This document discusses the challenges of conducting research in multilingual communities and presents three case studies of researchers working in China. It notes the paradigm shift in research from positivism to interpretivism due to the dynamics of language and culture. The case studies describe researchers with varying levels of language competence and their experiences dealing with translation, validity, rapport building, and other issues. While each researcher faces difficulties, they have all produced prominent work on trilingualism in China. The document suggests there is no single most effective approach and researchers must find ways to balance accuracy with local complexities.
Pronunciation and philippine dictionaries (philippine lexicography)Sheng Nuesca
Pronunciation is the act or result of producing the sounds of speech, including articulation, stress, and intonation, often with reference to some standard of correctness or acceptability (Dictionary.com)
Pronunciation and philippine dictionaries (philippine lexicography)Sheng Nuesca
Pronunciation is the act or result of producing the sounds of speech, including articulation, stress, and intonation, often with reference to some standard of correctness or acceptability (Dictionary.com)
Learning literature through English Language TeachingIfrad Mahbub
ELT or 'English Language Teaching' indicates to teaching of English to people whose first language is not English. In the process of learning literature, teaching of English comes forward as the most powerful tool in the school bag. The larger portion of people learn English for practical rather than ideological reasons in non-native English speaking nations.
Researchers as mediators: languaging and culturing when researching multiling...RMBorders
Andrews, J. and Fay, R. (University of Manchester), Researchers as mediators: languaging and culturing when researching multilingually. Paper presented at the 16th IALIC Conference, “Bridging across languages and cultures in everyday life: new roles for changing scenarios”, hosted by the Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, November 25th-27th, 2016.
A presentation on Communicative Competence by TESL students, Faculty of Education, University of Malaya. Primary source Chapter 8 of H. Douglas Brown (2007).
This research focused on invitations performed by highly proficient Japanese speakers in English and Japanese. Comparison with baseline NS invitations showed evidence of pragmatic transfer.
Learning literature through English Language TeachingIfrad Mahbub
ELT or 'English Language Teaching' indicates to teaching of English to people whose first language is not English. In the process of learning literature, teaching of English comes forward as the most powerful tool in the school bag. The larger portion of people learn English for practical rather than ideological reasons in non-native English speaking nations.
Researchers as mediators: languaging and culturing when researching multiling...RMBorders
Andrews, J. and Fay, R. (University of Manchester), Researchers as mediators: languaging and culturing when researching multilingually. Paper presented at the 16th IALIC Conference, “Bridging across languages and cultures in everyday life: new roles for changing scenarios”, hosted by the Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, November 25th-27th, 2016.
A presentation on Communicative Competence by TESL students, Faculty of Education, University of Malaya. Primary source Chapter 8 of H. Douglas Brown (2007).
This research focused on invitations performed by highly proficient Japanese speakers in English and Japanese. Comparison with baseline NS invitations showed evidence of pragmatic transfer.
Reading Horizons is an effective phonics method for teaching ELL students. To learn more visit www.readinghorizons.com/elevate
Ever wonder if teaching phonics to English Language Learners (ELLs) works?
Heidi Hyte, Reading Horizons ESL Director, will discuss this topic in an exclusive web presentation. You will learn:
--The relevancy of teaching phonics to ELLs.
--Specific English language skills that ELLs gain.
--Reasons for teaching phonics to ELLs of various levels.
From fluency to linguistic incompetence: Humble reflections on multilingual r...RMBorders
Lecture by Prof Alison Phipps (University of Glasgow) as 2016 Visiting EU Thinker in Residence for the Hawke EU Centre for Mobilities, Migrations and Cultural Transformations, UniSA City West Campus, Adelaide, 14 November 2016
The use of interpreters in qualitative research ahonsber
This Slideshare will attempt to uncover some of the practical and theoretical approaches to using an interpreter during field-based research in a country, community or culture that is not that of the researcher.
ANTH 225-001
American University
Professor Nikki Lane
Source:
2009 Duranti, Alessandro. History, Ideas, Issues. Linguistic Anthropology: A Reader, 2nd Edition. Wiley-Blackwell.
Multilingual societies Language and IdentityThi.docxroushhsiu
Multilingual
societies:
Language and
Identity
This session introduces you to:
Multi-lingual individuals
Multi-lingual societies:
Language choice in multilingual societies
Code-switching
Language and identity
Multi-lingual
individuals
TOPIC 1
Bi-/multi-lingual
individuals:
What does it mean to
be bilingual or
multilingual?
The ability to use more than one language to communicate
But to what level of competence?
Basic/minimal Advanced
Balanced bilingualism is rare
Very few bilinguals have equal competence or use their languages
equally.
• Typically, each person has a different mix of the four skills:
listening, speaking, reading, and writing.
• ‘Passive’ BL = stronger comprehension (listening) than speaking
competence
• Others may have advanced competence in more than 1 language
but have degrees of competence in different domains (e.g. work
vs home)
What about you?
When, where,
with whom do
you use each
language?
For each one,
rate your ability
in listening,
speaking,
reading and
writing
List the languages
in which you have
a degree of
competency
Multi-lingual individuals
First language (L1)
mother-tongue(s), native language(s), that we hear spoken from birth
Second language (L2)
language(s) learned later in childhood or adulthood
Different learning processes are involved:
acquisition (of L1) vs learning (of L2)
How do we become bilingual/multilingual?
Simultaneous bilingualism
2 or more languages are acquired simultaneously in early childhood.
Successive bilingualism
a person who already has competence in a L1 learns a L2 (or L3, L4 …)
How long does it take to acquire a L1?
Humans are biologically equipped to learn language in infancy:
We are born with brains that are ‘wired’ for language - the capacity to figure out
the grammar and words of the specific language(s) we hear spoken around us
Most of that learning is complete by 5 years of age for children in all cultures
How long does it take to learn a L2?
After puberty, deliberate effort or study is needed to master a language
Up to 10 or more years for full control of oral and written language.
◦ Basic interpersonal communication skills within 2 years.
◦ Academic language proficiency up to 8 years
(Cummins 1984)
To be effective, L2 learning requires
üFrequent input data
üMeaningful and authentic opportunities for using the language
üPerceived value and/or need for the language
üWillingness & motivation
Bilingual education in schools
Typically the L2 is taught in a ‘foreign language class’.
Much less often it is the medium of instruction
Foreign language class teaching in countries where one language is dominant
often fails:
◦ too little exposure
◦ not often enough
◦ started too late
◦ too few opportunities to use the language actively and authentically.
How did you learn
your L2, L3, L4…?
qForeign language class in
school/university?
...
zkStudyClub - Reef: Fast Succinct Non-Interactive Zero-Knowledge Regex ProofsAlex Pruden
This paper presents Reef, a system for generating publicly verifiable succinct non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs that a committed document matches or does not match a regular expression. We describe applications such as proving the strength of passwords, the provenance of email despite redactions, the validity of oblivious DNS queries, and the existence of mutations in DNA. Reef supports the Perl Compatible Regular Expression syntax, including wildcards, alternation, ranges, capture groups, Kleene star, negations, and lookarounds. Reef introduces a new type of automata, Skipping Alternating Finite Automata (SAFA), that skips irrelevant parts of a document when producing proofs without undermining soundness, and instantiates SAFA with a lookup argument. Our experimental evaluation confirms that Reef can generate proofs for documents with 32M characters; the proofs are small and cheap to verify (under a second).
Paper: https://eprint.iacr.org/2023/1886
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Maruthi Prithivirajan, Head of ASEAN & IN Solution Architecture, Neo4j
Get an inside look at the latest Neo4j innovations that enable relationship-driven intelligence at scale. Learn more about the newest cloud integrations and product enhancements that make Neo4j an essential choice for developers building apps with interconnected data and generative AI.
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
This session provides introduction to UiPath Communication Mining, importance and platform overview. You will acquire a good understand of the phases in Communication Mining as we go over the platform with you. Topics covered:
• Communication Mining Overview
• Why is it important?
• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
• Phases in Communication Mining
• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1
Anwei Feng
1. Researching in Multilingual Communities
— An Act to Balance the Paradigms
Dr Anwei Feng
Bangor University, UK
Email: Anwei.Feng@bangor.ac.uk
2. The Paradigm Shift
Is RM simply a matter of translation accuracy?
A supervisor’s reflection (‘Only a few words or terms have no
equivalents. In such a case, use the original in La and give it a best
explanation in Lb’.)
Traditional literature (translation, back-translation, …) (Fink, 1963;
Werner & Campbell, 1970) – positivist paradigm.
In real world research,
Due to dynamics of the language-culture relationship and the notion
of cultural untranslatability (Snell-Hornby, 2006), theorists in
translation have long agreed that meaning should be contextualised
in the broader field of language, culture, and power. There has been
a shift to interpretivist paradigm (Jagosh & Boudreau, 2009).
3. Under-Discussed Essential
Experience in trilingualism-in-China project suggests that language issues
have been present during the whole process of the research
Who to contact? (Should they be necessarily trilinguals?)
Which regions to focus on? (Should the highly linguistically assimilated regions
included?)
What language should we use for designing research tools? (L1, L2, or L3?)
What language should we use at the symposia? (majority mother tongue, or
English?)
What language should we use for interviews?
Would validity and reliability be affected during data collection, transcription
translation, data analysis and presentation?
Are unbalanced trilinguals necessarily weaker researchers?
How do we editors make the research results publishable without affecting
original meaning or valid arguments in authors’ L1 (or L2)
…
4. Unforgettable Anecdotes
A visit to Xining, Qinghai
Kumbum Monastery (Ta’ersi) – Panchen Lama
Longwu Temple – Dalai Lama
A visit to the Butterfly Spring in Dali, Yunnan
A dancer in the performing group, ‘I’m Bai.’ (for
commercial reasons?). Is she?
Group interview: (Let’s discuss it among ourselves
first!)
5. Trilingualism-in-China Project
Full Title: Trilingualism and trilingual education in minority regions
in China: Comparative multiple-case studies in key minority
regions
Demography
55 indigenous minority groups speaking 80 or so languages
(officially recognised).
Population: about 100,000,000
Research since 2009
PIs – Anwei Feng and Bob Adamson
The national network consisting of 11 teams in 11 key
minority regions in China: Xinjiang, Inner
Mongolia, Yunnan, Tibet, Qinghai, Guangxi, Gansu, Guizhou, Yi
Autonomous Prefecture in Sichuan, Korean Autonomous
Prefecture in Jilin and Guangdong
The Aim: initially for a holistic understanding through comparative
analyses of trilingualism and trilingual education in these
regions and eventually for developing effective models or
practice for trilingual education for minority groups.
7. Questions on RM
How do the researchers deal with the language issues in the
field?
How does a researcher feel when he/she speaks all the three
and can move freely across the languages?
What if they do not speak the home language, L1, of the
informants?
What if they don’t even speak their L2?
How do they cope with the situation when they conduct empirical
study in an unfamiliar language and present the findings in
another unfamiliar language?
What issues are there in conducting research in these minority
dominated regions?
8. Stories from Individuals (1)
Case 1 – A (balanced) trilingual leading the research team in a Korean
speech community. She is professor in TESOL and speaks L1 and
L2 equally fluently, and speaks some Japanese.
She strongly believes:
1. To research in trilingual areas, the researcher ‘should be trilingual’, so that she/he is
in the position to allow subjects to choose their strongest language to communicate.
a. Minority groups in the countryside, in mountainous regions and the aged are more
likely to speak L1… it is difficult to conduct research if you don’t speak it.
b. Also, if you don’t speak their L1, you are unlikely to understand their culture and
your understanding of their views, feelings and attitudes will be shallow.
c. However, not necessarily all Koreans speak L1 fluently. Some prefer L2.
2. She said she functions equally well in any of the three languages. ‘No issues’ are felt
concerning validity and reliability of data collection, analysis and dissemination.
Most confident-sounding researcher with clear-cut views!
9. Stories from Individuals (2)
Case 2 – A native speaker of Chinese with strong competence in English
but limited knowledge of the L1 (Yi) used in the region where he led
a team to conduct research
He has the following to say:
1. We research in a team in which two speak L1, so they provide us with translation.
a. The crucial role of the two members was most evident in remote, mountainous regions
where people’s L2 competence was evidently weaker.
b. Importance in L1competence is not only evident during interviews, but more so before
interviews or in casual conversations. Without establishing a good rapport, data would
be shallow or inaccurate.
c. Questionnaires in both languages, but (strangely) the one in L1 was rarely used as few
could read in L1. If anyone had difficulty in reading L2 questions, help was offered by
the two members who speak L1.
10. Stories from Individuals (3)
Case 2 continued:
2. However, when conducting research in one language but publishing in another, I feel
there is bound to be some loss of validity and reliability (the two L1 speakers are not
the main authors of papers).
a. In our situation, neither the language for interviews nor the language for publication
(for Feng and Adamson’s book) is my native language. Thus:
b. In interviews, (as leader in the group) I didn’t feel very secure, e.g., did the interviewee
have a thorough understanding of the questions? Was the translation accurate?
c. When publishing, English is my L2 anyway despite years of using and teaching it.
There are always some places where I don’t feel the meaning is accurately and/or
thoroughly articulated.
3. Frequent checking with the two L1 speakers and re-visits when necessary; A strong
wish to learn the subjects’ L1 and to conduct research in a more rigorous
fashion, e.g., ethnographic research over a considerable span of time in the area.
A competent and serious researcher, but feeling less free thus more attentive
11. Stories from Individuals (4)
Case 3 – A native English speaker working in a minority region in Guizhou.
He speaks Chinese reasonably well but has only a beginner’s competence in
L1 spoken in the region. There is, therefore, much involvement of
interpreters in his research.
1. He strongly believes research subjects should be given the greatest freedom to choose
whichever language they feel comfortable with. The ‘burden of accurate translation
and the extra work entailed must fall on the researcher or research team so as not to
unduly stress the interviewee.’
2. The greatest difficulties:
a. ‘The greatest inconvenience is the inability to ask follow-up questions in ‘real time’.
Once when using an interpreter, I was unaware of the depth of the response in the
minority language. Later while analyzing the data and translating it into English I
found that had I been able to understand the interview in the minority language I
would have asked further questions to clarify the student’s meaning.’
b. The time spent on translation and back translation.
12. Stories from Individuals (5)
Case 3 continued:
3. Validity and reliability compromised? Yes!
a. E.g., ‘Once the interviewee used a term in the minority language that could
either mean ‘to memorize’ or ‘to recite’. In English, these terms are used in
different contexts to mean slightly different things. This meaning wasn’t probed
deeper by the interviewer and then the clarity and thus the reliability could be
negatively influenced.’
b. Also, in interviews, I could never be left alone with an interviewee (there is often police
presence). Heavy reliance on interpreters.
4. However, he has been in the province with his family, with several years teaching and
researching experience in a village school, for several years. He has published quite a
few papers on his research and his (their) research has attracted much attention.
A ‘total stranger’ trying to balance the act between accuracy in research and
all other factors in a complex society that may affect it
13. Act to Balance the Paradigms?
After hearing the three stories, you may ask:
Who could conduct research most-effectively in a multilingual community?
The confident researcher with trilingual competence and clear-cut views?
The competent and serious researcher, but feeling less sure for lack of
subjects’ home language but trying to compensate for it?
The ‘total stranger’ who is trying to balance the act between accuracy in
research and all other factors in a complex society that may affect it?
They are all very competent and prominent researchers in trilingualism and
trilingual education in China, with publications showing strengths in
different ways! However, they all face challenges of various nature!
(see Feng & Adamson, forthcoming).