ABSTRACT : The study determined the cross-linguistic influence (CLI) on the second language use of college
students for the school year 2022-2023. This study included qualitative descriptive research approaches and
thematic analysis. The purposely chosen participants in this study were the twenty-five sophomore BSED
English students from one higher institution in Sorsogon. The instruments used in this study were researchermade field notes, survey checklist and interview schedule. When replying to the teachers during recitation
English (L2) was used. Most participants used Taglish to interact with teachers, reporting, and in group
activities. The majority of participants used the Bicol dialect when chatting with peers and when ordering in the
cafeteria. The socio-cultural context, learning environment, teaching strategies, prior linguistic knowledge, and
support at home are the elements that influence vocabulary, syntax, and pronunciation in the context of CLI to
the speaking abilities of L2 students. The Filipino (L1) may influence the participants' use of L2 by making
them use their own dialect in the classroom instead of English. This suggests that everyone who speaks does so
with a solid foundation of language knowledge acquired from past exposure to a different language.
Furthermore, multiple consonants and vowels are frequently switched or mixed. The findings showed that CLI
can be linked to home language, location, socioeconomic status, parental education level, and literal or wordfor-word translation from Filipino to English all contributed to these issues. To eradicate cross-linguistic
influence, the researcher suggested the institutional policy known as English Language Only Policy.
KEYWORDS :cross linguistic influence, L1, L2, Sorsogon, Philippines.
Challenges to vernacular learners (l1) in acquisition of english language (l2...Alexander Decker
The document discusses challenges faced by vernacular (L1) learners in acquiring English (L2) at the undergraduate level in Hyderabad, India. It finds that the majority of students from vernacular medium backgrounds struggle in English language classrooms due to the influence of their native socio-cultural backgrounds and languages. The study uses a survey to identify issues like the influence of studying in vernacular medium schools, family educational background, peers, and lack of English use outside the classroom. It observes that vernacular medium students feel uncomfortable revealing their background for fear of being isolated. The document suggests techniques to help both vernacular and English medium students improve their English skills, such as increasing English use,
Language Needs Analysis for English Curriculum Validationinventionjournals
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the language needs of 349 tertiary students in Oman to validate the English curriculum. The study found that most respondents were under 19 years old and female. It also found that identifying errors skills, writing skills, correct usage, reading skills and listening skills were significantly affected by the respondents' profiles, but speaking skills and vocabulary skills were not. The document discusses the methodology used, which was a descriptive method employing purposive sampling and questionnaires. It also provides tables analyzing the respondents' profiles and language performance in areas like listening, speaking, reading, writing, vocabulary and grammar. The study aims to help curriculum designers develop an English learning process based on students' needs.
Students’ Perceptions of Grammar Teaching and Learning in English Language Cl...iosrjce
The use of grammar teaching in the field of second language acquisition has been extensively
studied, but there is a lacuna in the literature, regarding the students’ perception of its importance. To
investigate this aspect, the study was conducted on a group of 15 students studying in Semester Five, in the
English Language Department of Misurata University, Libya. The students were interviewed in groups of three
with nine specific questions, and the responses were audio-taped and transcribed verbatim. The findings
revealed that although they all came from the same cultural, linguistic and educational backgrounds, they had
different perceptions regarding the form focused instruction of grammar. The information gathered is of
considerable significance to ESL teachers who intend to meet students’ needs as well as reduce conflicts caused
by different perspectives between teachers and students regarding whether or not grammar teaching should be
encouraged in the classroom.
The document summarizes a study that investigated the attitudes of Grade 12 students toward speaking English. It found that:
1) Students in both the Humanities and Social Sciences (HumSS) and Accountancy, Business, and Management (ABM) strands had positive attitudes overall toward speaking English.
2) However, students admitted they do not speak English well and are worried about making mistakes.
3) Students believe speaking English is important for future jobs.
4) The study found no significant differences in attitudes based on strand or sex. This implies classroom motivation is important to improve students' English speaking attitudes.
The document summarizes a study that investigated the attitudes of senior high school students towards speaking English. It found that:
1) Both Humanities and Social Sciences (HumSS) and Accountancy, Business, and Management (ABM) students had generally positive attitudes towards speaking English and believe it is important.
2) However, students admitted they do not speak English well and are worried about making mistakes when speaking English.
3) Students believe learning to speak English could benefit their future jobs. The study found no significant differences in attitudes based on academic strand or sex. This implies classroom motivation is important to improve students' English speaking attitudes.
This document summarizes a paper that proposes an Intercultural Interaction Model to enhance understanding of second language acquisition (SLA) by integrating factors from acculturation research. It discusses research on learner motivation in SLA and acculturation attitudes. The proposed model suggests different functioning levels in formal and informal language learning contexts influence the breadth and depth of SLA. Motivational schemas determine the extent learners undergo acculturation into new linguistic and cultural environments of a second language and culture.
WTC and Learning Styles of EFL Learners.pptxNimaaNaami
This study investigated the relationship between Iranian EFL learners' learning styles and their willingness to communicate in English classrooms. The study found that kinesthetic learning style was most preferred. There was a low positive correlation found between learning styles and willingness to communicate in different language skills. While no significant differences in learning styles were found across proficiency levels, differences in willingness to communicate for speaking and comprehension were found between elementary vs intermediate and advanced learners. The study provided insights into the dynamics between learning styles, willingness to communicate, and language proficiency among Iranian EFL learners.
This study explored the relationship between Chinese adult English learners' language learning strategies, communicative strategies, and proficiency level. The researchers administered a background questionnaire, the Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (SILL), and recorded speaking tasks from two groups of participants with low and advanced English proficiency. They analyzed differences in reported learning strategy and communicative strategy use between proficiency levels. The findings provide insight into how instruction can help learners develop strategic awareness to improve language skills.
Challenges to vernacular learners (l1) in acquisition of english language (l2...Alexander Decker
The document discusses challenges faced by vernacular (L1) learners in acquiring English (L2) at the undergraduate level in Hyderabad, India. It finds that the majority of students from vernacular medium backgrounds struggle in English language classrooms due to the influence of their native socio-cultural backgrounds and languages. The study uses a survey to identify issues like the influence of studying in vernacular medium schools, family educational background, peers, and lack of English use outside the classroom. It observes that vernacular medium students feel uncomfortable revealing their background for fear of being isolated. The document suggests techniques to help both vernacular and English medium students improve their English skills, such as increasing English use,
Language Needs Analysis for English Curriculum Validationinventionjournals
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the language needs of 349 tertiary students in Oman to validate the English curriculum. The study found that most respondents were under 19 years old and female. It also found that identifying errors skills, writing skills, correct usage, reading skills and listening skills were significantly affected by the respondents' profiles, but speaking skills and vocabulary skills were not. The document discusses the methodology used, which was a descriptive method employing purposive sampling and questionnaires. It also provides tables analyzing the respondents' profiles and language performance in areas like listening, speaking, reading, writing, vocabulary and grammar. The study aims to help curriculum designers develop an English learning process based on students' needs.
Students’ Perceptions of Grammar Teaching and Learning in English Language Cl...iosrjce
The use of grammar teaching in the field of second language acquisition has been extensively
studied, but there is a lacuna in the literature, regarding the students’ perception of its importance. To
investigate this aspect, the study was conducted on a group of 15 students studying in Semester Five, in the
English Language Department of Misurata University, Libya. The students were interviewed in groups of three
with nine specific questions, and the responses were audio-taped and transcribed verbatim. The findings
revealed that although they all came from the same cultural, linguistic and educational backgrounds, they had
different perceptions regarding the form focused instruction of grammar. The information gathered is of
considerable significance to ESL teachers who intend to meet students’ needs as well as reduce conflicts caused
by different perspectives between teachers and students regarding whether or not grammar teaching should be
encouraged in the classroom.
The document summarizes a study that investigated the attitudes of Grade 12 students toward speaking English. It found that:
1) Students in both the Humanities and Social Sciences (HumSS) and Accountancy, Business, and Management (ABM) strands had positive attitudes overall toward speaking English.
2) However, students admitted they do not speak English well and are worried about making mistakes.
3) Students believe speaking English is important for future jobs.
4) The study found no significant differences in attitudes based on strand or sex. This implies classroom motivation is important to improve students' English speaking attitudes.
The document summarizes a study that investigated the attitudes of senior high school students towards speaking English. It found that:
1) Both Humanities and Social Sciences (HumSS) and Accountancy, Business, and Management (ABM) students had generally positive attitudes towards speaking English and believe it is important.
2) However, students admitted they do not speak English well and are worried about making mistakes when speaking English.
3) Students believe learning to speak English could benefit their future jobs. The study found no significant differences in attitudes based on academic strand or sex. This implies classroom motivation is important to improve students' English speaking attitudes.
This document summarizes a paper that proposes an Intercultural Interaction Model to enhance understanding of second language acquisition (SLA) by integrating factors from acculturation research. It discusses research on learner motivation in SLA and acculturation attitudes. The proposed model suggests different functioning levels in formal and informal language learning contexts influence the breadth and depth of SLA. Motivational schemas determine the extent learners undergo acculturation into new linguistic and cultural environments of a second language and culture.
WTC and Learning Styles of EFL Learners.pptxNimaaNaami
This study investigated the relationship between Iranian EFL learners' learning styles and their willingness to communicate in English classrooms. The study found that kinesthetic learning style was most preferred. There was a low positive correlation found between learning styles and willingness to communicate in different language skills. While no significant differences in learning styles were found across proficiency levels, differences in willingness to communicate for speaking and comprehension were found between elementary vs intermediate and advanced learners. The study provided insights into the dynamics between learning styles, willingness to communicate, and language proficiency among Iranian EFL learners.
This study explored the relationship between Chinese adult English learners' language learning strategies, communicative strategies, and proficiency level. The researchers administered a background questionnaire, the Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (SILL), and recorded speaking tasks from two groups of participants with low and advanced English proficiency. They analyzed differences in reported learning strategy and communicative strategy use between proficiency levels. The findings provide insight into how instruction can help learners develop strategic awareness to improve language skills.
This study explored the relationship between Chinese adult English learners' language proficiency level, use of language learning strategies, and use of communicative strategies in oral tasks. The study involved 10 participants divided into low and advanced proficiency groups. Participants completed a background questionnaire, the Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (SILL) to assess their strategy use, and speaking tasks which were video recorded. Participants then reported on the communicative strategies they used during the speaking tasks. The researchers analyzed the data to examine differences between proficiency groups in learning strategy use and communicative strategy use, and to see if there was a relationship between learning strategy use and communicative strategy use.
This document is a research proposal that aims to study the effectiveness of using code-switching in classroom discussions for Grade 12 students at Agusan del Sur National High School in the Philippines. It discusses code-switching as a phenomenon used in bilingual societies and classrooms. The literature review covers grammatical theories of code-switching and the use of mother tongue-based multilingual education. The research questions examine students' English proficiency with and without the use of code-switching, as well as any differences between pre-tests and post-tests both with and without code-switching. The null hypotheses state there will be no significant differences found.
The document summarizes research on various factors that influence language learning strategies. It discusses the teacher's mediating role in language acquisition and how their interactions with students can help develop language learning strategies. It also looks at how personality traits, language proficiency level, cultural background, age, gender, motivation, and language exposure can impact what strategies a learner employs. Research shows high proficiency learners tend to use more interactive strategies while lower levels rely more on memorization and external resources. Cultural background and amount of language exposure also influence strategy use.
The document summarizes research on various factors that influence language learning strategies. It discusses the teacher's mediating role in language acquisition and how their interactions with students can help develop language learning strategies. It also looks at how personality traits, language proficiency level, cultural background, age, gender, motivation, and language exposure can impact what strategies students employ. Research shows high proficiency learners tend to use more interactive strategies while lower levels rely more on memorization and external resources. Cultural background and amount of language exposure also influence strategy use.
Examination of correlates of english language learning among adult learners i...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined factors correlated with English language learning among adult learners in Borno State, Nigeria.
1) The study aimed to determine the relationship between adult learners' English reading ability and variables like their mental ability, learning environment, and instructor quality.
2) Data was collected from 298 adult learners using questionnaires and tests. Statistical analyses found a significant relationship between reading ability and the variables.
3) The study also found a significant relationship between an English reading ability index and predictor variables like mental ability, but no significant difference between male and female learners' reading ability.
English - Majored Juniors’ attitudes towards learning the academic writing co...AJHSSR Journal
This document summarizes a research study that investigated the attitudes of English-majored juniors at TraVinh University towards their academic writing course. The study found that students had positive attitudes about the course and recognized its benefits. However, students also faced challenges, with grammar being a prominent difficulty due to their native language influence. The study suggests implications to help students improve their academic writing skills.
Facing Problems & Changing Strategies in Teaching of English at Elementary Sc...paperpublications3
Abstract: The present Research paper focuses on problems before the English Language teachers in India are enormous and apparent. They should be able to cater to the practical needs of learners, to make them competent enough to interact with one another and also to retrieve information all over the world. English has a base in several countries and is considered as the most suitable and convenient tool for International Communication. The ultimate aim of Education is to impart knowledge to the learners, to prepare them for their future life. Teaching school students through chalk and talk approach has been in practice for long India. Various strategies for achieving the present goal of school education were discussed and some are put into practice. The present paper endeavors to unravel the positive and negative points concerning teaching of English in schools. The prospectus, methodology, teachers and methods of teaching English is also conferred in inherent way.
An exploration of undergraduate students’ motivation andfaridnazman
The study examined the motivation and attitudes of 400 Iranian undergraduate students toward learning English. It found that students had favorable attitudes toward English and rated their reading skills higher than listening, and writing higher than speaking. Most students agreed that knowing English would help with career opportunities and understanding English speakers. Strong correlations were found between integrative orientation and other motivational variables like instrumental orientation and motivation intensity. 38% of variance in integrative orientation was explained by instrumental orientation. Overall, the results suggest that Iranian students are mainly instrumentally motivated to learn English for its practical benefits rather than integrative motivation.
An exploration of undergraduate students’ motivation andFudgie Fudge
The study examined the motivation and attitudes of 400 Iranian undergraduate students toward learning English. It found that students had favorable attitudes toward English and rated their reading skills higher than listening, and writing higher than speaking. Most students agreed that knowing English would help them get a good job, and understood English speaking people better. Strong correlations were found between integrative orientation and other motivational variables like instrumental orientation and motivation intensity. While students were mainly instrumentally motivated to learn English for its utilitarian benefits, integrative orientation was also a significant factor and correlated with better performance on English exams.
An exploration of undergraduate students’ motivation andfaridnazman
The study examined the motivation and attitudes of 400 Iranian undergraduate students toward learning English. It found that students had generally favorable attitudes toward English. Their reading skills were rated higher than listening skills, and writing skills higher than speaking skills. Most students agreed that knowing English would help them get a good job and understand English speakers. Strong correlations were found between integrative orientation and other motivational variables like instrumental orientation and motivation intensity. Instrumental orientation, focusing on practical benefits of English, appeared to be the main motivation for most students rather than integrative orientation of engaging with English cultures.
This paper attempts to assess the speech ability of the grade 10 students in Jose Sanvictores Sr. National School in Cagwait, Surigao del Sur. It uses random sampling which identifies 70 respondents. This study used descriptive - correlational method in order to determine the level of speech ability of Grade 10 students. The study dealt with the following objectives to determine the profile of the respondents in terms of gender, language facility, parent's educational attainment, media preference, communication practice, use of English and media preference to identify the level of oral language proficiency as to grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation and fluency and to assess the significant relationship between the profile of the participants and the level of speech ability. Marissa Regalado-Villamon "Speech Ability of Grade 10 Students" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-1 , December 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18973.pdf
http://www.ijtsrd.com/home-science/education/18973/speech-ability-of-grade-10-students/marissa-regalado-villamon
1) Tense errors are common among immigrants learning English as a second language due to influences from their native language and educational background. Their ability to distinguish verb types and correctly match tenses to contexts is negatively impacted.
2) Formal schooling can help immigrants improve their English skills over time as they advance to higher levels. However, current systems may not adequately address the diverse needs of learners from different native language and cultural backgrounds.
3) To reduce tense errors, English teaching methods need to emphasize verb morphology and the 'be' auxiliary. Teachers also require training to understand how native languages affect tense acquisition and design culturally competent instruction.
LITERACY PRACTICES AMONG TERTIARY STUDENTS IN THE WESTERN CAPE, SOUTH AFRICAijejournal
Language and critically thinking play a major role in academic performance. In multilingual contexts,
multiple factors account for the way Second Language (L2) learners make sense of the academic texts they
read. The students’ multilingual and multicultural diversity impacts on their interpretation of academic
texts. This article is derived from a work with mixed method but focuses on qualitative design. This article
qualitatively analyses how L2 students read and interpret academic texts in South African Universities.
Members of a study group were interviewed both as a group and individually. In the end, students’ study
practices towards academic literacy reveals translanguaging as one strategy of interpreting academic. One
argument is that most African Universities have English as a medium of instructions whereas the students
are often from diverse linguistic and cultural backgrounds. This diversity tends to influence the way
students read and interpret academic texts.
International Journal of Education (IJE)ijejournal
International Journal of Education (IJE) is a Quarterly peer-reviewed and refereed open access journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of Educatioan. The journal is devoted to the publication of high quality papers on theoretical and practical aspects of Educational research.
The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on Educational advancements, and establishing new collaborations in these areas. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews are invited for publication in all areas of Education.
Assignment 6. Protocol and Data Analysis-Sample video presentation [Autoguard...SuzMtzg
This document discusses research on factors that affect English language learning. It aims to identify the level of influence of sociocultural level, geographical location, motivation, and personal factors on students' English acquisition. The study was conducted on students from a technical high school in Chiapas, Mexico. The theoretical framework discusses theories of foreign language learning and acquisition, noting the importance of English as a global language. It also covers differences between native and non-native speakers and learning theories such as behaviorism and innatism.
Task-Based Language Teaching, an analytic approach focusing on form, with a task-based syllabus starting with output and putting emphasis on learning outcomes, may have a positive impact on the development of learners’ language proficiency and thinking skills in L2 classrooms. By implementing a TBLT approach which is free from the limitation of synthetic approach focusing on forms and analytic approach focusing on meaning, L2 learners can benefit from its efficiency promoting both in communication competence and linguistic awareness. In addition to the advantage of TBLT approaches, a task-based syllabus, as one of the typical backward design, focusing on output or learning outcomes, are more effective in enhancing learners’ language proficiency than that in other syllabuses focusing on input or process. Moreover, learners’ thinking skills can be achieved in a task-based syllabus integrating language proficiency with thinking skill tasks.
Factors Affecting the Reading Comprehension Level of Grade VI Learners of Sel...SubmissionResearchpa
This document summarizes a study that examined factors affecting the reading comprehension levels of 6th grade students in selected schools in Tanza, Cavite, Philippines. The study found that:
1. The majority of students were at the instructional reading comprehension level based on test results.
2. Parent, home, learner, and teacher factors were all found to moderately affect student reading comprehension levels.
3. There was a weak relationship between parent factors and reading comprehension, and a negligible relationship between home, learner, and teacher factors and reading comprehension.
4. All factors considered were found to significantly affect 6th grade students' reading comprehension.
This document provides an overview of theories and processes of second language acquisition (SLA). It introduces several major theories of SLA, including behaviorism, Krashen's comprehensible input hypothesis, the interaction hypothesis, sociocultural theory, universal grammar, and frequency-based approaches. It also discusses individual differences that can influence SLA, such as first language, age, gender, working memory, and motivation. Additionally, the document outlines key SLA processes like attention, developmental sequences, and fossilization. Finally, it reviews several common language teaching methods and how they approach teaching, learning, and assessment.
This document discusses pragmatics in foreign language contexts. It defines pragmatics and interlanguage pragmatics, which examines how learners acquire the pragmatic systems of a target language. Pragmatic competence is part of communicative competence and involves appropriate language use. Research has studied how factors like input, proficiency, length of stay, transfer from other languages, and instruction influence pragmatic development. Studies show differences between native and non-native speakers' speech acts and perceptions. Classroom research requires considering theories, data collection methods, and obtaining appropriate data to understand pragmatic learning.
STUDY ON THE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY OF HUZHOU TOURISMAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Huzhou has rich tourism resources, as early as a considerable development since the reform and
opening up, especially in recent years, Huzhou tourism has ushered in a new period of development
opportunities. At present, Huzhou tourism has become one of the most characteristic tourist cities on the East
China tourism line. With the development of Huzhou City, the tourism industry has been further improved, and
the tourism degree of the whole city has further increased the transformation and upgrading of the tourism
industry. However, the development of tourism in Huzhou City still lags far behind the tourism development of
major cities in East China. This round of research mainly analyzes the current development of tourism in
Huzhou City, on the basis of analyzing the specific situation, pointed out that the current development of
Huzhou tourism problems, and then analyzes these problems one by one, and put forward some specific
solutions, so as to promote the further rapid development of tourism in Huzhou City.
KEYWORDS:Huzhou; Travel; Development
Enhancing Losari Beach Exploration: Augmented Reality for Immersive Visualiza...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: South Sulawesi, commonly known as Makassar, boasts rich cultural heritage and customs,
making it a prominent destination for tourism. Among its attractions, Losari beach stands out as a focal point for
visitors seeking to explore the city's natural beauty and cultural offerings. In this context, leveraging modern
technology such as augmented reality presents an innovative approach to showcasing Losari beach to potential
tourists. This research endeavors to introduce tourism assets in a more visually captivating manner through the
use of augmented reality. Utilizing software tools like Unity and Adobe Illustrator, the study focuses on creating
an immersive experience where tourists can interact with virtual representations of Losari beach. By simply
pointing their mobile phone cameras at designated markers or using barcode scanners, tourists can access
augmented reality features embedded within the application. The findings of this research aim to provide
valuable information, particularly for foreign tourists, about Losari beach, positioning it as a compelling
destination within South Sulawesi's diverse array of tourist attractions. Through this technological innovation,
the study seeks to enhance the visibility and appeal of Makassar city's tourism offerings on a global scale.
KEYWORDS: Visualizing, Losari Beach, Augmented Reality
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This study explored the relationship between Chinese adult English learners' language proficiency level, use of language learning strategies, and use of communicative strategies in oral tasks. The study involved 10 participants divided into low and advanced proficiency groups. Participants completed a background questionnaire, the Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (SILL) to assess their strategy use, and speaking tasks which were video recorded. Participants then reported on the communicative strategies they used during the speaking tasks. The researchers analyzed the data to examine differences between proficiency groups in learning strategy use and communicative strategy use, and to see if there was a relationship between learning strategy use and communicative strategy use.
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The document summarizes research on various factors that influence language learning strategies. It discusses the teacher's mediating role in language acquisition and how their interactions with students can help develop language learning strategies. It also looks at how personality traits, language proficiency level, cultural background, age, gender, motivation, and language exposure can impact what strategies a learner employs. Research shows high proficiency learners tend to use more interactive strategies while lower levels rely more on memorization and external resources. Cultural background and amount of language exposure also influence strategy use.
The document summarizes research on various factors that influence language learning strategies. It discusses the teacher's mediating role in language acquisition and how their interactions with students can help develop language learning strategies. It also looks at how personality traits, language proficiency level, cultural background, age, gender, motivation, and language exposure can impact what strategies students employ. Research shows high proficiency learners tend to use more interactive strategies while lower levels rely more on memorization and external resources. Cultural background and amount of language exposure also influence strategy use.
Examination of correlates of english language learning among adult learners i...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined factors correlated with English language learning among adult learners in Borno State, Nigeria.
1) The study aimed to determine the relationship between adult learners' English reading ability and variables like their mental ability, learning environment, and instructor quality.
2) Data was collected from 298 adult learners using questionnaires and tests. Statistical analyses found a significant relationship between reading ability and the variables.
3) The study also found a significant relationship between an English reading ability index and predictor variables like mental ability, but no significant difference between male and female learners' reading ability.
English - Majored Juniors’ attitudes towards learning the academic writing co...AJHSSR Journal
This document summarizes a research study that investigated the attitudes of English-majored juniors at TraVinh University towards their academic writing course. The study found that students had positive attitudes about the course and recognized its benefits. However, students also faced challenges, with grammar being a prominent difficulty due to their native language influence. The study suggests implications to help students improve their academic writing skills.
Facing Problems & Changing Strategies in Teaching of English at Elementary Sc...paperpublications3
Abstract: The present Research paper focuses on problems before the English Language teachers in India are enormous and apparent. They should be able to cater to the practical needs of learners, to make them competent enough to interact with one another and also to retrieve information all over the world. English has a base in several countries and is considered as the most suitable and convenient tool for International Communication. The ultimate aim of Education is to impart knowledge to the learners, to prepare them for their future life. Teaching school students through chalk and talk approach has been in practice for long India. Various strategies for achieving the present goal of school education were discussed and some are put into practice. The present paper endeavors to unravel the positive and negative points concerning teaching of English in schools. The prospectus, methodology, teachers and methods of teaching English is also conferred in inherent way.
An exploration of undergraduate students’ motivation andfaridnazman
The study examined the motivation and attitudes of 400 Iranian undergraduate students toward learning English. It found that students had favorable attitudes toward English and rated their reading skills higher than listening, and writing higher than speaking. Most students agreed that knowing English would help with career opportunities and understanding English speakers. Strong correlations were found between integrative orientation and other motivational variables like instrumental orientation and motivation intensity. 38% of variance in integrative orientation was explained by instrumental orientation. Overall, the results suggest that Iranian students are mainly instrumentally motivated to learn English for its practical benefits rather than integrative motivation.
An exploration of undergraduate students’ motivation andFudgie Fudge
The study examined the motivation and attitudes of 400 Iranian undergraduate students toward learning English. It found that students had favorable attitudes toward English and rated their reading skills higher than listening, and writing higher than speaking. Most students agreed that knowing English would help them get a good job, and understood English speaking people better. Strong correlations were found between integrative orientation and other motivational variables like instrumental orientation and motivation intensity. While students were mainly instrumentally motivated to learn English for its utilitarian benefits, integrative orientation was also a significant factor and correlated with better performance on English exams.
An exploration of undergraduate students’ motivation andfaridnazman
The study examined the motivation and attitudes of 400 Iranian undergraduate students toward learning English. It found that students had generally favorable attitudes toward English. Their reading skills were rated higher than listening skills, and writing skills higher than speaking skills. Most students agreed that knowing English would help them get a good job and understand English speakers. Strong correlations were found between integrative orientation and other motivational variables like instrumental orientation and motivation intensity. Instrumental orientation, focusing on practical benefits of English, appeared to be the main motivation for most students rather than integrative orientation of engaging with English cultures.
This paper attempts to assess the speech ability of the grade 10 students in Jose Sanvictores Sr. National School in Cagwait, Surigao del Sur. It uses random sampling which identifies 70 respondents. This study used descriptive - correlational method in order to determine the level of speech ability of Grade 10 students. The study dealt with the following objectives to determine the profile of the respondents in terms of gender, language facility, parent's educational attainment, media preference, communication practice, use of English and media preference to identify the level of oral language proficiency as to grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation and fluency and to assess the significant relationship between the profile of the participants and the level of speech ability. Marissa Regalado-Villamon "Speech Ability of Grade 10 Students" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-1 , December 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18973.pdf
http://www.ijtsrd.com/home-science/education/18973/speech-ability-of-grade-10-students/marissa-regalado-villamon
1) Tense errors are common among immigrants learning English as a second language due to influences from their native language and educational background. Their ability to distinguish verb types and correctly match tenses to contexts is negatively impacted.
2) Formal schooling can help immigrants improve their English skills over time as they advance to higher levels. However, current systems may not adequately address the diverse needs of learners from different native language and cultural backgrounds.
3) To reduce tense errors, English teaching methods need to emphasize verb morphology and the 'be' auxiliary. Teachers also require training to understand how native languages affect tense acquisition and design culturally competent instruction.
LITERACY PRACTICES AMONG TERTIARY STUDENTS IN THE WESTERN CAPE, SOUTH AFRICAijejournal
Language and critically thinking play a major role in academic performance. In multilingual contexts,
multiple factors account for the way Second Language (L2) learners make sense of the academic texts they
read. The students’ multilingual and multicultural diversity impacts on their interpretation of academic
texts. This article is derived from a work with mixed method but focuses on qualitative design. This article
qualitatively analyses how L2 students read and interpret academic texts in South African Universities.
Members of a study group were interviewed both as a group and individually. In the end, students’ study
practices towards academic literacy reveals translanguaging as one strategy of interpreting academic. One
argument is that most African Universities have English as a medium of instructions whereas the students
are often from diverse linguistic and cultural backgrounds. This diversity tends to influence the way
students read and interpret academic texts.
International Journal of Education (IJE)ijejournal
International Journal of Education (IJE) is a Quarterly peer-reviewed and refereed open access journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of Educatioan. The journal is devoted to the publication of high quality papers on theoretical and practical aspects of Educational research.
The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on Educational advancements, and establishing new collaborations in these areas. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews are invited for publication in all areas of Education.
Assignment 6. Protocol and Data Analysis-Sample video presentation [Autoguard...SuzMtzg
This document discusses research on factors that affect English language learning. It aims to identify the level of influence of sociocultural level, geographical location, motivation, and personal factors on students' English acquisition. The study was conducted on students from a technical high school in Chiapas, Mexico. The theoretical framework discusses theories of foreign language learning and acquisition, noting the importance of English as a global language. It also covers differences between native and non-native speakers and learning theories such as behaviorism and innatism.
Task-Based Language Teaching, an analytic approach focusing on form, with a task-based syllabus starting with output and putting emphasis on learning outcomes, may have a positive impact on the development of learners’ language proficiency and thinking skills in L2 classrooms. By implementing a TBLT approach which is free from the limitation of synthetic approach focusing on forms and analytic approach focusing on meaning, L2 learners can benefit from its efficiency promoting both in communication competence and linguistic awareness. In addition to the advantage of TBLT approaches, a task-based syllabus, as one of the typical backward design, focusing on output or learning outcomes, are more effective in enhancing learners’ language proficiency than that in other syllabuses focusing on input or process. Moreover, learners’ thinking skills can be achieved in a task-based syllabus integrating language proficiency with thinking skill tasks.
Factors Affecting the Reading Comprehension Level of Grade VI Learners of Sel...SubmissionResearchpa
This document summarizes a study that examined factors affecting the reading comprehension levels of 6th grade students in selected schools in Tanza, Cavite, Philippines. The study found that:
1. The majority of students were at the instructional reading comprehension level based on test results.
2. Parent, home, learner, and teacher factors were all found to moderately affect student reading comprehension levels.
3. There was a weak relationship between parent factors and reading comprehension, and a negligible relationship between home, learner, and teacher factors and reading comprehension.
4. All factors considered were found to significantly affect 6th grade students' reading comprehension.
This document provides an overview of theories and processes of second language acquisition (SLA). It introduces several major theories of SLA, including behaviorism, Krashen's comprehensible input hypothesis, the interaction hypothesis, sociocultural theory, universal grammar, and frequency-based approaches. It also discusses individual differences that can influence SLA, such as first language, age, gender, working memory, and motivation. Additionally, the document outlines key SLA processes like attention, developmental sequences, and fossilization. Finally, it reviews several common language teaching methods and how they approach teaching, learning, and assessment.
This document discusses pragmatics in foreign language contexts. It defines pragmatics and interlanguage pragmatics, which examines how learners acquire the pragmatic systems of a target language. Pragmatic competence is part of communicative competence and involves appropriate language use. Research has studied how factors like input, proficiency, length of stay, transfer from other languages, and instruction influence pragmatic development. Studies show differences between native and non-native speakers' speech acts and perceptions. Classroom research requires considering theories, data collection methods, and obtaining appropriate data to understand pragmatic learning.
Similar to Cross-linguistic Influence on Second Language Use of College Students (20)
STUDY ON THE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY OF HUZHOU TOURISMAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Huzhou has rich tourism resources, as early as a considerable development since the reform and
opening up, especially in recent years, Huzhou tourism has ushered in a new period of development
opportunities. At present, Huzhou tourism has become one of the most characteristic tourist cities on the East
China tourism line. With the development of Huzhou City, the tourism industry has been further improved, and
the tourism degree of the whole city has further increased the transformation and upgrading of the tourism
industry. However, the development of tourism in Huzhou City still lags far behind the tourism development of
major cities in East China. This round of research mainly analyzes the current development of tourism in
Huzhou City, on the basis of analyzing the specific situation, pointed out that the current development of
Huzhou tourism problems, and then analyzes these problems one by one, and put forward some specific
solutions, so as to promote the further rapid development of tourism in Huzhou City.
KEYWORDS:Huzhou; Travel; Development
Enhancing Losari Beach Exploration: Augmented Reality for Immersive Visualiza...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: South Sulawesi, commonly known as Makassar, boasts rich cultural heritage and customs,
making it a prominent destination for tourism. Among its attractions, Losari beach stands out as a focal point for
visitors seeking to explore the city's natural beauty and cultural offerings. In this context, leveraging modern
technology such as augmented reality presents an innovative approach to showcasing Losari beach to potential
tourists. This research endeavors to introduce tourism assets in a more visually captivating manner through the
use of augmented reality. Utilizing software tools like Unity and Adobe Illustrator, the study focuses on creating
an immersive experience where tourists can interact with virtual representations of Losari beach. By simply
pointing their mobile phone cameras at designated markers or using barcode scanners, tourists can access
augmented reality features embedded within the application. The findings of this research aim to provide
valuable information, particularly for foreign tourists, about Losari beach, positioning it as a compelling
destination within South Sulawesi's diverse array of tourist attractions. Through this technological innovation,
the study seeks to enhance the visibility and appeal of Makassar city's tourism offerings on a global scale.
KEYWORDS: Visualizing, Losari Beach, Augmented Reality
DEVELOPMENT STATUS AND COUNTERMEASURES OF TMALL DURING THE COVID-19 EPIDEMICAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT:China's e-commerce enterprises have developed rapidly, among which Tmall has become one of
the largest retail shopping websites in China.But in the past year, the Covid-19 epidemic has brought a huge
impact to Chinese e-commerce enterprises, and Tmall is no exception.Therefore, the development status of
Tmall in the new crown epidemic situation was analyzed, and the viewpoint was put forward :Tmall1 stabilized
the situation in the face of the epidemic situation and made a very correct countermeasures.The influence of this
epidemic on Tmall was deeply analyzed, and the conclusion was made: the new crown epidemic is both a
challenge and an opportunity forTmall.
KEYWORDS:Tmall; COVID - 19 outbreak ; The electronic commerce
Factors affecting undergraduate students’ motivation at a university in Tra VinhAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Motivation plays an important role in foreign language learning process. This study aimed to
investigate student’s motivation patterns towards English language learning at a University in Tra Vinh, and factors
affecting their motivation change toward English language learning of non-English-major students in the semester.
The researcher used semi-structured interview at the first phase of choosing the participants and writing reflection
through the instrument called “My English Learning Motivation History” adapted from Sawyer (2007) to collect
qualitative data within 15 weeks. The participants consisted of nine first year non-English-major students who learning
General English at pre-intermediate level. They were chosen and divided into three groups of three members each
(high motivation group; average motivation group; and low motivation group). The results of the present study
identified six visual motivation patterns of three groups of students with different motivation fluctuation, through the
use of cluster analysis. The study also indicated a diversity of factors affecting students’ motivation involving internal
factors as influencing factors (cognitive, psychology, and emotion) and external factors as social factors (instructor,
peers, family, and learning environment) during English language learning in a period of 15 weeks. The findings of
the study helped teacher understand relationship of motivation change and its influential factors. Furthermore, the
findings also inspired next research about motivation development in learning English process.
KEY WORDS: language learning motivation, motivation change, motivation patterns, influential factors, students’
motivation.
The Impact of Work Stress and Digital Literacy on Employee Performance at PT ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT :This research aims to analyze the correlation between employee work stress and digital literacy
with employee performance at PT Telkom Akses Area Cirebon, both concurrently and partially. Employing a
quantitative approach, the study's objectives are descriptive and causal, adopting a positivist paradigm with a
deductive approach to theory development and a survey research strategy. Findings reveal that work stress
negatively and significantly impacts employee performance, while digital literacy positively and significantly
affects it. Simultaneously, work stress and digital literacy have a positive and significant influence on employee
performance. It is anticipated that company management will devise workload management strategies to
alleviate work stress and assess the implementation of more efficient digital technology to enhance employee
performance.
KEYWORDS -digital literacy, employee performance,job stress, multiple regression analysis, workload
management
The Settlement of Construction Disputes Through Dispute Councils From the Per...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT:This research differs from the practice of business activity in the construction services industry,
which may lead to construction disputes. The settlement of construction disputes is a consensus based on the
basic principle of debate. If the discussions between the parties do not reach an agreement, the parties may take
measures to resolve the dispute through the dispute council. Because the standard governing the disputes
committee was not fully regulated, they did not comply with the principle of legal certainty. Therefore, further
research was needed to establish a theoretical basis for regulating the disputes committee in settling construction
disputes. This research is a standard legal research using a legal regulatory, conceptual, and comparative
approach. The research results show that the ideal concept of resolving construction disputes through a dispute
council based on the value of legal certainty is to establish that the position of the dispute council is a special
court that has the authority to resolve construction disputes under construction services agreements. To realize
the position of the Court of Disputation as a special court, it must be based on the creation of philosophical
values, the creationof legislative regulations, and the creation of the institutional structure of the Court of
Disputation.
KEYWORDS-Construction Disputes, Dispute Council, Special Court
VALUES OF ORAL LITERATURE IN THE SOCIETY: A STUDY OF FOLKTALES OFOGBA IN RIVE...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : Oral literature is a creative work of art that portends high merit and has the creative use of
imagination in preliterate societies. It adopts the genres of literature: drama, prose and poetry in the oral milieu,
using performance as its hallmark. It thrives on the use of oral data because of its orality. This paper focuses on
the moral values or oral literature in the society using Ogba as a spring board. The study was carried out in
communities ofOgba. The population of the study consists of ten towns and village, in Ogba. The theoretical
framework used is Dell Hyme’s ethno-poetics because the works of oral literature relate to the society. This
paper concludes that oral literature serves to against all odds; communicate ideas, emotions, beliefs and
appreciation of life. The folktales in Ogba for instance, serve similar purpose through their
rendition/performance. Through the stories, the younger generation in Ogba society is familiarised with the
customs, traditions, and rituals prevalent in the society. This paper therefore recommends the use of oral
literature in all its genres to inculcate moral values and lessons to the teenagers and youths. Against this
background, Ogba (African) themselves must cease to regard oral literature as primitive and fetish.
KEYWORDS: Values, Oral Literature, Society, Ogba, Folktales
Pormalistikong Pagdalumat sa mga Tula ni Ron CanimoAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Nilayon ng pag-aaral na ito na masuri ang dalawampung (20) tula ni Ron Canimo gamit ang
pormalistikong dulog batay sa mga sumusunod na elemento: (a) Sukat at Tugma, (b) Talinghaga at
Simbolismo, (c) Imahen, (d) Tema, at (e) Diksiyon. Layunin din nitong mataya ang antas ng pagtanggap ng
ginawang pagsusuri gamit ang nabuong instrumento sa pagtataya nito. Sinunod dito ang Input-Process-Output
na balangkas ng pag-aaral at ginamitan ng kwantitatib-deskriptib-ebalwatib na pamamaraan. Sa pamamagitan
ng talatanungang ibinatay sa ginamit ni Morales (2014) na naimodipika ayon sa kahingian ng kasalukuyang
pag-aaral, tatlong (3) gurong eksperto ang nagsilbing tagataya dito na siyang tumiyak sa kahusayan ng nabuong
pagsusuri ng mananaliksik. Gamit ang Content Analysis, natuklasan na makabagong pamamaraan ang istilo na
ginamit ni Ron Canimo sa pagsulat ng mga tula. Lahat ng kanyang mga tula ay walang sinusunod na sukat at
tugma, may iba‟t ibang tayutay at simbolismong ginamit, magkaibang pandama ang pinagana dahil sa mga
imahe at paglalarawang ginawa, iba‟t ibang uri ng pag-ibig ang tinalakay at gumamit ng pormal, impormal o
kumbersasyonal na wika at makabagong istilo sa pagsulat ng tula. Gamit ang mean at standard deviation,
lumabas na “Mataas” ang antas ng pagtanggap sa kabuuan ng mga gurong eksperto na tumaya sa nabuong
pagsusuri. Lumabas din na “Mataas” ang antas ng kanilang pagtanggap sa nabuong pagsusuri batay sa mga
sumusunod na elemento: (a) Sukat at Tugma, (b) Talinghaga at Simbolismo, (c) Imahen, (d) Tema, at (e)
Diksiyon. Mula sa natayang pagsusuri at kinalabasan ng antas ng pagtanggap dito, naitala ang mga paksa sa
Junior High School Filipino na maaaring lapatan at gamitan ng nabuong pagsusuri.
KEYWORDS: Kumbensyunal, Pagdalumat, Pormalistiko, Ron Canimo, Tula
SCHOOL CULTURE ADAPTATION AMONG INDIGENOUS PEOPLES COLLEGE STUDENTS AT A PRIV...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This qualitative study investigates the adaption experiences of indigenous college students at the
University of Mindanao, Matina-main campus. Eight major themes emerged, including difficulties with language
proficiency, online learning, classroom interaction, examination systems, grading procedures, school regulations,
resource accessibility, coping mechanisms, and future goals. Implications include the requirement for targeted
language proficiency and technology use support, an understanding of adaption processes, interventions to
improve resource accessibility, and equitable public administration policies. The study underlines the importance
of adaptation in various educational contexts, as well as the role of educators and legislators in creating inclusive
learning environments.
KEYWORDS: indigenous college students, adaptation, educational challenges, coping strategies
The effect of Institutional Ownership, Sales Growth and Profitability on Tax ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This research aims to test, analyze and obtain empirical evidence about the influence of
institutional ownership, sales growth and profitability on tax avoidance. The object of this research is
manufacturing companies in the consumer goods industry sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI)
in 2018-2022. This research used quantitative research methods and causal research design. The sampling
technique in this research used non-probability sampling with purposive sampling as the basis for determining
the sample so that a sample of 55 samples was obtained. The data used is secondary data obtained from the
official website of the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) during the 2018-2022 period. The data analysis method
used was multiple linear regression analysis with several tests such as descriptive statistical tests, classical
assumption tests, and hypothesis testing using SPSS version 26 statistical software. The results showed that the
institutional ownership variable has no effect on tax avoidance, while the sales growth and profitability has a
negative and significant effect on tax avoidance.
KEYWORDS: Institutional Ownership, Sales Growth, Profitability, Tax Avoidance
MGA ESTRATEHIYA SA PAGTUTURO KAUGNAY SA PASALITANG PARTISIPASYON NG MGA MAG-A...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRAK: Ang mga estratehiya sa pagtuturo ay mahalagang kasangkapan sa paghahatid ng mabisang
pagtuturo sa loob ng silid. Tinukoy sa pag-aaral na ito ang antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral sa pagsasadula,
pangkatang talakayan at paggawa ng mga koneksyon sa tunay na karanasan sa buhay bilang mga estratehiya sa
pagtuturo ng panitikan sa Filipino at pasalitang partisipasyon ng mga mag-aaral sa Baitang 7 ng Misamis
University Junior High School, Ozamiz City. Ang ginamit na disenyo sa pananaliksik na ito ay deskriptivcorrelational. Ang mga datos sa pag-aaral ay nagmula sa kabuuang populasyon na 120 na mag-aaral at tatlong
mga guro na tagamasid sa pasalitang partisipasyon ng mga mag-aaral. Ang Talatanungan sa Kagamitan sa
Pagtuturo ng Panitikan at Checklist batay sa Obserbasyon sa Pasalita na Partisipasyon ay ang instrumentong
ginamit sa pagkalap ng datos. Mean, standard deviation, Analysis of Variance at Pearson Product-Moment
Correlation Coefficient ang mga ginamit na estatistiko na sangkap. Inihayag sa naging resulta na ang tatlong piling
estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng panitikan sa Filipino ay may pinakamataas na antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral.
Ang antas ng pakilahok ng mga mag-aaral sa paggamit ng tatlong estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng panitikan ay
pinakamataas na nagpapahiwatig na aktibong nakilahok ang mga mag-aaral sa mga gawain. Inihayag din na
walang makabuluhang kaibahan sa antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral sa mga estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng
panitikan sa Filipino. Ito ay nangahulugan na gustong-gusto ng mga mag-aaral ang pagkakaroon ng mga
estratehiya sa pagtuturo. Walang makabuluhang kaugnayan ang kagustuhan sa mga estratehiya at antas ng
pakikilahok ng mga mag-aaral. Hindi nakaapekto sa kanilang pakikilahok ang anumang estratehiyang ginamit ng
guro.
KEYWORDS : estratehiya, karanasan, pagsasadula, pagtuturo, pangkatang talakayan
The Role of the Instruction of Reading Comprehension Strategies in Enhancing ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT :Throughout my studies and teaching English in different language centers and higher studies
institutions, I have come to conclude that students consider Reading comprehension as a nightmare that
frightens them and hinders their language acquisition in the Moroccan EFL Context. This may cause them to
develop an internal psychological obstacle that grows as their lack of the necessary instruments or tools to
overcome are not equipped with. They become lost and unaware about or unfamiliar with the necessary reading
comprehension strategies that could help them to face the problem of misunderstanding or non-understanding
of English texts. Respectively, this article which is only one part of my whole study aims at showing the effect
of teaching reading strategies in enhancing the S1 students‟ familiarity with reading strategies and raising their
frequency use. A sample of 283 University students in EFL context have been chosen randomly and have
attended the usual academic reading classes, yet only 76 are subject to this survey. 38 of them constitute the
experimental group who have attended the treatment regularly in one of the language centers and the other 38
participants are chosen randomly from the whole population to constitute the Control group. They all have
Psychosocial Factors and Deviant Behaviors of Children in Conflict with the L...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT:This study aims to determine the relationship between psychosocialfactors and deviant
behaviors among children in conflict with the law (CICL) inDavao Region. The researchers want to discover the
prevalent factors thatdrive these children to their behaviors. Further, the study sought to determinethe
manifestation of psychosocial factors in terms of life satisfaction, emotionalsupport, self-esteem, and personality
traits. The study's data came from N-83children in conflict with the law (CICL) at the Regional Rehabilitation
Center forYouth (RRCY) in Bago Oshiro, Davao City; all respondents are male. This studyused a total
enumeration sampling technique due to the relatively smallpopulation size. The researchers adapted the
Psychosocial surveyquestionnaires by Zabriskie & Ward (2013) and by John and Srivastava (1999)as well as the
Deviant Behavior Variety Scale (DBVS) by Sanches et al. (2016).Through the use of a validated questionnaire,
the mean and standard deviationare determined. The researchers modified this questionnaire and translated itinto
the respondents' mother tongue (Cebuano) for them to comprehend itbetter. The study discovered no significant
relationship between psychosocialfactors and deviant behaviors of children in conflict with the law (CICL) in
theDavao Region
KEYWORDS :Children in Conflict with the Law (CICL), deviant behaviors, psychosocial factors
Entropy: A Join between Science and Mind-SocietyAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Entropy is join, intersection and interaction between natural science and human mind-society.
We proposed that if internal interactions exist in isolated systems, entropy decrease will be possible for this
system. Management in system is a typical internal interaction within the isolated system. The purpose of
management is to use regulating the internal interactions within the system, and to decrease the increasing
entropy spontaneously. We propose the principle of social civilization and the developing direction is: freedom
of thought, rule of action. Both combinations should be a peaceful revision and improvement of social rules and
laws. Different countries and nations, different religions and beliefs should coexist peacefully and compete
peacefully. The evolution of human society must be coevolution. Its foundation is the evolution of the human
heart and the human nature.
KEYWORDS: entropy, science, society, management, mind, evolution.
A Model of Disaster Resilience Among Colleges and Universities: A Mixed Metho...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT :This research paper aimed to create a comprehensive framework for measuring disaster
resilience in colleges and universities. The study used a mixed method through Exploratory Factor Analysis
(EFA), which involved analyzing data from a survey questionnaire. The questionnaire was developed based on
in-depth interviews with 12 selected participants from the University of Mindanao, as well as relevant literature
and studies. It was reviewed and validated by 10 experts using a method called Content Validity Ratio (CVR).
This questionnaire was then administered to 400 students from 10 different colleges in University of Mindanao.
After conducting the Exploratory Factor Analysis and performing rotations and iterations, the researchers
identified five main constructs that characterize disaster resilience among colleges (1) disaster preparedness, (2)
disaster awareness, (3) community readiness, and (4) disaster management, (5) disaster resilience. The
researchers aimed to create an organization called “Council of College Disaster Volunteers (CCDV)” which
consist of student volunteers. These factors can be used to develop effective management strategies and
strengthen efforts in preventing and managing disasters and accidents.
KEYWORDS:content validity ratio, criminology, disaster resilience, disaster management, exploratory factor
analysis, and Philippines.
Environmental Struggles and Justice Among Lumad Farmers of Davao CityAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : The study described the various environmental struggles experienced among the participants
and their status in accessing justice. The study followed a qualitative multiple-case study approach; the
participants are the Lumad farmers of Marilog, Davao City selected through a Critical sampling method and
aims to present the environmental violations experienced by the Lumad farmers in Davao City and how it
affected their families and sustenance further, their status in accessing justice is also explored. The study
concluded that the most common struggles the participant experience are Illegal logging and improper waste
disposal, which affect their farms, family, health, and income. Their preferred means to accessing justice is
through barangay settlement; the rigors of accessing courts, such as distance, expenses, fear of ruling, and the
hassle of being called to be present in court, are the most prevalent barriers that hinder the lead farmers from
accessing justice or seeking legal action. Nevertheless, the participants believed that the government would help
them in accessing justice.
KEYWORDS :access to justice, criminology,environmental justice, environmental struggles, lumadfarmers
CYBERBULLYING EXPERIENCES OF UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO CRIMINOLOGY STUDENTSAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT:This paper explores the cyberbullying experiences among Criminology students at the
University of Mindanao. A simple random sampling method was used to distribute the study's online
questionnaire to the respondents and to survey the target population. This study has four hundred (400)
respondents, and the respondents are Criminology students at the University of Mindanao. The findings of this
study revealed that the level of cyberbullying experiences is sometimes manifested. On the other hand, the
cyberbullying experiences of the students indicate a moderate level, which indicates that the cyberbullying
experiences of the respondents are sometimes manifested. Also, the computations showed that among the
indicators presented, the highest mean is obtained in the psychological effect, which implies that there is a
significant effect of cyberbullying experiences of the respondents in terms of the Gender level of the
respondents. Therefore, respondents with a low level of cyberbullying experiences tend to have a moderate level
of cyberbullying experience. However, there is no significant effect in terms of age and year level of the
respondents according to the results regarding the psychological, emotional, and physical impact of
cyberbullying.
KEYWORDS :cyberbullying, emotional, experiences, psychological,physical effect, and simple random
sampling method.
A philosophical ontogenetic standpoint on superego role in human mind formationAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: One of the most significant contributions of psychoanalysis to understand the human being is the
elaboration of a model about the mind from a topical and dynamic perspective. Freud explains the mind by the
constitution of the preconscious, conscious, and subconscious. Later, by three dynamic components: the id, the
ego and the superego. Such an organization of the psychic apparatus supposes not only individual elements, but
social influences along the process of hominization. In this paper, we recover the findings of the renowned
anthropologist Lewis Morgan, trying to link some of them to the psychoanalytic theory. Especially highlighting
the importance of superego in Haidt’s social intuitionism.
Keywords: evolutionism, intuitionism, psychoanalysis, Freud, Haidt, Morgan
Improving Workplace Safety Performance in Malaysian SMEs: The Role of Safety ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: In the Malaysian context, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) experience a significant
burden of workplace accidents. A consensus among scholars attributes a substantial portion of these incidents to
human factors, particularly unsafe behaviors. This study, conducted in Malaysia's northern region, specifically
targeted Safety and Health/Human Resource professionals within the manufacturing sector of SMEs. We
gathered a robust dataset comprising 107 responses through a meticulously designed self-administered
questionnaire. Employing advanced partial least squares-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) techniques
with SmartPLS 3.2.9, we rigorously analyzed the data to scrutinize the intricate relationship between safety
behavior and safety performance. The research findings unequivocally underscore the palpable and
consequential impact of safety behavior variables, namely safety compliance and safety participation, on
improving safety performance indicators such as accidents, injuries, and property damages. These results
strongly validate research hypotheses. Consequently, this study highlights the pivotal significance of cultivating
safety behavior among employees, particularly in resource-constrained SME settings, as an essential step toward
enhancing workplace safety performance.
KEYWORDS :Safety compliance, safety participation, safety performance, SME
Psychological Empowerment and Empathy as Correlates of ForgivenessAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: The study explores Psychological Empowerment and Empathy as Correlates of Forgiveness.
The two variables are regarded to have influence on the decision one makes to forgive another. The study aimed
at examining the relationships between psychological empowerment and forgiveness, empathy and forgiveness
and to identify which one of the two,Psychological Empowerment or Empathy, is the more powerful predictor of
forgiveness. The study took a survey design with a sample of 350 drawn from a population of university students
using a self-administered questionnaire with four sections: Personal information, Psychological empowerment
scale, Toronto Empathy questionnaire, and the Heartland Forgiveness Scale (HFS). Data analysis employed
Pearson’s product moment correlation and regression analysis to test hypotheses. The results show significant
relationships between psychological empowerment and forgiveness as well as empathy and forgiveness.
Empathy was found to be the more powerful predictor of forgiveness.
KEY WORDS: Psychological empowerment, empathy, forgiveness
Project Serenity is an innovative initiative aimed at transforming urban environments into sustainable, self-sufficient communities. By integrating green architecture, renewable energy, smart technology, sustainable transportation, and urban farming, Project Serenity seeks to minimize the ecological footprint of cities while enhancing residents' quality of life. Key components include energy-efficient buildings, IoT-enabled resource management, electric and autonomous transportation options, green spaces, and robust waste management systems. Emphasizing community engagement and social equity, Project Serenity aspires to serve as a global model for creating eco-friendly, livable urban spaces that harmonize modern conveniences with environmental stewardship.
UR BHatti Academy dedicated to providing the finest IT courses training in the world. Under the guidance of experienced trainer Usman Rasheed Bhatti, we have established ourselves as a professional online training firm offering unparalleled courses in Pakistan. Our academy is a trailblazer in Dijkot, being the first institute to officially provide training to all students at their preferred schedules, led by real-world industry professionals and Google certified staff.
Telegram is a messaging platform that ushers in a new era of communication. Available for Android, Windows, Mac, and Linux, Telegram offers simplicity, privacy, synchronization across devices, speed, and powerful features. It allows users to create their own stickers with a user-friendly editor. With robust encryption, Telegram ensures message security and even offers self-destructing messages. The platform is open, with an API and source code accessible to everyone, making it a secure and social environment where groups can accommodate up to 200,000 members. Customize your messenger experience with Telegram's expressive features.
EASY TUTORIAL OF HOW TO USE REMINI BY: FEBLESS HERNANEFebless Hernane
Using Remini is easy and quick for enhancing your photos. Start by downloading the Remini app on your phone. Open the app and sign in or create an account. To improve a photo, tap the "Enhance" button and select the photo you want to edit from your gallery. Remini will automatically enhance the photo, making it clearer and sharper. You can compare the before and after versions by swiping the screen. Once you're happy with the result, tap "Save" to store the enhanced photo in your gallery. Remini makes your photos look amazing with just a few taps!
The Evolution of SEO: Insights from a Leading Digital Marketing AgencyDigital Marketing Lab
Explore the latest trends in Search Engine Optimization (SEO) and discover how modern practices are transforming business visibility. This document delves into the shift from keyword optimization to user intent, highlighting key trends such as voice search optimization, artificial intelligence, mobile-first indexing, and the importance of E-A-T principles. Enhance your online presence with expert insights from Digital Marketing Lab, your partner in maximizing SEO performance.
Lifecycle of a GME Trader: From Newbie to Diamond Handsmediavestfzllc
Your phone buzzes with a Reddit notification. It's the WallStreetBets forum, a cacophony of memes, rocketship emojis, and fervent discussions about Gamestop (GME) stock. A spark ignites within you - a mix of internet bravado, a rebellious urge to topple the hedge funds (remember Mr. Mayo?), and maybe that one late-night YouTube rabbit hole about tendies. You decide to YOLO (you only live once, right?).
Ramen noodles become your new best friend. Every spare penny gets tossed into the GME piggy bank. You're practically living on fumes, but the dream of a moonshot keeps you going. Your phone becomes an extension of your hand, perpetually glued to the GME ticker. It's a roller-coaster ride - every dip a stomach punch, every rise a shot of adrenaline.
Then, it happens. Roaring Kitty, the forum's resident legend, fires off a cryptic tweet. The apes, as the GME investors call themselves, erupt in a frenzy. Could this be it? Is the rocket finally fueled for another epic launch? You grip your phone tighter, heart pounding in your chest. It's a wild ride, but you're in it for the long haul.
Your LinkedIn Success Starts Here.......SocioCosmos
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Cross-linguistic Influence on Second Language Use of College Students
1. American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR) 2023
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American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR)
e-ISSN :2378-703X
Volume-07, Issue-06, pp-60-70
www.ajhssr.com
Research Paper Open Access
Cross-linguistic Influence on Second Language Use of College
Students
Normuel E. Domalaon1
, Sherill A. Gilbas2
1& and 2:
Sorsogon State University Graduate School, Sorsogon City, Philippines
ABSTRACT : The study determined the cross-linguistic influence (CLI) on the second language use of college
students for the school year 2022-2023. This study included qualitative descriptive research approaches and
thematic analysis. The purposely chosen participants in this study were the twenty-five sophomore BSED
English students from one higher institution in Sorsogon. The instruments used in this study were researcher-
made field notes, survey checklist and interview schedule. When replying to the teachers during recitation
English (L2) was used. Most participants used Taglish to interact with teachers, reporting, and in group
activities. The majority of participants used the Bicol dialect when chatting with peers and when ordering in the
cafeteria. The socio-cultural context, learning environment, teaching strategies, prior linguistic knowledge, and
support at home are the elements that influence vocabulary, syntax, and pronunciation in the context of CLI to
the speaking abilities of L2 students. The Filipino (L1) may influence the participants' use of L2 by making
them use their own dialect in the classroom instead of English. This suggests that everyone who speaks does so
with a solid foundation of language knowledge acquired from past exposure to a different language.
Furthermore, multiple consonants and vowels are frequently switched or mixed. The findings showed that CLI
can be linked to home language, location, socioeconomic status, parental education level, and literal or word-
for-word translation from Filipino to English all contributed to these issues. To eradicate cross-linguistic
influence, the researcher suggested the institutional policy known as English Language Only Policy.
KEYWORDS :cross linguistic influence, L1, L2, Sorsogon, Philippines.
I. INTRODUCTION
A society's members communicate with one another primarily through language. The use of language
is a crucial component of cultural expression. It serves as a vehicle for communicating cultural norms and group
identities. Speech and writing are the two most important and initially obvious venues for language.
A variety or varieties do, however, occur in the setting of bilingualism due to several circumstances,
such as L1 or the native language interference or CLI, geography, ethnicity, socioeconomic situation, age, and
educational background, among others.
According to Rothman, et al., (2019) and Treffers-Daller (2016) on their theoretical and empirical
investigations have emphasized the crucial roles that past language knowledge and experience play in
explaining how individuals learn and use an extra language, placing CLI in the larger framework of L2 or
English language use.
There are factors that influence the decision on how a person use the L2, including the language spoken
at home; the number of opportunities to practice the L2 and the learner's internal motivation. Thus, the CLI then
affects various variables through procedural communication in a variety of ways such as in vocabulary, syntax,
and pronunciation.
The study of Kim (2021) focuses on the barrier provided above. He specifically emphasized the need
for determining the hindrance in communication as it is essentially attributable to the higher level of L2 use.
Moreover, several linguists such as Lin, & Zhang (2020), assert that the CLI effect of the L1 in the use of
English, especially those components that are likely to be the topic of positive transfer.
In the Philippines, the CLI is observed in a varied setting commonly related to the use of students by
bridging the gap and connecting individuals by fostering a harmonious connection in which information, ideas,
and culture are shared for both negative and positive transfer through communication (Palma, 2021).
There is a rare educational policy at the institution, where the study was conducted, that requires the
use of English both inside and outside of the classroom. In addition, the researcher discovered that the test
questions used by the school for admission exams are out-of-date, making it impossible to use assessment tools
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to evaluate the English language skills of students enrolled in the BSED-English program. Herein lies the
potential dilemma.
According to the current study, CLI is a behavioral influence on bilinguals that is invariably linked to
their L2 and to the processes involved in a person's development as a monolingual language user. With a focus
on identifying the role of linguistic characteristics in CLI prediction, it tries to fulfill two objectives.
It is discovered through the researcher's findings that L1 has significantly impacted students' speaking
abilities when utilizing English. Language separation, cross-linguistic interactions like borrowing and code
switching, the connection between grammatical proficiency and literacy-related discourse abilities, and the
relationship between lexical knowledge in two languages and other areas of linguistic knowledge are some of
the influences. These facets of bilingual competence have taken center stage in attempts to describe students'
growth in the use of English as their L2.
To comprehend the circumstances and possible solutions to some CLI related issues, the researcher
chose the topic of CLI on the use of L2 among second-year college students in one private higher institution in
Sorsogon City.
II. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The study determined the cross-linguistic influence on the second language use of college students for
the school year 2022-2023. Specifically, this study identified the type of language that the students use inside
and outside the classroom in terms of speaking with their teachers and peers. It also determined the speaking
skills of L2 learners in terms of vocabulary, syntax, and pronunciation. This paper proposed an institutional
policy brief based on the findings of the study.
III. METHODOLOGY
The study determined CLI on L2 use of sophomore BSED English students in one private higher
institution in Sorsogon Cityfor the academic year 2022-2023. The design of this study included qualitative
descriptive research approaches and thematic analysis. Thematic analysis is a qualitative research method that
researchers use to systematically organize and analyze complex data sets. It is a search for themes that can
capture the narratives available in the account of data sets. The purposely chosen participants in this study were
the 25 sophomore BSED English students, the sample being decided based on the provided criteria: (1) must be
2nd year college student; and (2) living in Bicol for the last two to four years. There are seventeen participants
who live in rural areas and the remaining eight participants live in urban areas.
The instruments used in this study were researcher-made field notes, survey checklist and interview
schedule in gathering data. The first part is the researcher-made field notes. Through recording, it is possible to
ascertain the languages that the students use both inside and outside of the classroom. The second part is the
survey checklist contains languages the students use in terms of speaking with teachers and peers inside and
outside the classroom. The languages have L2 learners‟ speaking skills in terms of vocabulary, syntax, and
pronunciation.
The participants individually answered the survey checklist to cover their languages or dialect spoken
at home, reading materials at home, educational attainment of parents, estimated monthly income and
neighborhood type. Part of the survey checklist contains languages that the students use in various instances
such as: during recitation, when explaining to teachers, during presentation of reports or assigned topics, during
group activity, chatting with peers, ordering food in the cafeteria, during conversation or in making inquiry with
teachers, and conversation with the school librarian and other school personnel.
The third part is the interview schedule contains guide questions on how they use their L2 in various
instances in general. The questions are open-ended and so the participants can provide substantial explanation
and quality data. The questions are designed to analyze the CLI on L2 use of the participants relative to the
focus of the study. Before the researcher gathered the data, the researcher initially prepared a letter requesting
the endorsement of the undertaking. Upon approval, the researcher personally visited the participants. The
researcher asked the participants for a portion of their time.
A survey checklist was administered to determine the demographic profile of the participants, which is
believed to have an influence on the use of the L2. An interview schedule was also conducted to attain highly
personalized data. Answers were recorded for better and more objective responses. The interview took place for
3 minutes for each participant. The information gathered from the participants based on their demographic
profile was tabulated, analyzed, and interpreted using frequency counts and percentage. The CLI was also
tabulated and then thematically analyzed into categories. To evaluate the data, the researcher recorded and
transcribed the information she had gathered from the observation, survey checklist, and interview.
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IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The presentation and analysis of the data are the following: 1. the languages do the students use inside
and outside the classroom in terms of speaking with teachers and peers; 2. the cross-linguistic influences do any
of these languages have on L2 learners' speaking skills in terms of vocabulary, syntax, pronunciation; and 3. the
proposed Institutional Policy Brief for both teachers and students.
1. Languages that the students use interms of speaking with teachers and peers.
Students use English, Taglish, Tagalog, Bikol and Bisakol inside and outside of the classroom. The researchers
identified the language they used when speaking with their teachers and peers.
A. LANGUAGE USED INSIDE THE CLASSROOM
1.A1. Language used during recitation
Results indicated that the majority of the participants used English during recitation. Nevertheless, the
use of Tagalog and English languages in an ESL classroom setting was still evident. Participants who used
Taglish during recitation could be the cause of negative transfer. Negative transfer can be seen as making
mistakes because of the influence of L1 or any other language learned before the current language. According to
Odin cited in Ortega (2008) when there is divergence between the native and the non-native language, CLI can
occur in the form of errors, overproduction, underproduction, and miscomprehension.
1.A2 Language used when explaining to teachers
Results revealed that most of the participants used Taglish when explaining to teachers. This may be
the cause of CLI since participants used different patterns and variations of language results in complete
interconnectedness and chaotic variations. The study by Cenoz (2001), which also supports earlier research on
the typological distance in multilingual use, establishes that linguistic distance is a better predictor of CLI than,
for instance, L2 status.
Another factor that can determine the presence of interlanguage transfer (ILT) is L2 status and the
„foreign language effect‟ (Hammarberg, 2001). The L2 can be activated to the detriment of the L1 when a desire
to suppress the L1 is present. It is believed that suppressing the L1 is inherently „non-foreign‟, and therefore
using an L2 form is a more favorable strategy in using another „foreign‟ language. The speaker might not want
to sound like he is using his L1 (Williams &Hammarberg, 1998). These researchers postulate that there are
different mechanisms for the L1 and the L2, and therefore, when an additional non-native language is learned,
the L2 mechanism is activated.
1.A3 Language used during presentation of reports or assigned topics
Results revealed that the majority of the participants used English in terms of speaking with teachers
during reporting assigned topics in class. Parental highest educational attainment may be the reason for the
students to speak English. Parents‟ education is imperative in L2 use. Children may adopt or imitate a mother or
father who speaks English. (Verbatim) “We speak English at home. That‟s what my family used in our usual
conversation.” According to Al-Mahrooqi et al., (2016) and Mahmoud (2018) parental involvement in relation
with English language education reflected that parent believed their involvement had a significant influence on
student‟s achievement.
1.4 Language used during group activity
Results revealed that most of the participants used Taglish in terms of speaking with teachers during
group activity. This simply means that Tagalog served as their universal medium of communication for them to
understand each other since students came from different municipalities who speak distinct dialects. They
explained in the following statements:“Tagalog and English ang ginagamitnaminlalonapag may group activity
kami para magkaintindihan kami. Kasi galling kami saiba’tibang municipality ng Sorsogon at may iba’tibang
dialect. At hindi naman lahat sa amin nakakapagsalita ng English talaga". [ We use Tagalog and English
during group activity so we understand each other. We came from different municipalities with various dialects
and not all of us are fluent in English.]
Kırkgöz (2010) concluded that learners who are at the beginning of their language learning process
make more mistakes due to the negative transfer effects of L1 to L2. In this case, using L1 or too much exposure
to L1 can impede the learning of students on the use of L2.
B. LANGUAGE USED OUTSIDE THE CLASSROOM.
1.B1 Language used when chatting with peers
Results revealed that most of the participants used Bikol dialect when chatting with peers. This means
that students use various dialects and language that may subsequently lead to CLI. This may also imply that
students are obstructed in using the L2 effectively.
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Pasainnakita after this class”
[where will we go after class?]
Maulinaako after sanklase.
[ I will go home after class]
According to Alonso (2016), in the field of L2 use, research has repeatedly shown that adults regularly
construct knowledge about a new language that is different from that built for L1. According to McManus
(2021), the main claim is that even though L2 learners appear able to create explicit or declarative and
verbalizable knowledge of the L2, such as offline grammatical gender knowledge of nouns, developing L2
knowledge that can be used in more unplanned and spontaneous tasks might be more difficult. CL and L2 use
provide a thorough overview of what is currently known regarding prior linguistic knowledge and experience in
second language learning.
1.B2 When ordering food in the cafeteria
Results revealed that the participants use Bikol when ordering food in the cafeteria. It can be depicted
that students used Bikol dialect in their usual conversation outside the classroom. They use the medium that they
can easily convey their thoughts effectively. (Verbatim) “Pabakal man po sadi”. However, when asked to speak
English, they may not use it effectively because of CLI. According to Delbio, Abilasha, &and Ilankumaran, M.
(2018), an L2 learner has an unconscious preference to convey his customs from his L1 to the target language.
The influence of L1 has become a significant region and is generally referred to as „Language Interference‟.
Students, sometimes, use words from their parent language while communicating in English.
1.B3 During conversation or in making inquiry with teachers (after class)
Results revealed that the participants used Taglish in terms of speaking with peers during conversation
or in making inquiry with teachers. However, it can be concluded that using a different dialect or language may
result in CL problems. This may be the reason why they use Taglish instead of plain English. This is how one of
them expressed himself in a codeswitched statement.
Amo po sir, I already submitted the assignment yesterday po.
[Yes, sir. I already submitted the assignment yesterday.]
In this view, instances of negative transfer are explained as L2 knowledge that has not yet been fully
modified. Students accept this conceptualization of transfer as a process of copying and restructuring. This
account suggests that learners manage multiple language systems from the outset. According to Kroll et al.
(2012) this refers to the ability to manage multiple languages as “mental juggling”. Comparisons of L1 and L2
performance in the same speakers can provide support for claims that L1 and L2 knowledge representations
coexist (Isaacs at al.,2012).
1.B4 When having conversation with the school librarian and other school personnel
Results revealed that the majority of the participants used Tagalog in terms of speaking with peers
when having conversation with the school librarian and other school personnel. This is a sample of how one of
the participants inquired if there is a book available.
Magtatanong po sana ako kung meron po kayo nitonglibro?
[ Do you have an available copy of this book?]
This may imply that those students who speak Tagalog may hinder them from speaking plain English.
This may also lead to negative transfer where L1 may contradict or exacerbate students in using English. Work
in connectionism indicates that new language knowledge becomes integrated and connected with networks of
existing language knowledge (Shirai, 2019).
2.Cross-linguistic influence to the speaking skills of L2 learners in terms of vocabulary, syntax, and
pronunciation.
Results regarding the type of CLI applied to L2 learners' speaking skills in terms of vocabulary, syntax,
and pronunciation are discussed below. It is also presented that certain factors may affect achieving
familiarity with words when using the L2 in the context of vocabulary, syntax, and pronunciation, such as socio-
cultural context, learning environment, teaching strategy, prior linguistic knowledge, and support at home.
2.A. Vocabulary
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This section discussed the factors or the CLI on vocabulary such as socio-cultural context, learning
environment, teaching strategy, prior linguistic knowledge, and support at home.
Socio-cultural context. Socio-cultural context refers to the idea that language, rather than existing in
isolation, is closely linked to the culture and society in which it is used. This means when language is learnt, the
socio-cultural context in which it is used needs to be taken into consideration as well. Results revealed that
most of the participants were influenced by socio-cultural context and maybe the main effect of CLI among
them. It is caused by several factors such as home language, geographical area, social-economic status, and
parental educational attainment.
Home language is a type of language a child hears in his microsystems. The type of language that home
language refers to is the L1. When students use and master their L1 utilized in their immediate environment, this
may affect their use of English language. There are risks in impeding their competency in L2, and limiting
continued, autonomous development because of their L1. Geographical area pertains to the type of location or
where the students live such as rural and urban thus affecting the learning and the language input they receive.
The majority of the participants who live in rural areas used Bicol dialect as their native medium of
communication. For this reason, their exposure to L1 may affect their L2 use.
Students from Northern Sorsogon used the words "namon" and "ninda" in their accents. Students from
Central Sorsogon used "namon" and "nira," whereas those from Southern Sorsogon used "mi" and "nira".
Furthermore, each municipality in Sorsogon has a unique variation of dialects. The fundamental cause of this is
that Sorsogon is situated right between Central Luzon and the Visayas. Some Bisaya terms are represented in
the Bicol dialect and are referred to as Bisakol. Based on the results, it can be deciphered that most of the
participants live in rural areas where Bicol dialect is their native medium of communication. For this reason,
their exposure to L1 may affect their L2 use.
During classroom observation, the researcher noted that participants often replaced Bicol words instead
of English words. Participant 1 said:“Ma’am, can you repeat the question po?" [Ma‟am, you please repeat the
question?] In the verbatim statement, the participant used the word “po”, a Filipino term that signifies respect,
instead of the polite word, “please”.
In another instance, participant 2 said:“I just arrived palang.” [ I have just arrived.]
The word "palang" is frequently used in conversation, although upon closer inspection, it may be
redundant. Also, the researcher discovered that several participants spoke Bisakol out of habit. They are
unaware that they committed a CLI. Further, L1 is the most powerful engine of a people's culture and an
essential cultural inheritance that underpins all human interactions (Kim, 2020). Socio-cultural context has
great impacts in L2 use among students. This may result in complete interconnectedness and chaotic variation in
language use. Cross-cultural interaction space has a sense of creating an influence on the content and process of
perception of new cultural models by students in using the L2 as a mediator. Preconditions for reflection and
formation attitudes of a learner, causing a manifestation of social behavior and actions at the personal level, are
formed within the cross-cultural context (Ozfidan et al., 2014).
Learning Environment refers to the space in which students feel safe and supported in their pursuit of
knowledge, as well as inspired by their surroundings. In the context of CLI, this may mean a school
environment where students learn. Results showed that the learning environment is what causes CLI on
vocabulary. This implies that this CLI has an impact on students in the use of English language. Also, the
school, especially the classroom is the place dominated by Bikol speaking students and subsequently the place
where Bicol dialect can be exercised or utilized. During classroom observation, students used Bicol and Tagalog
instead of English as their universal medium of communication during group activity. When interviewed and
asked why they used Bicol and Tagalog, they answered:
Para magkaintindihan po kami lahat.
[So that all of us may understand one another]
Another participant answered: “Hindi po lahat sa amin nakakapagsalita ng English fluently or in
straight English." [ Not all of us are fluent in English or can speak straight English.] This idea finds ally from
another participant who said:
Mas magandanaponagamitin ang
linggwahenanagkakaintindihan kami lahat para
madali naming matapos ang activity. [ It is better to
use the language that everyone understands to
accomplish the task easily.]
The development of cross-cultural perspectives demands a consistent interpretative engagement of
language use and meta-pragmatic awareness. According to Linddicoat and Scarino (2013), intercultural
language learning includes interacting, noticing, comparing, and reflecting on aspects of the language culture.
Learners should have various communication samples and opportunities for discussion and trying out new
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expressions, new speech acts, and new tasks. Learning occurs as learners engage with a range of linguistic input.
For this reason, learning environment may also contribute to CLI committed by the students. Since school is the
best place to eradicate CLI, but it turned out this is the reason why some students committed CL.
The approaches, tactics, procedures, and processes that a teacher use when delivering education are
referred to as teaching strategies. It is widely acknowledged that instructional strategies have multiple
dimensions and that the context in which they are used affects how effective they are. This might also apply to
the language that the teachers use in the classroom. The findings showed that teaching strategies are to blame
for CLI. Chamot (2005) proves that instructional strategies facilitate designing cross-cultural collaborative
learning (group work, self-introductions, and cultural awareness activity, computer-supported collaborative
learning activity).
Prior Linguistic Knowledge refers to the primary language used by the student. This may also pertain
to L1. Results showed that prior linguistic knowledge is what causes CLI on vocabulary. Students‟ primary
language is their L1 which affected their use of the L2. This claim can be proven when participants are observed
and interviewed. Most of the students used Bicol dialect when answering during class recitation. When asked
why they used Bikol as medium of communication, three participants answered:
Participant 1: “Dae ko ma express an s adiri ko.” [I cannot express myself.]
Participant 2 said: “Comfortable akogamiton, pero in try ko man magsimbagnin English ''.
[ I am comfortable with my native language, but I also tried speaking in English].
Participant 3 added: “Dae ko masisimbagnintama an hapotkundaeako mag gamitninBikol.
Perokadalasan English man angamit ko lalonapag an simbagdaekaipuhan mag
explain ninhalagba”.
[ I cannot answer correctly if I do not express my ideas in bicol. I also use
English when I need to explain further.]
Based on the interview, Bikol is the most utilized dialect in the classroom. The participants admit that
they also use English to the best of their knowledge. According to Birdsong (2014), it may postulate that there is
a scaffold in every human‟s head which enables a person to learn a (new) language.
Support at home refers to the assistance provided by parents, family members, relatives in terms of
language. Results revealed that CLI on vocabulary is caused by support at home. This influence implies that it
can be attributed to the demographic profile of students in terms of family economic status, parents‟ highest
educational attainment, and the language used at home that may affect the students‟ use of L2.
It has been said that parental involvement in academic aspects of their children has been heralded as an
important and positive variable on children‟s academic and socio-emotional development. Educated parents help
their children withschoolwork activities and the use of new knowledge.
Parents‟ Educational Background is also one of the reasons for CLI. In terms of productive vocabulary, a higher
level of maternal education correlates with a higher level of expressive vocabulary at different ages. For
example, if a mother is a college graduate, there is a possibility that a mother can teach the knowledge well in
using English. Several of the participants said that their mothers had completed high school while their father's
highest level of schooling is high school. Most of the students‟ parents have only completed secondary
education.
This can be assumed that those college-educated mothers spend more time providing childcare and
age-appropriate activities with their children than mothers who have a high school education (Davis-Kean et al.,
2020). High school-educated parents spend time providing childcare but fail to contribute academically. In
addition, high-income and highly educated parents are more likely to be involved in their children‟s education,
which is a key factor in adolescents‟ educational successes (Iwaniec, 2020).
Lastly, regarding the language used at home, most of the participants answered that they use Taglish
and Bikol at home. This can be concluded that these dialects have an impact in the school. Generally, factors
such as socio-cultural context, learning environment, teaching strategy, prior linguistic knowledge, and support
at home may affect the students in achieving familiarity of words or in using L2 in the context of vocabulary. As
a result, eradicating the L1-caused CLI depends greatly on classroom interaction.
2.B. Syntax
This section discussed the factors that affect the CLIs on syntax, such as socio-cultural context,
learning environment, teaching strategy, prior linguistic knowledge, and support at home. Socio-cultural
context. In a socio-cultural context, it is revealed that CLI on syntax is caused by socio-cultural context. This
implies that this CLI has a great impact on students. All language acquisition takes place in a social matrix, and
so it will be useful to consider some of the social factors relevant to transfer. The participants believed that CLI
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syntax is caused by several factors. For instance, during the class observation and survey, most of the students
integrated L1 in constructing English sentences. Participants mostly responded with this sentence:
Ikana mag answer[You answer the question].
I’m done na po. [ I am already done.]
Factors that may affect syntax are as word-for-word translation or literal translation from Filipino to
English, impact, or interference of the first language during the process of speaking in English, limited L2
knowledge, and focus on language rather than content. This primarily implies that CLI may occur in bilingual
L1 acquisition in specific contexts in which syntax and pragmatics interact (Serratrice et al., 2004).
Based on the results under learning environment, it is believed that CLI on syntax is caused by learning
environment. Learning environment such as school classrooms is predominated by Bikol speaking students. As
a result, L1 may affect the students in the use of L2 using their own dialect instead of English in the classroom.
Just like in the CLI on vocabulary, students used Bikol and Tagalog instead of English as their universal
medium of communication during group activity and recitation. When interviewed and asked why they used
Bikol and Tagalog, they answered: “Para magkaintindihan po kami lahat." [ For all of us to understand one
another.]
For this reason, learning environment may also contribute to CLI committed by the students. This
suffices to restrict the transfer to being a cover term for several behaviors which intersect with input from the
target language and with universal properties of L2. According to McConachy (2017) thinks that classroom talk
provides a context in which learner interpretations are clear. This is instrumental in making the learners‟ ideas
available for future reflection, gradually revealing the aspects of interpretative architecture through which
interpretations are operating. It helps students to account for pragmatic appropriateness and manifest socio-
cultural variables. This process creates an individual learning resource of students and brings it to awareness.
Students‟ interpretations of themselves become a tool for collaborative learning.
Teaching strategies. Teaching strategies refer to the methods, techniques, procedures, and processes
that a teacher uses during instruction. The language that teachers use in the classroom may also be a part of this.
Results showed that teaching strategies are to blame for CLI on syntax. This implies that teaching strategies as
CLI have an impact on students. According to Nölle et al., (2020), a positive academic environment includes
good teaching, emphasis on independence, clear goals and standard, appropriate assessment, and appropriate
workload. With the incessant problem of low language proficiency of learners, teachers should continuously
work on English language development and development of English instruction. It is important to note this
factor that contributes to the low proficiency of learners in English (Serquina&Batang, 2018).
Results showed that prior linguistic knowledge is what causes CLI on syntax. This implies that all
speakers do this with an established system of language knowledge built up from prior experience using some
other language. Even though L1–L2 form-meaning mapping differences can lead to persistent learnability
difficulties for L2 speakers, even after considerable exposure to the L2. In this case, there is always an
interference of L1 when using the English language. In this context, this claim can be best supported based on
observation done inside the classroom. Participants answered when asked by the teacher about her assignment:
“Ma‟am, I submitted my assignment already”. [ Ma‟am, I already submitted the assignment.]
Saying “already” at the end of the sentence would put it in an awkward position which will be
misconstrued as broken English. How speakers attend to, and process new linguistic input is therefore
influenced by prior experience. This is one reason why some of the negative effects of CLI can be fleeting in
some cases but more persistent in others. It all depends on what experience learners bring to L2 use. Therefore,
advancing multifactor accounts of learning that are both sensitive to the input and how prior experience biases
processing are critical for understanding CLI and learning more generally (McManus, 2022).
Results revealed that CLI on syntax is caused by support at home. This may mean that demographic
profile may play a vital role in cross-linguistics such as language used at home, educational attainment of
parents, and socio-economic status. On the language used at home, most of the participants answered that they
use Taglish and Bikol at home. Contextual factors such as learners‟ self-beliefs, family‟s support may influence
the kinds of strategies used by students. The learning environment was assessed to see if it meets the student‟s
needs and manages emotional responses to individualized language learning. According to El-Omari (2016)
family support and socio-economic factors have direct impacts on students‟ achievement in English language
learning.
2.C. Pronunciation
This section discussed the factors that affect the CLI on pronunciation, such as socio-cultural context,
learning environment, teaching strategies, prior linguistic knowledge, and support at home. When a language is
learned, the socio-cultural context in which it is used needs to be taken into consideration as well. Results
showed that CLI in pronunciation is caused by socio-cultural context. In this case, the effect of socio-cultural
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context in the L2 use is interchanging or mixing up several consonants and vowels. Different dialect variations
in every municipality in Sorsogon may be the main reason.
The socio-cultural context is present among participants that this interchanging or mix up several
consonants and vowels are prevalent. During observation in one of the Professional Education subjects, students
substituted the /p/ in a word for an /f/ such as “froperpraction” instead of “proper fraction” or “ferson” instead of
“person”, the /v/ and /b/ sounds such as “vecause” instead of “because” and the /i/ and /e/ “Lewis” ('lƐwƐs)
instead of “Lewis” (/'lu:IS/), especially if these sounds occur close together.
This can be assumed that CLI of socio-cultural context on pronunciation is most likely to occur
between languages, L1 and L2, which are closely related. According to Kellerman (no date cited), transferability
is conditioned by two constraints, namely psychotypology and prototypicality, i.e. more prototypical features in
the L1 determine a higher degree of CLI into the L2, especially if these languages are perceived to be related or
similar.
In addition, the proficiency factor should also be emphasized and acknowledged as conditioning the
source and strength of CLI. When the proficiency level in this additionally acquired language is relatively low
and learners tend to resort to transfer more frequently as a coping strategy (Kang, X., Matthews, S., Yip, V. et
al. 2021).
Furthermore, it can be presumed the transfer characteristic for the low proficiency level in the L2 is
usually negative, as opposed to the positive type of transfer which typically occurs at more advanced stages of
L2 use when learners take advantage of their previous linguistic knowledge much more. In socio-cultural
context, learners are first exposed to L1 and have a minimum exposure to the L2. Generally, it can be said that
L2 speakers seem to make mistakes in pronunciation mainly because of L1 transfer. The majority of the
participants live in rural areas which have a total number of seventeen participants, where Bicol dialect is their
native medium of communication. For this reason, their exposure to L1 may affect their L2 use.
In this case, certain aspects of ability related to borrowing manifest themselves in a completely uniform
way as they pronounce the words of L1 and L2 similarly especially in terms of accent. Socio-cultural context is
a major source of variation, as the dynamics of parallel activation and inhibition of competing linguistic units,
the L1 and L2, can influence pronunciation patterns.
Learning Environment may mean that the phonetic system of one of a bilingual‟s languages impacts
the production and perception of speech sounds in their other language. The CLI on pronunciation is caused by
the learning environment which implies that the way a learner perceives his proximal educational environment
may shape the learning paths.
The interchanging or mix up of several consonants and vowels as mentioned in socio-cultural context,
may be associated with the educational environment, therefore, is a complex system of diverse constituents
interplaying dynamically with one another and affecting the efficiency of an L2 learning process. It can also be
worth mentioning the factual truth that the school setting, especially the classroom, is predominated by Bikol
speaking students. Therefore, it can be concluded that there is a variation in verbal fluency between L1 and L2.
In the context of teaching strategies, they refer to the methods, techniques, procedures, and processes
that a teacher uses during instruction. It is generally recognized that teaching strategies are multidimensional,
and their effectiveness depends on the context in which they are applied. The language that teachers use in the
classroom may also be a part of this. Results revealed that CLI on pronunciation is caused by teaching
strategies. In this perspective, teacher factors play an important role in teachers‟ moderate L2 learning
processes. The role of a language teacher in an L2 learner‟s pronunciation cannot be overlooked, particularly, in
the foreign language educational environment where the exposure to the L2 is limited. In these contexts, L2
teachers function as major pronunciation models and sources of input for their students. Their behaviors,
including their language and instruction, tap into learners‟ motivation which may subsequently empower
learners‟ pronunciation and overall language learning processes (Moradi &Sabeti, 2014).
Prior linguistic knowledge is what causes the CLI on pronunciation. In the context of prior linguistic
knowledge, there is a prevalence of interchanging and mixing up several consonants and vowels. But in the
context of prior linguistic knowledge, for instance, during classroom observation in one of the Professional
Education subjects, the /p/ in a word for an /f/, such as “froperpraction” instead of “proper fraction” or “ferson”
instead of “person," the /v/ and /b/ sounds, such as “because” instead of "because,” and the /i/ and /e/ “Lewis”
('lws) instead of “Lewis” (/'lu:IS/), can also be attributed as an outcome or a result of the linguistic differences
and similarities among a speaker‟s languages in terms of phonetics. Thus, it is termed "negative transfer," which
occurs when the learning tasks of the two languages are relative but different and the learner of the foreign
language uses the expression and understanding of L1 to replace the way of the foreign language.
The effects of prior linguistic knowledge and experience on L2 use can be positive or facilitative when
the patterns of language use are similar across languages, such as when languages share sets of meanings or
concepts, but in the case above, it implies the opposite. Therefore, prior experience influences how speakers pay
attention to and process new linguistic input. According to McManus (2022) advancing multifactor accounts of
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learning that are both sensitive to the input and how prior linguistic experience biases processing are critical for
understanding CLI and learning more generally.
Additionally, this paper considered the fact that support at home is what causes CLI on pronunciation.
This influence implies that it can be attributed to the demographic profile of students in terms of, parents‟
highest educational attainment, and the language used at home that may affect the students‟ L2 use.
It can be assumed that support at home may be attributed to the demographic profile of the participants.
Ten participants useTaglish and 11 participants use Bicol at home, the influence of CL to L2 learners‟ speaking
skills may be obstructed. The prevalence of interchanging or mixing up several consonants and vowels are
caused by the dialects or language used at home. Moreover, the absence of a proper educational background of
parents cannot be omitted in the equation of L2. Since most of the participants have an intensive exposure to
Bicol dialects and they forgot noticing and rigorously discriminating, subtle contrasts between L1 and L2 sound
systems might lead to unsatisfactory results. According to Zhou (2020) on the analysis from various
perspectives, including the attitudes of the parents towards the use of L2, it was found out that the family
environment indeed affects the foreign language learning of students.
V. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the findings of the study, the researcher arrived at the following conclusions: There is a rare
policy implemented inside and outside the classroom enforced by teacher and school administrators that will
help the students use English language in communication. Also, there is no English language policy that will
eradicate cross-linguistic influence on L2 learners' speaking skills in terms of vocabulary, syntax, and
pronunciation. It is imperative to implement an English language policy in the institution that will serve as an
intervention in eradicating CLI in the second language use of college students.
Based on the findings and conclusions, the following are recommended: It is suggested that teachers
may impose an English language policy in the classroom that will help eradicate the CLI among college students
that basically affect their vocabulary, syntax, and pronunciation. School administrators and other stakeholders
may formulate approaches and frameworks that will help L2 proficiency use among college students. This may
allow them to find a way to provide their students with appropriate assistance to improve their language
proficiency. The researchers proposed an institutional policy brief entitled “English Language Only Policy:
Eradicating Cross-Linguistic Influence” on addressing CLI on L2 use of second year college may be
implemented in the school. Future researchers on CLI on L2 use of second year college to determine the
reliability, validity, and credibility of this study.
VI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The researchers would like to express their gratitude to the panel of evaluators who helped in the
improvement of this study. Likewise, they are thankful to the student- participants who shared their time and
information.
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