Ballon Biodiversity Report

Dúlra Bhalana
EXPLORING BALLON’S BIODIVERSITY
Ciarán Byrne BSc (Hons), MSc
ciaranbyrne87@gmail.com
October 2015

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword ................................................................................................................................................2
Acknowledgements................................................................................................................................3
1 Introduction....................................................................................................................................4
1.1 What is biodiversity?..............................................................................................................4
1.2 Why protect biodiversity?......................................................................................................5
1.3 Project aims............................................................................................................................6
1.4 Site location & description.....................................................................................................6
2 Methodology ..................................................................................................................................9
2.1 Desk study and consultations ................................................................................................9
2.2 Field survey.............................................................................................................................9
2.2.1 Habitat survey ................................................................................................................9
2.2.2 Bird survey....................................................................................................................10
2.2.3 Bat survey.....................................................................................................................10
2.2.4 Amphibian survey.........................................................................................................10
2.2.5 Invertebrate survey......................................................................................................10
3 Biodiversity of Ballon and environs.............................................................................................11
3.1 Habitats.................................................................................................................................11
3.2 Birds......................................................................................................................................19
3.3 Bats .......................................................................................................................................21
3.4 Amphibians...........................................................................................................................22
3.5 Invertebrates........................................................................................................................23
4 Community action for biodiversity..............................................................................................26
4.1 Biodiversity enhancement & awareness.............................................................................26
4.2 Future community biodiversity enhancement actions.......................................................30
4.3 Public involvement...............................................................................................................31
4.4 Biodiversity monitoring........................................................................................................33
5 References....................................................................................................................................36
Appendix A Ballon biodiversity inventory.......................................................................................37
Appendix B Butterfly larval foodplants...........................................................................................45
Appendix C Native trees & shrubs in Ireland..................................................................................47
Report cover images: Ballon community apple orchard, Peacock butterfly, Ashy Mining Bee. All images copyright Ciarán Byrne unless
otherwise stated.

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FOREWORD
Ballon Improvement Group, utilising funding from the Heritage Council Grants Programme 2015, and
in consultation with ecologist Ciarán Byrne, has prepared a biodiversity audit and management plan
for Ballon village and environs.
This study is an extension of the work previously undertaken by Ballon Improvement Group, in
accordance with the guidelines of the Nature and Wildlife section of the Tidy Towns Competition.
Our nature and wildlife amenities will now benefit from some very helpful guidelines for future
development in this area.
The survey unearthed many biological indicators of healthy ecosystems. It also highlights the crucial
role that biodiversity and the health of our countryside play, not only in terms of economic
prosperity but also as an inextricable link to our mental health and well-being.
“Look deeper into Nature and you will understand everything better”.
Albert Einstein
A key component of our work is to empower young people to appreciate the wonders of the world
that surrounds them. Our goal is to further develop and expand our reach in this area, helping to
engage younger generations with the beauty of nature.
We wish to thank all who have contributed to the successful development of this biodiversity survey
and management plan.
Is feidir linn
Máire George, Ballon Improvement Group Chairperson
October 2015

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Dúlra Bhalana was prepared on behalf of Ballon Improvement Group with support and funding from
the Heritage Council.
I would like to thank all those who either assisted with the biodiversity survey or provided species
records and other information relating to the biodiversity of Ballon, including:
 Brian Power (Local ecologist)
 Lorcan Scott (National Parks and Wildlife Service)
 Lisa Dowling (Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland)
 Máire George (Ballon Improvement Group)
 Paul Cutler (Head Gardener at Altamont Gardens and Birdwatch Ireland member)
 Eileen Murphy (Ballon Business & Training Centre)
 Michael Martin (Webmaster of Ballon village website)
I’m also most thankful for the enthusiasm, cooperation and hospitality of all the residents of Ballon
village who facilitated survey work.

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1 INTRODUCTION
Ciarán Byrne was commissioned by Ballon Improvement Group to carry out a biodiversity audit and
management plan for Ballon village and environs, Co. Carlow.
1.1 WHAT IS BIODIVERSITY?
Biodiversity, which is short for biological diversity, is the term used to describe the variety of life on
Earth. It encompasses the whole range of animals, plants, fungi, micro-organisms and the natural
systems that support them.
Biodiversity refers to more than just individual species (species diversity) and includes the genes
they contain (genetic diversity) and the ecosystems in which they live (ecological diversity).
Biodiversity also highlights the interdependence and interconnectedness of all living things.
Biodiversity is not restricted to rare or threatened species, but is equally concerned with widespread
and common species. Biodiversity is found all around us, in gardens, hedgerows, woodlands, lakes
and rivers, uplands, wetlands and the sea.
Ireland’s biological diversity
For its relatively small size, Ireland has a rich biological diversity. More than 30,000 species occur
in Ireland within 117 distinct habitats. Only 10% of these are “familiar” species such as plants,
birds and mammals. 62% are invertebrates, animals that lack a backbone such as butterflies and
ladybirds (DAHG, 2014).
Figure 1: 7-spot ladybird (bóín Dé), Ballykealey lane

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1.2 WHY PROTECT BIODIVERSITY?
We as human beings are an integral part of biodiversity and we can influence it in a positive or
negative way. In addition to our moral obligation to conserve biodiversity for future generations,
biodiversity provides numerous ecosystem services that are crucial for our survival. Ecosystem
services encompass all the processes through which natural ecosystems help sustain human life on
Earth. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) outlines 4 main types of ecosystem service:
 Provisioning services are the products obtained from ecosystems such as food, fresh water,
wood, fibre, genetic resources and medicine.
 Regulating services are defined as the benefits obtained from the regulation of ecosystem
processes such as climate regulation, natural hazard regulation, purification of air and water,
detoxification and decomposition of wastes, pollination of plants and pest control.
 Cultural services include non-material benefits that people obtain from ecosystems such as
recreation, physical and mental health, ecotourism, sense of place, inspiration, aesthetic,
spiritual and religious.
 Supporting services which are necessary for all other ecosystem services such as soil formation,
nutrient cycling and primary production.
Many different human activities threaten biodiversity on local, regional, and global scales. In 1996
the Irish government ratified the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). The CBD
marked an historic agreement and commitment by the nations of the world to address
comprehensively all aspects of biological diversity including genetic resources, species and
ecosystems. In 2002, parties to the CBD committed themselves to achieve by 2010 a significant
reduction of the current rate of biodiversity loss. In 2006 the European Commission set out a target
of halting biodiversity loss by 2010; a target that has not been reached.
As part of its commitments under the CBD Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2020 and new objectives
set out in the European Union biodiversity strategy to 2020, Ireland is currently in the process of
implementing its second National Biodiversity Plan, Actions for Biodiversity 2011-2016. The overall
aim of the plan is that biodiversity loss and degradation of ecosystems are reduced by 2016 and
progress is made towards substantial recovery by 2020. The plan recognises habitat degradation,
fragmentation and loss as the primary threat to biodiversity in Ireland (DAHG, 2011).
Habitat degradation, fragmentation & loss in Ireland
Habitat fragmentation is the process whereby natural and semi-natural habitats are separated
into a number of smaller patches through land-use change and urban development. The
fragmentation of habitats results in a loss of connectivity and of the ability of flora and fauna to
disperse between and within ecosystems.
Factors contributing to habitat degradation, fragmentation and loss in Ireland include changes in
agricultural practices, commercial forestry, fisheries overexploitation, peat extraction, air and
water pollution, invasive alien species, land clearance and development, tourism and
recreational activities, and climate change (DAHG, 2011).

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1.3 PROJECT AIMS
The National Biodiversity Plan, Actions for Biodiversity 2011-2016 highlights local-level action and
raising public awareness of biodiversity issues as key to conserving local biodiversity. The overall aim
of this project was to assess, evaluate and communicate the biodiversity of Ballon village and
environs through the preparation of a biodiversity audit and management plan.
In undertaking an assessment and evaluation of the biodiversity of Ballon village the following was
undertaken:
 A desktop review of existing information pertaining to the biodiversity of Ballon village
 Consultations with knowledgeable local individuals with unpublished information on the
biodiversity of Ballon village
 Field survey of habitats, flora, birds, mammals, amphibians and selected invertebrate groups of
Ballon village
 An assessment of current pressures impacting on the biodiversity of Ballon village
Following completion of the above, recommendations are made on conserving and enhancing
biodiversity, and promoting biodiversity awareness in Ballon village.
1.4 SITE LOCATION & DESCRIPTION
Ballon village is located in the east of County
Carlow. The historic village is situated on the
N80 national road approximately 11km from
Carlow town. The village had a population of
709 in 2011.
Ballon village was originally part of the former
300 acre estate of Ballykealey, seat of the
Lecky family from 1649. The present house,
known to locals as “Ballykealey Manor” was
built around 1830. Ballon Hill, a prominent hill
(circa 131m) is also of historical significance as
an important Bronze Age burial site.
The study area (Figure 4) encompassed by the
biodiversity management plan was generally
the area of Ballon village within the 50 kph
speed limits with an additional area of high
amenity value to the village, comprising the
grounds around Ballykealey House Hotel.
Figure 2: Study area location (after Wikipedia, 2010)

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Figure 3: Historic 6 inch map of Ballon village from 1839

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Figure 4: Ballon village and environs study area

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2 METHODOLOGY
2.1 DESK STUDY AND CONSULTATIONS
A desktop review was undertaken to determine nature conservation designations, protected species
and biodiversity data pertaining to the study area. The following data sources were reviewed:
 Ordnance Survey Ireland (OSI) maps
 OSI aerial photography
 National Biodiversity Data Centre records
 Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland records
 National Parks and Wildlife maps and information on designated areas and protected species
Consultation were also made with knowledgeable local individuals and organisations listed in the
Acknowledgements, who provided additional biodiversity data pertaining to the study area.
2.2 FIELD SURVEY
2.2.1 HABITAT SURVEY
Habitat survey work was carried out during March, April and May 2015, with an initial site visit and
walkover survey carried out in mid-March 2015. An extended Phase 1 habitat survey (Joint Nature
Conservation Committee, 2007) of the study area was conducted during April and May 2015. Phase
1 survey provides relatively rapid classification of semi-natural vegetation and wildlife habitat based
principally on vegetation, with reference to topographic and substrate features.
Field methodology for habitat survey followed the Heritage Council’s Best Practice Guidance for
Habitat Survey and Mapping (Smith et al, 2011). Minimum habitat size thresholds for habitat survey
followed Smith et al (2011) and are outlined in Table 1. Habitat features below this size were either
mapped as point features or subsumed as variation in a wider habitat type.
Threshold Recommended minimum size
Polygon v. polyline >4 metre width
Mappable polygon 400 m2
Mappable polyline 20 m
Table 1: Recommended minimum habitat size thresholds (Smith et al, 2011)
Ordnance Survey of Ireland (OSI) high flown orthophotography from 2005 was used as base map for
annotation in the field. Broad identifiable habitat blocks were mapped and classified according to
Fossitt (2000) level 3 classification. Each habitat polygon and linear feature was mapped and
recorded with a unique habitat number corresponding to a note on field data sheets. Information
recorded on field data sheets included field surveyor’s name, survey date, habitat parcel number
corresponding to the field-annotated map, plant species composition and structure, habitat type
according to Fossitt and target notes.

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Fossitt habitat types were mapped using QGIS 2.6.1 software using both OSI aerial photography and
vector mapping data as base maps. Aerial photography used was OSI high flown orthophotography
from 2005. Habitats were digitised in QGIS using field data and represented by polygon and polyline
features. Polygons were used for habitats best depicted as a discrete area in two dimensions, such
as woodland, while linear habitats, such as hedgerows were represented by polyline features.
2.2.2 BIRD SURVEY
Bird survey methodology broadly followed Birdwatch Ireland Countryside Bird Survey methodology
(Anon, undated) whereby two parallel 1km transects within the study area were walked and all birds
recorded by visual observation and/or song. Each transect line was divided into five equal sections of
200m in length. Transect lines were walked at a slow and methodical pace with birds recorded at
designated distance categories, measured at right angles to the transect line. Distance categories
included within 25 metres either side of the line; between 25 and 100 metres either side of the line;
more than 100 metres either side of the line; and birds in flight only (at any distance).
2.2.3 BAT SURVEY
Habitat features observed during the habitat survey with potential to support bats such as old
building and trees were noted and evaluated. Bats species were also recorded using a heterodyne
bat detector. Bat surveys were carried at selected survey sites starting half an hour before dusk for a
duration of 3 hours.
2.2.4 AMPHIBIAN SURVEY
Amphibians are best observed at night when they are more active. From dusk, suitable habitats such
as ponds and drainage ditches were searched thoroughly using a powerful torch. The torch survey
involves walking around the perimeter of the water body, checking for Smooth Newts in the beam of
the torchlight. In addition to recording the presence of Smooth Newts, any presence of Common
Frog was also recorded. The surveys were only undertaken during suitable weather conditions
(temperatures above 5°C and little to no wind or rain) between April and June.
2.2.5 INVERTEBRATE SURVEY
Field survey of invertebrates was focused on highly visible, well-known invertebrates such as
butterflies, dragonflies and hoverflies. Given the huge diversity of the Irish invertebrate fauna, the
results of the invertebrate survey provides only a snapshot of species diversity in the area.
Invertebrates outside these targeted groups but which were encountered during field survey work
were also recorded. In addition to direct observations of invertebrates, habitat features of potential
importance for invertebrates were noted.

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3 BIODIVERSITY OF BALLON AND ENVIRONS
A total of 328 plant and animal species were recorded within Ballon village and environs. These are
listed in Appendix A.
3.1 HABITATS
Habitats are the places where plants and animals live. They are characterised by distinctive
combinations of plant and animal communities and their physical environment. Habitats are
classified according to Fossitt habitat categories, the standard scheme for describing habitats in
Ireland.
The Fossitt guide (Fossitt, 2000) identifies 11 broad habitat groups at level 1 (e.g. F-Freshwater), 30
habitat subgroups at level 2 (e.g. FW-Watercourses), and 117 separate habitats at level 3 (e.g. FW1-
Eroding/upland river) in Ireland. Habitats within the study area were recorded and mapped to
Fossitt level 3 classification.
A total of 20 different habitat types were recorded within the study area as presented in Table 2
below. A habitat map showing the location and extent of habitat types within the study area is
presented in Figure 12. The following paragraphs provide a detailed description of each of the
habitat types recorded within the study area.
Habitat category Habitat type Habitat code
Freshwater Other artificial lakes and ponds FL8
Drainage ditches FW4
Grassland and marsh Improved agricultural grassland GA1
Amenity grassland GA2
Dry meadows and grassy verges GS2
Wet grassland GS4
Woodland and scrub Wet willow-alder-ash woodland WN6
Mixed broadleaved woodland WD1
Mixed broadleaved/conifer woodland WD2
Conifer plantation WD4
Scattered trees and parkland WD5
Immature woodland WS2
Hedgerows WL1
Treelines WL2
Exposed rock and disturbed ground Recolonising bare ground ED3
Cultivated and built land Arable crops BC1
Tilled land BC3
Flower beds and borders BC4
Stone walls and other stonework BL1
Buildings and artificial surfaces BL3
Table 2: Habitat types recorded in Ballon village & environs

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3.1.1 OTHER ARTIFICIAL LAKES AND PONDS (FL8)
This category is used for artificial or ornamental bodies of standing water and occurs in the grounds
surrounding Ballykealey Manor Hotel. Ponds are small waterbodies that hold water for all or part of
the year and are not fed by a stream or river, but depend on rain and groundwater.
Yellow Iris (Iris pseudacorus), Bulrush (Typha latifolia), Common Reed (Phragmites australis) and
Marsh Marigold (Caltha palustris) dominate the edges of the lake. Other species occurring along the
lake fringes include Lesser Spearwort (Ranunculus flammula), Bogbean (Menyanthes trifoliata)
Water Mint (Mentha aquatica), Water Forget-me-not (Myosotis scorpioides), Water-cress
(Nasturtium officinale) and Marsh Violet (Viola palustris).
Figure 5: Yellow Iris (Feileastram), Ballykealey lake
3.1.2 DRAINAGE DITCHES (FW4)
Drainage ditches are linear water bodies that are entirely artificial in origin. Drainage ditches in the
study area follow field boundaries and aid in the drainage of productive agricultural land
surrounding Ballon. Instream vegetation is limited in fast flowing sections, however slower flowing
sections are dominated by Common Duckweed (Lemna minor) and Fool’s Water-cress (Apium
nodiflorum). These ditches provide an ideal habitat for numerous aquatic invertebrates.
3.1.3 IMPROVED AGRICULTURAL GRASSLAND (GA1)
Improved agricultural grassland occurs in areas of productive farmland around Ballon. Improved
agricultural grasslands includes swards that have been drained, fertilized and re-seeded, usually with
Perennial Rye-grass (Lolium perenne) and White Clover (Trifolium repens) dominating the sward.
Other species present included Daisy (Bellis perennis), Red Clover (Trifolium pratense) and Creeping
Buttercup (Ranunculus repens).

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3.1.4 AMENITY GRASSLAND (GA2)
Amenity grassland includes areas of managed grassland that occur in housing estates, school
playgrounds, and private gardens. This type of grassland is species-poor, often having been
reseeded, regularly fertilised and regularly mown to maintain very short swards. Flowering plant
species found in areas of amenity grassland in Ballon include Daisy, Lesser Trefoil (Trifolium dubium),
Dandelion (Taraxacum agg.), Field Wood-rush (Luzula campestris) and Clovers (Trifolium spp.).
3.1.5 DRY MEADOWS AND GRASSY VERGES (GS2)
Dry meadows that are rarely fertilised or grazed, and are mown only once or twice a year for hay are
now rare in Ireland (Fossitt, 2000). This type of habitat is represented in neglected fields in and
around Ballon village. In these areas there is little or no grazing or fertiliser application which results
in grasslands with a high proportion of tall, tussocky grasses such as False Oat-grass (Arrhenatherum
elatius) and Cock’s-foot (Dactylis glomerata). The broadleaved herb component is dominated by
species such as Cow Parsley (Anthriscus sylvestris), Hogweed (Heracleum sphondylium), Nettle
(Urtica dioica), Bush Vetch (Vicia sepium) and Creeping Thistle (Cirsium arvense).
3.1.6 WET GRASSLAND (GS4)
Wet grassland is confined to the north of the study area where the ground is flat and poorly-drained.
Soft Rush (Juncus effusus) dominates in association with Creeping Buttercup, Ragged Robin (Silene
flos-cuculi), Cuckooflower (Cardamine pratensis) and Yorkshire Fog (Holcus lanatus). This area of wet
grassland is bounded to the north and to the south by wet willow-alder-ash woodland.
Figure 6: Wet grassland at Ballykealey

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3.1.7 WET-WILLOW-ALDER-ASH WOODLAND (WN6)
This habitat category is confined to an area fringing Ballykealey Lake and an adjacent area separated
by an area of wet grassland described above. Woodland of this type occurs on permanently
waterlogged areas in Ballon and is dominated by both Grey Willow (Salix cinerea) and Alder (Alnus
glutinosa) with occasional Ash (Fraxinus excelsior). These waterlogged areas of woodland in addition
to Ballykealey Lake are an important habitat for both Common Frog and Smooth Newt in Ballon.
3.1.8 MIXED BROADLEAVED WOODLAND (WD1)
Apart from areas of wet woodland surrounding Ballykealey Lake, the majority of woodland in Ballon
is made up of non-native trees. Mixed broadleaved woodland is the most common woodland type in
Ballon. Woodland of this type in the area is typically dominated by Sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus)
and Beech (Fagus sylvatica). Ash, Pedunculate Oak (Quercus robur), Holly (Ilex aquifolium),
Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna) and Hazel (Corylus avellana) are also common elements. Cherry
Laurel (Prunus laurocerasus) with its evergreen leaves and tolerance of shade is abundant in an area
of woodland to the north of Ballykealey lane. Cherry Laurel is considered an invasive species,
shading out any woodland understorey and preventing woodland regeneration. Lesser Periwinkle
(Vinca minor), another non-native species is also dominant in areas of this woodland.
The ground flora typically comprises Lesser Celandine (Ficaria verna), Ivy-leaved speedwell (Veronica
hederifolia), Lords-and-Ladies (Arum maculatum), Primrose (Primula vulgaris), Early dog-violet (Viola
reichenbachiana), Bluebell (Hyacinthoides non-scripta), Soft shield-fern (Polystichum setiferum) and
Hart’s-tongue (Asplenium scolopendrium). Wet patches in woodland immediately south of
Ballykealey lane contained wetland species such as Opposite-leaved Golden-saxifrage
(Chrysosplenium oppositifolium), Yellow Iris and Meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria). Tree species in
these areas were dominated by Alder, Grey willow and Silver birch (Betula pendula).
Figure 7: Lesser Celandine (Grán arcáin), an early flowering spring species

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3.1.9 SCATTERED TREES AND PARKLAND (WD5)
This habitat category is used to describe areas of scattered trees that cover less than 30% of the
total habitat area but are a prominent structural or visual feature of the habitat (Fossitt, 2000). This
habitat type is confined to ground surrounding Ballykealey Manor Hotel. Although species diversity
is low, mature trees provide structural diversity and roosting potential for birds and bats. Tree
species include Ash, Beech, Pedunculate Oak, Horse-chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) and Lime
(Tilia cordata x platyphyllos).
3.1.10 HEDGEROWS (WL1)
Hedgerows are linear strips of shrubs with occasional trees that typically form field or property
boundaries and occur throughout the study area. Hawthorn and Blackthorn (Prunus spinosa)
dominate along with Elder (Sambucus nigra) and Bramble (Rubus fruticosus agg.). Other hedgerow
species which were recorded as occasional included Sycamore, Ash, Beech, Ivy (Hedera hibernica)
and Honeysuckle (Lonicera periclymenum). Hedges provide nesting, roosting and feeding
opportunities for wildlife in Ballon. Hedges can also act as wildlife corridors between isolated
patches of woodland.
Figure 8: Hawthorn (Sceach gheal) fruit or “haws”, an important food source for birds
3.1.11 TREELINES (WL2)
A treeline is a narrow row or single line of trees that is greater than 5 metres in height and occurs
along field or property boundaries within the study area. Sycamore, Ash, Hawthorn, Blackthorn and
Elder dominate. Other species recorded as occasional included Grey willow, Wych Elm (Ulmus
glabra), Beech and Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris).

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3.1.12 RECOLONISING BARE GROUND (ED3)
Recolonising bare ground is used to describe areas where bare or disturbed ground has been
invaded by vegetation. This habitat type is confined to two areas of derelict land within the study
area. Typical species of this habitat in Ballon include Colt’s-foot (Tussilago farfara), Common
Ragwort (Senecio jacobaea), Scentless Mayweed (Tripleurospermum inodorum), Dandelion, Nettle,
Bush vetch, Hogweed and Cow Parsley. Occasional trees and shrubs include Grey Willow, Butterfly-
bush (Buddleja davidii) and Gorse (Ulex europaeus).
Figure 9: Common Ragwort (Buachalán buí), an important nectar source for a wide range of invertebrates
3.1.13 STONE WALLS AND OTHER STONEWORK (BL1)
In the more built-up parts of Ballon, walls constructed from natural stone are important wildlife
habitats. Species diversity is higher in areas where walls are left in a natural state and not cleaned or
sprayed with herbicides. Stone walls support a diverse flora in Ballon with flowering plants such as
Ivy-leaved Toadflax (Cymbalaria muralis) and Ivy-leaved speedwell, along with ferns such as Wall
Rue (Asplenium ruta-muraria), Maidenhair spleenwort (Asplenium trichomanes) and Rustyback
(Asplenium ceterach).
Figure 10: Ivy-leaved Toadflax (Buaflíon ball) (left) & Rustyback fern (Raithneach rua) (right)

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3.1.14 OTHER HABITATS
Conifer plantation (WD4) within the study area comprises an area covering 0.55 acres dominated by
Sitka Spruce (Picea sitchensis). Conifer plantations are characterised by even-aged stands of trees
that are planted in regular rows.
Immature woodland (WS2) includes areas that are dominated by young or sapling trees. Immature
woodland within the study area occurs in the northeast of the study area and is dominated by
willows (Salix spp).
Arable crops (BC1) are a dominant feature of the productive agricultural land surrounding Ballon. A
large proportion of the land categorised as arable crops is managed for the production of cereal
crops.
Figure 11: Arable field margins are important habitats for species such as Corn Marigold (Buíán)
Tilled land (BC2) is confined to the northwest of the study area. Tilled land includes areas where
land has been tilled and prepared for planting but where the crop, or future use of the land, cannot
be established.
Buildings and artificial surfaces (BL3) includes buildings and areas of land that are covered with
artificial surfaces of tarmac, cement, paving stones, bricks or blocks within Ballon. Areas of flower
beds and borders (BC4) occur within areas of buildings and artificial surfaces.

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Figure 12: Habitat map of Ballon village and environs

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3.2 BIRDS
Birdwatch Ireland and the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds in Northern Ireland (RSPBNI) have
developed a list known as the Birds of Conservation Concern in Ireland (BoCCI) list. Birds which
breed and/or winter in Ireland are classified into three separate lists (Red, Amber and Green), based
on the conservation status of the bird. Birds on the Red List are those of highest conservation
concern, Amber List birds are of medium conservation concern and the Green List birds are not
considered threatened.
Bird species recorded during the field survey are listed in Appendix A along with the conservation
status according to the BoCCI list. During the bird surveys 44 bird species were recorded, 1 red listed
species and 10 amber listed species. All other bird species recorded were green listed species that
are common and widespread in the Irish countryside.
Figure 13: Yellowhammer (Buíóg), a red-listed species associated with arable farmland in Ballon (Photo: Brian Power)
In more built up areas of Ballon gardens, hedgerows and treelines support species typical of gardens
and urban areas such as Blackbird, Blue tit, Chaffinch, Collared dove, Dunnock, Great tit, Greenfinch,
House sparrow, Jackdaw, Pied wagtail, Robin, Song thrush, Starling, Swallow and Wren. Many of
these species visit gardens to avail of feeding opportunities on offer whilst others will nest in
gardens or buildings in urban areas.
Lowland farmland is the dominant land-use within the study area and comprises improved
grassland, arable crops and associated hedgerows and treelines which act as field boundaries.
Hedgerows provide birds with nesting, roosting and foraging sites. Some birds are dependent upon
farming practices and the habitats they create whilst other non-specialist species use farmland
regularly for breeding and feeding. Many species recorded in areas of farmland largely overlap with

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species recorded in built up areas with the addition of some more generalist species Hooded crow,
Magpie and Rook. Species typically associated with farmland in Ballon include Yellowhammer,
Skylark, Tree Sparrow, Linnet, Buzzard, Kestrel, Snipe and Pheasant. Winter migrants Redwing and
Fieldfare were also recorded in areas of farmland. These winter migrants arriving from Scandinavia
feed on grassland rich in soil invertebrates or hedgerow berries such as Hawthorn.
Bird species associated with woodland occur throughout the study area. Woodland in the area is
predominantly mixed deciduous woodland, conifer woodland and hedgerows. Species associated
with woodland habitats in Ballon include Bullfinch, Chiffchaff, Goldcrest, Long-eared Owl, Long-tailed
tit, Mistle thrush, Treecreeper and Woodpigeon. Species such as Wren, Robin, Blackbird, Chaffinch
and Dunnock are abundant species, nesting in hedgerows.
Figure 14: Tree sparrow (Gealbhan crainn), an amber-listed species which nests in holes in trees and old buildings (Photo: Peter Cutler)
Ballykealey Lake provides the habitat for a number of species associated with areas of wetland.
Wetland species recorded at Ballykealey Lake include Moorhen, Mallard, Grey Heron, Mute Swan
and Teal.

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3.3 BATS
3 species of bat were recorded within the study area which included Common Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus
pipistrellus), Soprano Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus pygmaeus) and Leisler’s Bat (Nyctalus leisleri). Habitat
features observed during the habitat survey with potential to support bats were also noted and
evaluated.
Bats typically roost in buildings, crevices of built structures such bridges, and within cavities of
mature trees such as Ash, Oak, Beech and Scot’s pine. Bats need different roosting conditions at
different times of the year. In summer, female bats form summer nursery roosts or maternity
colonies where the young are born. In winter bats use hibernation roosts. Bats hibernate during
winter, usually, depending on the weather, from mid-November to the end of March.
Figure 15: Leisler's bat (Ialtóg Leisler), Ireland’s largest bat species (Photo: Máire George)
The main threats to the conservation of bat species in Ireland are building renovation, roost
disturbance, loss of foraging habitat, and loss of hedgerows and other linear landscape features in
the vicinity of known roosts (NPWS 2008, Marnell 2009). Removal of linear landscape features are
damaging as many Irish bats rely on features such as treelines, stonewalls and hedgerows to
navigate and commute from roosts to feeding sites. Other threats to Irish bat species include
unsympathetic repairs to old bridges, woodland management practices, badly sited windfarms, and
loss of roost sites due to deterioration of old buildings (NPWS 2008, Marnell 2009). Many Irish bats
are sensitive to disturbance during hibernation, which can damage local populations.
Other mammals recorded within the study area included Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus), Red Fox
(Vulpes vulpes), Irish Hare (Lepus timidus hibernicus), Brown Rat (Rattus norvegicus), Hedgehog
(Erinaceus europaeus), American Mink (Mustela vison) and Grey Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis).

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3.4 AMPHIBIANS
There are 3 species of amphibian that occur in Ireland-Common Frog (Rana temporaria), Smooth
Newt (Lissotriton vulgaris), and Natterjack Toad (Epidalea calamita), which is confined to sand dunes
in Kerry and Wexford. Two of these, the Common Frog and the Smooth Newt were recorded within
the study area. Both species were recorded in and around Ballykealey Lake.
Figure 16: Smooth Newt (Earc luachra)
Figure 17: Common Frog (Loscán)

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3.5 INVERTEBRATES
13 species of butterfly, 22 species of hoverfly, 7 species of bee, 10 species of beetle, 5 shieldbugs, as
well as a range of species from other insect groups were recorded. One of the bumblebee species
recorded, the Large Red Tailed Bumblebee (Bombus lapidarius) is classified as near threatened in
Ireland. The Birch shieldbug (Elasmostethus interstinctus) was the first record for Co. Carlow. Other
notable records included Comma (Polygonia c-album) and Ruddy Darter (Sympetrum sanguineum).
Figure 18: Birch shieldbug (Fríd Scéithe) (left) & Large Red Tailed Bumblebee (Bumbóg) (right)
13 butterfly species were recorded within the study area. The availability of specific larval foodplants
is key in butterfly life cycles. Butterfly eggs are laid on a particular plant species that are then eaten
by the caterpillar. Different species require different foodplants, many of which although critical in
the butterfly life cycle are considered “weeds”. For example, Nettle is the larval foodplant of several
species including Comma, Peacock, Red Admiral & Small Tortoiseshell. A list of foodplants of
butterflies recorded in Ballon can be found in Appendix B.
Figure 19: Orange-tip (Barr buí) male (left) & eggs laid by female on larval foodplant Cuckooflower (right). It is uncommon to find more
than one egg per plant as the larvae are cannibalistic.

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6 damselfly species and 3 dragonfly species were recorded over the survey period. Dragonflies and
damselflies are predatory insects of freshwater habitats which are characterised by their elongate
bodies, long wings and large eyes. Figure 20 below outlines the key features of adult damselflies and
dragonflies.
Damselflies are distinguished by: Dragonflies are distinguished by:
Typically small size and dainty proportions Robust form
Flight usually weak and brief Flight powerful, often persistent and hovering
Wings usually held together over back Wings held out at right angles to the body at
rest
Front and hind wings identical in shape Front and hind wings have different shapes
Eyes separated Eyes touch in most species
Figure 20: Large Red damselfly (left) & Four Spotted Chaser (right) (after Brooks et al, 2014)
The life cycle of both damselflies and dragonflies consists of a long larval phase and a short adult
phase. Eggs are laid either by inserting them into aquatic plants or on the water surface. Larvae
hatch from eggs after two to five weeks and spend all their development in water. Dragonfly larvae
catch only moving prey which includes insect larvae, snails, small fish and tadpoles. While in the
water the larvae undergo a series of moults as they grow. Once the larva is ready to become an adult
it leaves the water by crawling up a plant stem and undergoes its final moult-the skin of the larva
splitting to release the winged adult.
22 hoverfly species were recorded within the study area. Hoverflies are an attractive group of flies,
often black with white or yellow markings. Some species mimic bees and wasps and play an
important role in pollination. The larvae of many species are popular with gardeners as they feed on
aphids. Although adult hoverflies are found in a wide range of habitats in Ballon, hoverfly larva are
restricted to particular habitat features in which they develop. Habitat features important for
hoverfly larvae include tree sap runs, rotting wood, tree rot-holes, accumulations of wet or rotting
vegetation, and cow dung.

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Figure 21: Selection of hoverflies recorded in Ballon, an attractive group of flies important in pollination
8 species of bee were recorded which included 4 bumblebee species and 3 solitary bees. Other
invertebrates recorded included 5 shieldbug species and 4 ladybird species. A full list of invertebrate
species recorded within the study area can be found in Appendix A.
Figure 22: Solitary bee on Dandelion (Caisearbhán), an important food source for pollinators

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4 COMMUNITY ACTION FOR BIODIVERSITY
4.1 BIODIVERSITY ENHANCEMENT & AWARENESS
Ballon Improvement Group was formed in 2001 with the aim of acting in the overall interests of
Ballon community with respect to:
 The improvement, enrichment and development of the community environment
 The promotion of good morale and an atmosphere of good neighbourliness
 The encouragement of greater interaction among local people and the creation of a healthy
living environment
 The enhancement and protection of the natural environment of Ballon and its surroundings
 The development of whatever facilities are deemed necessary to cater for the social needs
of the community
 The development of community based waste management initiatives
Ballon Improvement Group have been instrumental in enhancing and raising awareness of
biodiversity in Ballon village through a combination of interpretative signage projects, community
events, and habitat improvement and creation.
Interpretative signage projects carried out by Ballon Improvement
Group include Slí na Sceach “The Way of the Hedge”, a Native Tree
Trail and the Ballykealey Lane 365 Wildflower Project. These
projects all highlight the importance of biodiversity and increase
awareness of native trees and wildflowers.
Slí na Sceach highlights the history, structure, management and
importance of hedgerows in the Irish landscape. The walk includes
12 stops which provide interpretative information on tree and
wildflower species encountered along the route. The walk, located
at the Forge restaurant on the Wexford road has proved hugely
successful with more and more people enjoying and appreciating
wildlife along the Slí.
The Native Tree Trail was developed as a follow-on project after the success of Slí na Sceach and was
launched during Heritage Week 2015. The short trail through Ballon village passes by 12 tree species
which are numbered and labelled in both English and Irish. The trail includes only native Irish species
and emphasises the importance of native planting to biodiversity in the village. Native plants and
animals are those that arrived naturally in Ireland after the last glaciation. Non-native tree species
such as Sycamore, Horse-chestnut and Beech have been brought into Ireland by humans either
intentionally or accidentally.
Figure 23: Slí na Sceach signage

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Figure 24: Ballon Native Tree Trail signage
Ballykealey Lane 365 Wildflower Project provides information on the wildflowers captured by local
photographer Michael Martin on Ballykealey Lane over a 12 month period. The board includes 72
wildflower and tree species which can be found on the lane throughout the year.
Figure 25: Ballykealey Lane 365 Wildflower signage (Photo: Michael Martin)

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Ballon Improvement Group have also run a number of community events which have aimed to
increase both awareness and practical participation in protecting biodiversity including:
 Dawn and dusk chorus events in conjunction with Birdwatch Ireland’s National Dawn Chorus
Days. The group is also a member of Birdwatch Ireland.
 Nature walks and talks. As part of National Heritage Week 2015 the group held a nature
walk around Ballon village for children under 12 showcasing local biodiversity and native
planting schemes. The walk was led by local man Michael Martin with the aim of getting
closer to nature and learning to love the outdoors.
 Re-enactment of hedge school of the 1800’s at Slí na Sceach. Children experienced arriving
to school barefoot through the fields, writing on slates, song, dance, storytelling and
foraging.
 Hedge laying demonstration at Slí na Sceach
 Eco nature camps held at Slí na Sceach, Altamont gardens and Malone fruit farm
 A wildlife area was created at the Garda barracks and planted with native Irish wildflower
seed. Seeds were also handed out to local school children to plant at home.
 The group installed two top-bar beehive as part of a Pollinator Project with assistance from
John Blanche, Chairman of Carlow Beekeepers Association. The project serves as an
educational resource for children and honey is sold through Siopa Glas.
 Planting of two community apple orchards as well as other native plantings throughout the
village.
Figure 26: Michael Martin leading a wildlife walk around Ballon village as part of Heritage Week (Photo: Unknown photographer)
The group are hoping to add to their interpretative signage and are developing a wildlife trail
through the village using the findings of Dúlra Bhalana. The group has also applied for funding for a
1916 commemorative garden by landscape designer Deirdre Pender. The theme of the garden is
“Machnamh” or reflection and will symbolise the connection between Ireland’s past and present.
The garden will include engraved standing stones, native hazel trees and native wildflowers.

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Ballon National School has also been instrumental in increasing awareness and encouraging
protection of biodiversity in Ballon village. Ballon NS is a hugely successful participant in the Green
Schools Programme. Green Schools is an environmental education programme, environmental
management system and award scheme that promotes and acknowledges long-term, whole school
action for the environment. Green Schools is a themed programme whereby schools work through
seven steps one theme at a time. The themes are Litter & Waste, Energy, Water, Travel, Biodiversity,
Global Citizenship-Litter & Waste, and Global Citizenship- Energy.
Ballon NS have worked through 5 of these themes and have been awarded Green Flags for Litter &
Waste, Energy, Water, Travel, and Biodiversity. In working towards each flag the school has
participated in a number of projects promoting biodiversity protection and awareness including the
following:
 Biodiversity calendars: An art competition with a biodiversity theme was held with winner’s
pictures featuring in the calendar. The calendar was sold through the school to raise funds
for St. Vincent de Paul and a project in Kenya with which the school is associated with.
 Providing homes and habitats for wildlife within the school grounds. These have included
nest boxes, bird feeders, insect hotels, log piles, pond and the creation of a woodland area.
Bird feeders were made by the local Men’s Shed in Tullow and launched during a coffee
morning at Siopa Glas.
 Talks from local experts on biodiversity and wildlife related topics.
 School gardening club
Figure 27: Ballon NS organic gardening club members with Máire George & assistant principal Bernie Mullins (Photo: Michael Martin)

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4.2 FUTURE COMMUNITY BIODIVERSITY ENHANCEMENT ACTIONS
Ballon Improvement Group and Ballon NS are a great examples of the importance of community
groups in coordinating and delivering local action for both biodiversity enhancement and awareness.
The report aims to highlight the importance of these local actions for biodiversity and will act as a
baseline against which the success of future actions can be measured.
We all have a role in protecting and encouraging our local biodiversity. The simplest way in which we
can encourage local biodiversity is to make the most of what is already there. It is important to
remember that excessive tidiness can be detrimental to local wildlife. Wildlife is increasingly given
consideration in TidyTowns adjudication. Ballon’s score this year under the Wildlife and Natural
Amenities category of the competition improved on the previous year. The adjudicator praised the
village’s efforts and looked forward to the completion of both Dúlra Bhalanna and Ballykealey Lane
365 Wildflower Project. Recommendations for future community biodiversity enhancement are
listed below in Table 3.
Code Recommendation Priority
Level/Timescale
CBEA1 Vegetation management – Amenity grassland
Reduce mowing frequency of amenity grassland to allow wildflowers to
grow. Where possible, grassy areas should only be mown once or twice
annually. They should be cut in early September to allow wildflowers to
flower and set seed. Remove grass when cut in order to reduce coarse
grasses and increase wildflower diversity. If necessary, an early cut can be
carried out in late spring.
High/Ongoing
CBEA2 Vegetation management – Pesticide use
Reduce or eliminate the use of pesticides. Many species typically
considered weeds (e.g. Nettles) act as larval foodplants for species such
as butterflies and moths. Birds such as Goldfinches also make use of
species considered weeds (e.g. Groundsel) eating the seed heads.
High/Ongoing
CBEA3 Vegetation management – Stonework
Stonework should be left in a natural state and not cleaned or sprayed
with herbicides. If managed correctly stonework can provide valuable
habitat for wildflowers, ferns, mosses and lichens. Stonework can also
provide nesting and roosting opportunities for bats and birds.
High/Ongoing
CBEA4 Vegetation management – Hedgerows
Hedgerows should be trimmed in January or February to avoid the
destruction of bird’s nests (present from March to August). Trim on a
two- or three-year rotation, rather than annually, to ensure that thick
nesting cover is available and to boost the valuable berry crop.
High/Ongoing
CBEA5 Vegetation management – Invasive species
Invasive species including Japanese Knotweed and Winter Heliotrope
occur within Ballon village. Specialist advice should be sought on
appropriate eradication techniques.
High/Ongoing
CBEA6 Habitat creation - 1916 commemorative garden
Implement garden plans from landscape designer Deirdre Pender which
incorporate native plantings.
Moderate/Medium
term
Table 3: Community biodiversity enhancement actions

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4.3 PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT
Although the report focuses on biodiversity promoting actions of community groups, it will hopefully
raise awareness and encourage increased local ownership and guardianship of biodiversity in the
area. Biodiversity enhancement to date has focused on areas of publicly accessible or community
owned areas of land. As illustrated in the habitat map (Figure 12), a large proportion of land in Ballon
village is comprised of privately owned residential and business development. These areas could
potentially contribute hugely to Ballon’s biodiversity resource if managed with wildlife in mind.
Habitat creation and enhancement in urban areas is vital to increase local habitat diversity.
Recommendations to increase public participation and engagement in biodiversity conservation are
listed in Table 4 below.
Code Recommendation Priority Level/
Timescale
PBEA1 Vegetation management – Wildflower planting
Grow flowers, shrubs and trees that provide nectar and pollen from spring
right through to winter e.g. Willow (early spring), Primrose/Bluebell (spring),
Clovers/Honeysuckle (early summer), Knapweed/Teasel (late summer), Ivy
(autumn) and Mahonia (winter).
High/Annual
PBEA2 Species enhancement – Bird feeding and nesting provision
Provide feeding and nesting opportunities for birds in your garden. Peanuts are
a popular food for garden birds and attract a wide range of species. It is also
important to provide birds with access to clean water to drink. Clean and wash
your feeders and feeding areas regularly with a 5% disinfectant solution.
Nesting opportunities may be provided by garden trees and shrubs or
installation of nest boxes. Nest boxes should be faced somewhere between
north and east, away from prevailing south-westerly wind and away from the
midday sun (south). Open fronted (robin, wren, spotted flycatcher) and small
hole (tits, sparrows) boxes would suit a range of species found in Ballon.
Moderate/
Medium term
PBEA3 Interpretative information – Wildlife Trail and pamphlet
Develop a wildlife trail using the findings of Dúlra Bhalana highlighting the rich
biodiversity of the village. Signage design should follow previous interpretative
information projects in the village to provide continuity. A pamphlet
summarising the findings of the report could be developed to provide
supplementary biodiversity information for trail users.
High/Short
term
PBEA4 Interpretative information – Guided walks and talks
Continue to organise walks and talks throughout the year to increase local
knowledge and awareness of wildlife. Walks and talks could be organised in
conjunction with national events (e.g. Heritage Week, National Tree Week,
National Dawn Chorus Day, Biodiversity Week, etc.) or as standalone events
(butterfly walks, bird walks, etc.).
High/Ongoing
PBEA5 Species enhancement – Pond creation
Incorporate a water feature, no matter how big or small into your garden. For
any pond design, the most important factor is to have gently sloping sides and
plenty of native vegetation so that wildlife can easily enter and exit the water.
Be careful to avoid introducing non-native invasive species. Invasive species
have the ability to threaten our native wildlife, cause damage to our
environment, economy or human health. Identification tips for invasive aquatic
plants can be found at http://goo.gl/m6xeSr
Moderate/
Medium term

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PBEA6 Biodiversity promotion/awareness – Organise a Bioblitz
A bioblitz is a race against time to see how many species can be recorded over
a specific time period at a given site. Invited experts would assist with the
recording and all records could be added to the village’s biodiversity inventory.
The event would highlight local biodiversity and promote wildlife recording.
The day would also highlight and promote the importance of local community
action in halting global biodiversity loss.
High/Annual
PBEA7 Biodiversity promotion/awareness – Biodiversity website
Develop a website to highlight the biodiversity of Ballon village. The website
could include information on Ballon’s wildlife, interpretative signage projects,
nature calendar (species to look out for throughout the year), biodiversity
inventory and ways in which people can get actively involved in conserving
biodiversity.
High/Ongoing
PBEA8 Biodiversity promotion/awareness – Youth initiatives
Continue to support and promote the Green Schools Programme at Ballon NS.
The school are hugely successful participants of the scheme. Other initiatives
such as Eco nature camps and wildlife walks and talks are excellent ways to
promote and increase awareness of biodiversity conservation in Ballon village.
High/Ongoing
PBEA9 Species enhancement – Log piles
Create a log pile. Dead or decaying wood can support a wide range of fungi and
invertebrates. Log piles are also an important habitat for over-wintering and
hibernating wildlife.
Moderate/
Medium term
PBEA10 Vegetation management – Native hedgerow planting
Plant a native hedgerow as a property boundary rather than a wall or fence.
Hedgerows provide food, shelter and commuting routes for local wildlife.
Moderate/
Medium term
PBEA11 Vegetation management – Seed saving
Learn about seed saving and save your own native tree seeds to plant in your
garden and local area. A guide to collecting and growing native trees from seed
is available at http://goo.gl/C8N8bf
Moderate/
Medium term
Table 4: Actions to increase public participation and engagement in biodiversity conservation

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4.4 BIODIVERSITY MONITORING
The overall aim of this project was to assess, evaluate and communicate the biodiversity of Ballon
village. Hopefully the report will serve to raise awareness of Ballon’s biodiversity and encourage
local ownership and guardianship of biodiversity in the area.
The desktop review of biodiversity information pertaining to Ballon village revealed gaps in habitat
and species records. To conserve biodiversity it is important to keep records of what species are
present in Ballon. This information can be used to monitor changes in wildlife over time and allows
the success of biodiversity management measures to be assessed. Although this report provides
baseline information on the Ballon’s biodiversity, it is important that wildlife recording is ongoing
and encouraged amongst the local community.
It is a common perception that towns and villages such as Ballon support only limited biodiversity. It
is hoped that the report will highlight the rich diversity of wildlife in Ballon and the importance of
local actions in protecting and enhancing biodiversity. It is also hoped that the report may foster an
increased appreciation of local wildlife and active participation in biodiversity monitoring and
conservation amongst Ballon residents. Ways in which individuals and Ballon as a community can
further develop their interest in wildlife and become more active citizens in protecting and
monitoring biodiversity are listed below in Table 5.
Code Recommendation Priority
Level/Timescale
BM1 Biodiversity monitoring – Species inventory
A biodiversity inventory of all species recorded in Ballon should be setup
and maintained. The species list in Appendix A could form the baseline.
Moderate/Ongoing
BM2 Biodiversity monitoring – Identification skills
Promote NBDC identification workshops to local residents to improve
community expertise in biodiversity monitoring. Workshops cater for the
needs of beginners through to advanced and cover a wide range of topics.
Moderate/Ongoing
BM3 Biodiversity conservation – Environment/Wildlife group membership
Join a local environmental or wildlife group e.g. Birdwatch Ireland,
Botanical Society of Britain & Ireland, Irish Wildlife Trust, Bat
Conservation Ireland, etc. These groups are a great way of meeting
likeminded people and help support the group’s conservation efforts.
Moderate/Ongoing
BM4 Biodiversity monitoring – Citizen science
Become a citizen scientist by participating in a wildlife monitoring scheme
e.g. Birdwatch Ireland’s Garden Bird Survey, National Biodiversity Data
Centre’s (NBDC) Butterfly Monitoring Scheme, NBDC’s Bumblebee
Monitoring Scheme, Bat Conservation Ireland’s All Ireland Daubenton’s
Bat Waterways Survey, etc.
Moderate/Ongoing
BM5 Biodiveristy awareness – Share your wildlife experiences
Photograph and share your findings on social media. Facebook groups
such as “Wild Carlow”, “Insects/Invertebrates of Ireland” and
“Wildflowers & Fungi of Ireland & UK” provide a platform for people to
share, identify and increase appreciation of their local wildlife.
Moderate/Ongoing
Table 5: Biodiversity monitoring promotion actions

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Figure 28: 14-spot (left), 2-spot (top right) & 22-spot ladybirds (bottom right) recorded in Ballon
The NBDC manages biodiversity data in Ireland. The NBDC provides an online system for people to
submit wildlife records which are added to the national biodiversity database. All wildlife sightings
are valuable and submitting them to the NBDC means that they can be used to help conservation. A
guide to submitting records to the NBDC is available at http://goo.gl/CHucvI.
Records of wildlife sightings can be submitted to the NBDC at http://records.biodiversityireland.ie/
or through their mobile phone app. An example of a record submission form is shown in Figure 29.
Information typically includes location details, observer details, record date and species name.
The NBDC also provides a number of identification guides which help recorders to identify a range of
different groups. A number of pocket-sized identification swatches (Figure 30) are available from the
NBDC online shop for ladybirds, bumblebees, butterflies, dragonflies and shieldbugs. Free
identification guides (Figure 30) are also available to download for the identification of bumblebees,
solitary bees, hoverflies, butterflies and invasive species.

35
Figure 29: NBDC record submission forms. Online form (left) & mobile app (right)
Figure 30: NBDC identification resources examples. Butterfly swatch (left) & butterfly identification guide (right)

36
5 REFERENCES
Brooks, S., Cham, S. & Lewington, R. (2014) Field Guide to the Dragonflies & Damselflies of Great
Britain and Ireland. British Wildlife Publishing,
DAHG (2011) Actions for Biodiversity 2011-2016. Ireland’s National Biodiversity Plan. Department of
Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht.
DAHG (2014) Ireland’s Fifth National Report to the Convention on Biological Diversity. Department of
Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht.
Fossitt, J.A. (2000) A Guide to Habitats in Ireland. Heritage Council, Kilkenny.
Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC). (2007) Handbook for Phase 1 habitat survey-a
technique for environmental audit. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough.
Institute of Environmental Assessment (1995) Guidelines for Baseline Ecological Assessment. E & FN
Spon, London.
Marnell, F., Kingston, N. & Looney, D. (2009) Ireland Red List No. 3: Terrestrial Mammals, National
Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of Environment, Heritage and Local Government, Dublin,
Ireland.
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) Ecosystems and Human Well-being. Synthesis. Island
Press, Washington, DC.
NPWS. (2008) The Status of EU Protected Habitats and Species in Ireland. National Parks & Wildlife
Service, Department of Environment, Heritage & Local Government, Dublin.
Rose, F. (1989) Colour Identification Guide to the Grasses, Sedges, Rushes and Ferns of the British
Isles and north-western Europe. Penguin Group, London.
Rose, F. (2006) The Wildflower Key. Penguin Books, London.
Smith, G.F., O’Donoghue, P., O’Hora, K. & Delaney, E. (2011) Best Practice Guidance for Habitat
Survey and Mapping. Heritage Council, Kilkenny.
Stace, C.A. (2010) New Flora of the British Isles. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Wikipedia (2010) Island of Ireland location map [online image], Available from:
<http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Island_of_Ireland_location_map_Carlow.sv
g> [Accessed 5 March 2015]

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APPENDIX A BALLON BIODIVERSITY INVENTORY
Species group Common name Scientific name Conservation
status
Amphibians Common Frog Rana temporaria
Amphibians Smooth Newt Lissotriton vulgaris
Bees Common Carder Bee Bombus pascuorum
Bees Early Bumblebee Bombus pratorum
Bees Grey Mining Bee Andrena cineraria
Bees Honey Bee Apis mellifera
Bees Large Red Tailed Bumblebee Bombus lapidarius Near threatened
Bees Marsham’s Nomad Bee Nomada marshamella
Bees Solitary bee Andrena carantonica
Bees White-tailed Bumblebee Bombus lucorum agg.
Beetles 14-spot Ladybird Propylea quattuordecimpunctata
Beetles 22-spot Ladybird Psyllobora vigintiduopunctata
Beetles 2-spot Ladybird Adalia bipunctata
Beetles 7-spot Ladybird Coccinella septempunctata
Beetles Cereal Leaf Beetle Oulema melanopus
Beetles Common Red Soldier Beetle Rhagonycha fulva
Beetles Green Dock Beetle Gastrophysa viridula
Beetles Leaf beetle Gastrophysa polygoni
Beetles Prasocuris phellandrii
Beetles Cantharis nigricans
Birds Blackbird Turdus merula
Birds Blue tit Parus caeruleus
Birds Bullfinch Pyrrhula pyrrhula
Birds Buzzard Buteo buteo
Birds Chaffinch Fringilla coelebs
Birds Chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita
Birds Collared dove Streptopelia decaocto
Birds Dunnock Prunella modularis
Birds Fieldfare Turdus pilaris
Birds Goldcrest Regulus regulus
Birds Great tit Parus major
Birds Greenfinch Carduelis chloris
Birds Grey Heron Ardea cinerea
Birds Grey Wagtail Motacilla cinerea
Birds Hooded crow Corvus cornix
Birds House sparrow Passer domesticus Amber list
Birds Jackdaw Corvus monedula
Birds Kestrel Falco tinnunculus Amber list
Birds Linnet Carduelis cannabina Amber list
Birds Long-eared Owl Asio otus

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Birds Long-tailed tit Aegithalus caudatus
Birds Magpie Pica pica
Birds Mallard Anas platyrhynchos
Birds Meadow pipit Anthus pratensis
Birds Mistle thrush Turdus viscivorus
Birds Moorhen Gallinula chloropus
Birds Mute swan Cygnus olor Amber list
Birds Pheasant Phasianus colchicus
Birds Pied wagtail Motacilla alba yarrellii
Birds Raven Corvus corax
Birds Redwing Turdus iliacus
Birds Robin Erithacus rubecula
Birds Rook Corvus frugilegus
Birds Skylark Alauda arvensis Amber list
Birds Snipe Gallinago gallinago Amber list
Birds Song thrush Turdus philomelos
Birds Starling Sturnus vulgaris Amber list
Birds Swallow Hirundo rustica Amber list
Birds Teal Anas crecca Amber list
Birds Tree sparrow Passer montanus Amber list
Birds Treecreeper Certhia familiaris
Birds Woodpigeon Columba palumbus
Birds Wren Troglodytes troglodytes
Birds Yellowhammer Emberiza citrinella Red list
Butterflies Comma Polygonia c-album
Butterflies Common Blue Polyommatus icarus
Butterflies Green-veined White Pieris napi
Butterflies Holly Blue Celastrina argiolus
Butterflies Large White Pieris brassicae
Butterflies Meadow Brown Maniola jurtina
Butterflies Orange-tip Anthocharis cardamines
Butterflies Peacock Inachis io
Butterflies Red Admiral Vanessa atalanta
Butterflies Ringlet Aphantopus hyperantus
Butterflies Small Tortoiseshell Aglais urticae
Butterflies Small White Pieris rapae
Butterflies Speckled Wood Pararge aegeria
Conifer Scots Pine Pinus sylvestris
Damselflies Azure Damselfly Coenagrion puella
Damselflies Banded Demoiselle Calopteryx splendens
Damselflies Beautiful Demoiselle Calopteryx virgo
Damselflies Blue-tailed Damselfly Ischnura elegans
Damselflies Emerald Damselfly Lestes sponsa
Damselflies Large Red Damselfly Pyrrhosoma nymphula

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Dragonflies Common Darter Sympetrum striolatum
Dragonflies Four-spotted Chaser Libellula quadrimaculata
Dragonflies Ruddy Darter Sympetrum sanguineum
Ferns Hart’s-tongue Asplenium ceterach
Ferns Maidenhair Spleenwort Asplenium trichomanes
Ferns Rustyback Asplenium ceterach
Ferns Soft Shield-fern Polystichum setiferum
Ferns Wall-rue Asplenium ruta-muraria
Flies Hoverfly Eristalis tenax
Flies Hoverfly Eristalis pertinax
Flies Hoverfly Platycheirus albimanus
Flies Hoverfly Eristalis intricaria
Flies Hoverfly Syrphus torvus
Flies Hoverfly Helophilus pendulus
Flies Hoverfly Epistrophe eligans
Flies Hoverfly Leucozona lucorum
Flies Hoverfly Myathropa florea
Flies Hoverfly Anasimyia lineata
Flies Hoverfly Syritta pipiens
Flies Hoverfly Volucella bombylans
Flies Hoverfly Volucella pellucens
Flies Hoverfly Xylota segnis
Flies Hoverfly Scaeva pyrastri
Flies Hoverfly Chrysogaster solstitialis
Flies Hoverfly Eristalis arbustorum
Flies Hoverfly Melanostoma mellinum
Flies Hoverfly Platycheirus manicatus
Flies Hoverfly Platycheirus scutatus agg
Flies Hoverfly Riponnensia splendens
Flies Hoverfly Sphaerophoria scripta
Flies Noon Fly Mesembrina meridiana
Flies Tachinid fly Eriothrix rufomaculata
Flowering plants Alder Alnus glutinosa
Flowering plants Annual Meadow-grass Poa annua
Flowering plants Ash Fraxinus excelsior
Flowering plants Atlantic Ivy Hedera hibernica
Flowering plants Barren Strawberry Potentilla sterilis
Flowering plants Beech Fagus sylvatica
Flowering plants Black Medick Medicago lupulina
Flowering plants Blackthorn Prunus spinosa
Flowering plants Blue Water-Speedwell Veronica anagallis-aquatica
Flowering plants Bluebell Hyacinthoides non-scripta
Flowering plants Bog Stitchwort Stellaria alsine
Flowering plants Bracken Pteridium aquilinum

40
Flowering plants Bramble Rubus fruticosus agg.
Flowering plants Broad-leaved Dock Rumex obtusifolius
Flowering plants Bugle Ajuga reptans
Flowering plants Bulrush Typha latifolia
Flowering plants Bush Vetch Vicia sepium
Flowering plants Cat’s-ear Hypochaeris radicata
Flowering plants Celery-leaved Buttercup Ranunculus sceleratus
Flowering plants Cherry Laurel Prunus laurocerasus Invasive
Flowering plants Cleavers Galium aparine
Flowering plants Cock’s-foot Dactylis glomerata
Flowering plants Colt’s-foot Tussilago farfara
Flowering plants Common Chickweed Stellaria media
Flowering plants Common Couch Elytrigia repens
Flowering plants Common Duckweed Lemna minor
Flowering plants Common Field-speedwell Veronica persica
Flowering plants Common Hemp-nettle Galeopsis tetrahit
Flowering plants Common Ivy Hedera helix
Flowering plants Common Knapweed Centaurea nigra
Flowering plants Common Mouse-ear Cerastium fontanum
Flowering plants Common Nettle Urtica dioica
Flowering plants Common Ragwort Senecio jacobaea
Flowering plants Common Ramping-fumitory Fumaria muralis
Flowering plants Common Reed Phragmites australis
Flowering plants Common Sorrel Rumex acetosa
Flowering plants Common Spike-rush Eleocharis palustris
Flowering plants Common Vetch Vicia sativa
Flowering plants Common Water-crowfoot Ranunculus aquatilis
Flowering plants Compact Rush Juncus conglomeratus
Flowering plants Corn Marigold Glebionis segetum
Flowering plants Cow Parsley Anthriscus sylvestris
Flowering plants Creeping Buttercup Ranunculus repens
Flowering plants Creeping Cinquefoil Potentilla reptans
Flowering plants Creeping Soft-grass Holcus mollis
Flowering plants Creeping Thistle Cirsium arvense
Flowering plants Crested Dog’s-tail Cynosurus cristatus
Flowering plants Cuckooflower Cardamine pratensis
Flowering plants Curled Dock Rumex crispus
Flowering plants Cut-leaved Crane’s-bill Geranium dissectum
Flowering plants Daisy Bellis perennis
Flowering plants Dame’s-violet Hesperis matronalis
Flowering plants Dandelion Taraxacum agg.
Flowering plants Dove’s-foot Crane’s-bill Geranium molle
Flowering plants Early Dog-violet Viola reichenbachiana
Flowering plants Elder Sambucus nigra

41
Flowering plants Enchanter’s-nightshade Circaea lutetiana
Flowering plants False Brome Brachypodium sylvaticum
Flowering plants False Fox-sedge Carex otrubae
Flowering plants False Oat-grass Arrhenatherum elatius
Flowering plants Fern-grass Catapodium rigidum
Flowering plants Field Forget-me-not Myosotis arvensis
Flowering plants Field Horsetail Equisetum arvense
Flowering plants Field Maple Acer campestre
Flowering plants Field Pansy Viola arvensis
Flowering plants Field Wood-rush Luzula campestris
Flowering plants Fool’s Parsley Aethusa cynapium
Flowering plants Fool’s-water-cress Apium nodiflorum
Flowering plants Fox-and-cubs Pilosella aurantiaca
Flowering plants Garlic Mustard Alliaria petiolata
Flowering plants Germander Speedwell Veronica chamaedrys
Flowering plants Gorse Ulex europaeus
Flowering plants Great Willowherb Epilobium hirsutum
Flowering plants Greater Plantain Plantago major
Flowering plants Greater Stitchwort Stellaria holostea
Flowering plants Grey Willow Salix cinerea
Flowering plants Ground-elder Aegopodium podagraria
Flowering plants Ground-ivy Glechoma hederacea
Flowering plants Groundsel Senecio vulgaris
Flowering plants Hairy Bitter-cress Cardamine hirsuta
Flowering plants Hairy Sedge Carex hirta
Flowering plants Hairy Tare Vicia hirsuta
Flowering plants Hard Rush Juncus inflexus
Flowering plants Hawthorn Crataegus monogyna
Flowering plants Hazel Corylus avellana
Flowering plants Hedge Bindweed Calystegia sepium
Flowering plants Hedge Woundwort Stachys sylvatica
Flowering plants Hemp-agrimony Eupatorium cannabinum
Flowering plants Herb-Robert Geranium robertianum
Flowering plants Hogweed Heracleum sphondylium
Flowering plants Holly Ilex aquifolium
Flowering plants Honeysuckle Lonicera periclymenum
Flowering plants Hornbeam Carpinus betulus
Flowering plants Horse-chesnut Aesculus hippocastanum
Flowering plants Ivy-leaved Speedwell Veronica hederifolia
Flowering plants Ivy-leaved Toadflax Cymbalaria muralis
Flowering plants Japanese Knotweed Fallopia japonica Invasive
Flowering plants Jointed Rush Juncus articulatus
Flowering plants Knotgrass Polygonum aviculare
Flowering plants Lesser Celandine Ficaria verna

42
Flowering plants Lesser Periwinkle Vinca minor
Flowering plants Lesser Spearwort Ranunculus flammula
Flowering plants Lesser Stitchwort Stellaria graminea
Flowering plants Lesser Trefoil Trifolium dubium
Flowering plants Lime Tilia cordata x platyphyllos
Flowering plants Lords-and-Ladies Arum maculatum
Flowering plants Marsh Cudweed Gnaphalium uliginosum
Flowering plants Marsh Foxtail Alopecurus geniculatus
Flowering plants Marsh Marigold Caltha palustris
Flowering plants Marsh Speedwell Veronica scutellata
Flowering plants Marsh Thistle Cirsium palustre
Flowering plants Marsh Violet Viola palustris
Flowering plants Marsh Yellow-cress Rorippa palustris
Flowering plants Marsh-bedstraw Galium palustre
Flowering plants Meadow Buttercup Ranunculus acris
Flowering plants Meadow Foxtail Alopecurus pratensis
Flowering plants Meadow Vetchling Lathyrus pratensis
Flowering plants Meadowsweet Filipendula ulmaria
Flowering plants Navelwort Umbilicus rupestris
Flowering plants Nipplewort Lapsana communis
Flowering plants Opposite-leaved Golden-saxifrage Chrysosplenium oppositifolium
Flowering plants Oval Sedge Carex leporina
Flowering plants Oxeye Daisy Leucanthemum vulgare
Flowering plants Pendulous Sedge Carex pendula
Flowering plants Perennial Rye-grass Lolium perenne
Flowering plants Petty Spurge Euphorbia peplus
Flowering plants Pignut Conopodium majus
Flowering plants Pineappleweed Matricaria discoidea
Flowering plants Primrose Primula vulgaris
Flowering plants Procumbent Pearlwort Sagina procumbens
Flowering plants Purple-loosestrife Lythrum salicaria
Flowering plants Ragged Robin Silene flos-cuculi
Flowering plants Raspberry Rubus idaeus
Flowering plants Red Clover Trifolium pratense
Flowering plants Red Dead-nettle Lamium purpureum
Flowering plants Red Fescue Festuca rubra
Flowering plants Red Valerian Centranthus ruber
Flowering plants Redshank Persicaria maculosa
Flowering plants Remote Sedge Carex remota
Flowering plants Ribwort Plantain Plantago lanceolata
Flowering plants Rosebay Willowherb Chamerion angustifolium
Flowering plants Rough Meadow-grass Poa trivialis
Flowering plants Rowan Sorbus aucuparia
Flowering plants Scarlet Pimpernel Anagallis arvensis

43
Flowering plants Scentless Mayweed Tripleurospermum inodorum
Flowering plants Shepherd's-purse Capsella bursa-pastoris
Flowering plants Silver Birch Betula pendula
Flowering plants Silverweed Potentilla anserina
Flowering plants Smooth Hawk's-beard Crepis capillaris
Flowering plants Soft-brome Bromus hordeaceus
Flowering plants Soft-rush Juncus effusus
Flowering plants Spear Thistle Cirsium vulgare
Flowering plants Square-stalked St John's-wort Hypericum tetrapterum
Flowering plants Sticky Mouse-ear Cerastium glomeratum
Flowering plants Sweet Chesnut Castanea sativa
Flowering plants Sweet Vernal-grass Anthoxanthum odoratum
Flowering plants Sycamore Acer pseudoplatanus
Flowering plants Thale Cress Arabidopsis thaliana
Flowering plants Thyme-leaved Sandwort Arenaria serpyllifolia
Flowering plants Thyme-leaved Speedwell Veronica serpyllifolia
Flowering plants Tufted Vetch Vicia cracca
Flowering plants Upright Hedge-parsley Torilis japonica
Flowering plants Wall Speedwell Veronica arvensis
Flowering plants Water Forget-me-not Myosotis scorpioides
Flowering plants Water Horsetail Equisetum fluviatile
Flowering plants Water Mint Mentha aquatica
Flowering plants Water-cress Nasturtium officinale
Flowering plants Wavy Bitter-cress Cardamine flexuosa
Flowering plants White Clover Trifolium repens
Flowering plants Wild Angelica Angelica sylvestris
Flowering plants Wild Carrot Daucus carota
Flowering plants Wild Privet Ligustrum vulgare
Flowering plants Wild Strawberry Fragaria vesca
Flowering plants Wild Turnip Brassica rapa subsp. campestris
Flowering plants Winter Heliotrope Petasites fragrans Invasive
Flowering plants Wood Avens Geum urbanum
Flowering plants Wood Dock Rumex sanguineus
Flowering plants Wood-sedge Carex sylvatica
Flowering plants Wych Elm Ulmus glabra
Flowering plants Yarrow Achillea millefolium
Flowering plants Yellow Iris Iris pseudacorus
Flowering plants Yellow Loosestrife Lysimachia vulgaris
Flowering plants Yellow-rattle Rhinanthus minor
Flowering plants Yew Taxus baccata
Flowering plants Yorkshire-fog Holcus lanatus
Grasshoppers Common Field Grasshopper Chorthippus brunneus
Mammals American Mink Mustela vison Invasive
Mammals Brown Rat Rattus norvegicus

44
Mammals Common Pipistrelle Pipistrellus pipistrellus
Mammals Eastern Grey Squirrel Sciurus carolinensis Invasive
Mammals Irish Hare Lepus timidus hibernicus
Mammals Leisler's Bat Nyctalus leisleri
Mammals Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus
Mammals Red Fox Vulpes vulpes
Mammals Soprano Pipistrelle Pipistrellus pygmaeus
Mammals West European Hedgehog Erinaceus europaeus
Moths Cinnabar Tyria jacobaeae
Spiders Nursery Web Spider Pisaura mirabilis
True bugs A mirid bug Liocoris tripustulatus
True bugs A mirid bug Closterotomus norwegicus
True bugs A mirid bug Dicyphus epilobii
True bugs A mirid bug Stenodema laevigata
True bugs Birch Shieldbug Elasmostethus interstinctus
True bugs Black Kneed Capsid Blepharidopterus angulatus
True bugs Bulrush Bug Chilacis typhae
True bugs Common Damsel Bug Nabis rugosus
True bugs Green Shieldbug Palomena prasina
True bugs Hairy Shieldbug Dolycoris baccarum
True bugs Hawthorn Shieldbug Acanthosoma haemorrhoidale
True bugs Marsh Damsel Bug Nabis limbatus
True bugs Red-legged Shieldbug Pentatoma rufipes
True bugs Stiltbug Metatropis rufescens

45
APPENDIX B BUTTERFLY LARVAL FOODPLANTS
Common Name Scientific Name Primary Foodplant for Secondary Foodplant for
Bent grasses Agrostis spp. Meadow Brown
Common Bird’s-foot-
trefoil
Lotus corniculatus Common Blue
Black Medick Medicago lupulina Common Blue
Bramble Rubus fruticosus Holly Blue
Charlock Sinapsis arvensis Green-veined White Orange-tip, Small White
Cock’s-foot Dactylis glomerata Meadow Brown, Ringlet,
Speckled Wood
Common Couch Elytigia repens Ringlet, Speckled Wood
Common Nettle Urtica dioica Comma, Peacock, Red Admiral,
Small Tortoiseshell
Crucifers Cruciferae family Large White, Small White Green-veined White
Dogwoods Cornus spp. Holly Blue
Elms Ulmus spp. Comma
False Brome Brachypodium
sylvaticum
Meadow Brown, Ringlet,
Speckled Wood
Fescue grasses Festuca spp. Meadow Brown
Garlic Mustard Alliaria petiolate Green-veined White, Orange-tip Small White
Gorses Ulex spp. Holly Blue
Hedge Mustard Sisymbrium officinale Green-veined White Orange-tip, Small White
Holly Ilex spp. Holly Blue
Ivy Hedera helix Holly Blue
Lesser Trefoil Trifolium dubium Common Blue
Meadow grasses Poa spp. Meadow Brown, Ringlet
Nasturtium Tropaeolum majus Small White Green-veined White, Large
White
Pellitory-of-the-wall Parietaria judaica Red Admiral

46
Spindle Euonymus europaeus Holly Blue
Tufted Hair-grass Deschampsia cespitosa Ringlet
Turnip Brassica rapa Orange-tip
Water-cress Nasturtium officinale Green-veined White
White Clover Trifolium repens Common Blue
Winter-cress Barbarea vulgaris Orange-tip
Yorkshire-fog Holcus lanatus Speckled Wood

47
APPENDIX C NATIVE TREES & SHRUBS IN IRELAND
Species Preferred Site Height (max) Biodiversity value
Alder
Alnus glutinosa
Prefers wet ground &
stream banks. Tolerates
poor soil.
29 metres Early flowering, good source of pollen and
nectar for insects. Seeds are eaten by tits,
siskins & redpolls
Ash
Fraxinus excelsior
Prefers well drained
neutral to alkaline soils
37 metres Gives light shade which promotes rich
ground flora. Good for insects. Seeds are
eaten by birds & mammals
Birches
Betula pubescens
Betula pendula
Prefers light infertile
soils.
24-30 metres Gives light shade which promotes rich
ground flora. Good for insects. Seeds are
eaten by birds & mammals
Blackthorn
Prunus spinosa
Prefers open, sunny
conditions. Tolerates a
wide range of soils
nectar for insects. Provides nesting cover
and autumn food source (sloes) for birds
Broom
Cystisus scoparius
Grows best on light, dry,
acid soils
2 metres Good for insects. Foodplant of the Green
Hairstreak butterfly
Cherry, Bird
Prunus padus
Prefers damp fertile soils 19 metres Early flowering, good source of pollen and
nectar for insects. Food source for birds
and mammals
Cherry, Wild
Prunus avium
Prefers fertile woodland
soils but tolerates clay as
well
and mammals
Crab apple
Malus sylvestris
Prefers neutral to
alkaline soils, but thrives
in all fertile including
heavy soils
and mammals
Dog-rose
Rosa canina
Tolerates a wide range
of soils but prefers
calcareous to neutral
soils
3 metres Good for insects. Hips are an important
food source for birds and small mammals.
Provides shelter
Elder
Sambucus nigra
Prefers nutrient rich
soils, hardy
10 metres Good source of nectar for insects and food
source for birds and mammals
Elm, Wych
Ulmus glabra
No particular preference
but thrives in fertile free
draining soils
37 metres Early flowering. Birds eat the seeds and
the leaves are a foodplant for several
moth species
Gorse
Ulex europaeus
Prefers well drained soils 2 metres Provides good nesting cover for birds.
Foodplant of the Green Hairstreak
butterfly
Guelder Rose
Viburnum opulus
Prefers alkaline fertile
clay soils. Also like
neutral wet soils
4 metres Berries are an important food source for
birds such as Bullfinch and Mistle Thrush
Hawthorn
Crataegus monogyna
Tolerates a wide range
of soils but flowers and
fruits best in full sun
nectar for insects. Provides nesting cover
and an important food source (haws) for

48
winter migrants such as Fieldfare and
Redwing
Hazel
Corylus avellana
Prefers heavier fertile
soils. Will tolerate some
shade
and mammals. Associated with rich
ground floras
Holly
Ilex aquifolium
Hardy species, tolerant
of exposed sites and
shade. Prefers neutral to
acid peaty soils
birds and mammals. Foodplant for Holly
Blue butterfly. Good roost site for birds in
winter
Oak, Sessile
Quercus petraea
Tolerates poorer, lighter,
more acid soils than
Pedunculate Oak.
42 metres Excellent for a variety of wildlife.
Foodplant for Purple Hairstreak butterfly.
Supports rich diversity of invertebrates.
Holes and crevices provide roosting and
nesting for bats and birds.
Oak, Pedunculate
Quercus robur
Prefers clay soils and
damp lowlands but
generally tolerant
40 metres Excellent for a variety of wildlife.
Foodplant for Purple Hairstreak butterfly.
Supports rich diversity of invertebrates.
Holes and crevices provide roosting and
nesting opportunities for bats and birds
Rowan/Mountain Ash
Sorbus aucuparia
Grows in poor thin acid
soils. Very hardy.
Tolerant of exposed sites
nectar for insects. Autumn food source for
birds
Scots Pine
Pinus sylvestris
Prefers light sand
soils/also peaty acid soils
36 metres Good nesting and roosting site for birds.
Cones are an important food source
Spindle
Euonymus europaeus
Prefers alkaline soils but
tolerates a wide range of
non-acid soils
5-8 metres Flowers are a rich source of nectar and
pollen. Larval foodplant of several moth
species
Strawberry Tree
Arbutus unedo
Nutrient rich, well-
drained soil in sun or
semi-shade
5-11 metres A rare species native in only three
counties in Ireland and throughout the
Mediterranean
Whitebeam, Irish
Sorbus hibernica
Prefers alkaline soils but
grows in a wide range of
soils
7 metres Berry crop which provides food for birds.
Larval foodplant of several moth species
Yew
Taxus baccata
Prefers well drained
alkaline soils. Tolerates
shade
birds and mammals

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