emphasis on mastery learning
with rewards and consequences in place.
In a Cognitive classroom learning takes place through using
strategies to acquire facts, skills and concepts. In this type
of classroom one may observe the teacher using props and various
methods to gain the learner’s attention. Also, one may observe
the use of visuals such as outline and graphic organizers to
connect the information in the learner’s memory. In this
classroom there may be evidence of grouping smaller pieces of
information into larger groups of information. One will witness
some repetition and review in the classroom. Also, one may
witness mnemonics to remember formulas and facts. The teacher
serves as a modeler of strategies in the Cognitive classroom.
Finally one will witness the application of various learning
strategies such as Review, Examine, Ask, DO, and Summarize.
In a Constructivist classroom learning takes place through
retrieving prior knowledge and collaborating to acquire new
knowledge. In this type of classroom one may observe learners
working in groups. The learners are discussing a possible
solution to a particular problem or task. One will observe the
teacher moving from group to group assisting in the discussion
and asking relevant questions. The teacher serves as a
facilitator in the Constructivist classroom. In this particular
classroom the learners are in charge of their own learning. The
learners in this classroom are producing authentic tasks and
artifacts. The learners have a choice in their presentation and
products.
Instructional Technology
3. Behaviorism, Cognitivism, and Constructivism
Learning from the behaviorist point of view involves gaining
knowledge from observable behavior. Because of this,
behaviorist influenced technology occurs through drills and
practice. This type of software focuses on skill building by
using the method of observing a particular skill and practicing
the skill. Most drill and practice software gives instant
feedback by telling the user whether the answer is correct or
incorrect.
Some examples of drill and practice software are
Math Blaster, Learn to Speak Spanish and Numbers Munchers.
Learning from the Cognitive point of view involves mimicking the
human thought process. The technology focuses on thinking like
a person. This type of technology uses animations to keep the
learner’s attention and use chunking to present the information.
One type of cognitive technology is trouble shooting programs.
Some examples of this type of software Buggy and Logo. Other
types of cognitive software that encourages learning are
Cognitive Tutor by Carnegie Learning, Challenging our Minds, and
Plato.
Learning from the Constructive point of view involves building
knowledge collaborative through investigations and problem
solving. Constructivism and technology is not limited to one
type of software. Learners may use technology to research
information to help in solving an authentic problem. For
example, the learners may investigate how to eat healthy. The
learners can use the internet or books to search for relevant
information. Learners may use multimedia software to create an
authentic product to their problem. Learners may use LCD
projectors to present their product. Learners may use
technology to exchange information, email or chats.
There are a few similarities in the three theories. In the
Behaviorist theory and Cognitive theory both theories believe in
reinforcing the concept. Also the Cognitive theory and
Constructivist theory both believe in using various
representations to learn. Cognitive theory uses premade visuals
where Constructivist theory use visuals discovered by learners.
4. Behaviorism, Cognitivism, and Constructivism
References
Cognitive Theories of Learning. Retrieved February, 13, 2008
from
http://www.personal.psu.edu/users/w/x/wxh139/cognitive_1.htm#maj
or
Constructivism meets Technology. Retrieved February 15, 2008
from
http://online.sfsu.edu/~foreman/itec800/finalprojects/eitankapla
n/pages/technology.htm
Mergel, B. (1998). Instructional Design and Learning Theory.
Educations and Communication Technology
Woolfolk, A. (2004). Educational Psychology. Boston.
Pearson