Bailable offence
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This document summarizes the differences between bailable and non-bailable offenses. Bailable offenses are those punishable by less than 3 years in prison. The accused has the right to bail, which is granted by the court or police. Non-bailable offenses involve more serious crimes like murder, rape, and kidnapping that are punishable by more than 3 years including life imprisonment. For non-bailable offenses, bail is not a right and is at the court's discretion based on factors like flight risk.
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National criminallawyersproceeds of crime
Proceeds of crime means any property that is substantially derived or realised, directly or indirectly, by any person from the commission of a serious offence.
Diffrences
This document discusses the differences between justification and excuses as defenses in criminal law under the Indian Penal Code. It notes that justification means showing a good and legal reason for one's actions, while excuse refers to a reason for an action or inaction. Justification defenses apply more broadly based on circumstances, while excuses are personal to the individual. Justification involves balancing interests and furthering the greater good, while excuses do not require this balancing. The document also discusses mistakes, necessity, and accidents as defenses under sections 76, 79, 81, and 80 of the Indian Penal Code, providing examples of each. It emphasizes that a mistake of fact can be a defense if made in good faith, while ignorance of law is not a
Diffrences
This document discusses the differences between justification and excuses as defenses in criminal law under the Indian Penal Code. It provides definitions of justification and excuse, noting that justification means showing a good legal reason for an act, while excuse means an alleged reason for an act. It outlines four key distinctions between justification and excuse: 1) Justification defenses apply universally while excuses are personal, 2) Justification involves balancing interests while excuses do not, 3) Justification derives from norms directing the public while excuses derive from norms assessing accountability, 4) Justification focuses on the act while excuses focus on the actor. The document then discusses mistakes, necessity, and accidents as defenses under sections 76, 79, 80, and 81 of the Indian Pen
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Preliminaries-and-Law-Enforcement (1).pptx
A criminal is defined as a person convicted of a crime by final judgment. During different stages of the criminal justice process, an individual may be referred to as a suspect, respondent, accused, person deprived of liberty, or ex-convict. Crime is classified according to the law punishing it, presence or absence of intent, gravity, impact on society, and presence or absence of an attempted or frustrated stage. The criminal justice system aims to prevent and control crime through its five pillars: law enforcement, prosecution, courts, corrections, and the community. Law enforcement activities include preventing crime, suppressing crime, apprehending criminals, conducting searches and seizures, investigating crimes, and protecting lives and property.
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Law 2.0 Conference reviews the impact of identity fraud and legal ways to combat scammers and fraudsters who are trying to defraud victims.
criminallaw 1860123456778765476-PPT.pptx
This document provides an overview of criminal law in India. It begins by defining what constitutes a crime and discusses the key elements of crimes, including actus reus and mens rea. It then categorizes different types of crimes and explains the stages of criminal proceedings from investigation to trial. The major sources of criminal law in India are described, including the Indian Penal Code, Code of Criminal Procedure, and Indian Evidence Act. Various objectives and principles of criminal law in India are also summarized. The document closes by mentioning some special acts and local laws that define additional criminal offenses.
criminallaw- introduction.pdf
This document provides an overview of criminal law in India. It discusses key concepts like actus reus and mens rea, which are the guilty act and guilty mind that are required for a crime. It outlines various categories of crimes and stages of a crime from preparation to commission. The sources of criminal law in India are described, including the Indian Penal Code, Criminal Procedure Code, and Indian Evidence Act. The objectives and classifications of offences in criminal law are also summarized. An example of a criminal scam involving Harshad Mehta is briefly described at the end.
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TRAP CASES
A trap is a procedure used to catch a public servant accepting a bribe. The complainant files a case stating a public servant demanded a bribe. An investigation is done and if the complaint is genuine, permission is given to lay a trap. For the trap, the complainant is given money coated in phenolphthalein powder to pay the bribe. Officers witness the exchange and arrest the public servant if a phenolphthalein test turns positive, indicating they handled the money. A successful trap provides strong evidence of guilt in corruption cases against public servants.
TMB test
This document describes the tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) presumptive test for detecting blood. The TMB test works by catalyzing the peroxidase-like activity of hemoglobin in blood. When heme in blood reacts with TMB in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, it causes TMB to oxidize and turn blue-green. The TMB test can detect blood dilutions up to 1:1000,000 and provides results within 20 seconds. It is a sensitive, easy and economical test for detecting blood, but uses corrosive reagents and lacks specificity for differentiating blood from other substances that may also cause color changes.
Special types of crime scenes Part-2
1) The document discusses the role of forensic experts in investigating mass disasters and terrorist attacks. It covers types of disasters, management of disaster sites, and the roles of forensic pathologists and other experts.
2) Key responsibilities of forensic teams include identifying victims through means like DNA, dental records, and fingerprints. They also work to determine the cause of death and examine disaster sites for clues.
3) An example discussed is the 1993 Mumbai bombings, where RDX explosives were used in vehicles to kill over 100 people across 12 sites. Forensic analysis of debris and other evidence helped investigate the terrorist attacks.
Special types of crime scenes Part-1.pptx
- Crime scene investigation involves collecting and analyzing evidence from the location where a crime occurred. Biological evidence like blood, as well as latent prints, digital evidence, trace evidence and more may be collected.
- The type of evidence collected depends on the crime. For example, a burglary may involve collecting trace evidence and DNA evidence from points of entry and likely contact areas.
- How a crime scene is processed generally follows seven steps: establishing security; documenting the scene; collecting, packaging and preserving evidence. The most probative evidence is sent to forensic laboratories for detailed examination and analysis.
Scope of Cyber forensics
This document discusses the scope of cyber forensics. It defines cyber forensics as the process of extracting digital evidence from cyber crimes while maintaining a documented chain of custody. It describes the types of cyber forensics like network, email, mobile device forensics. It outlines the key steps cyber forensics experts follow: identification, preservation, analysis and documentation of digital evidence found, and presentation in court. Finally, it discusses the importance of cyber forensics in solving cyber and real-world crimes and ensuring integrity of digital evidence.
Principles of fingerprints
This document discusses the principles of fingerprints. It begins by introducing fingerprints, noting that they are unique ridge patterns on fingers that remain unchanged throughout life, making them useful for identification. It then describes the three main fingerprint types - arch, loop, and whorl. The key principles of fingerprints are that they are individual, permanent, universal, and classifiable. Fingerprints are individual due to their unique ridge patterns. They remain permanent from a young age to old age. They are universal across all humans. And their patterns can be classified into categories. The document concludes that these principles make fingerprints forensically significant for identifying criminals and determining a suspect's presence at a crime scene.
porous and non-porous surface
This document discusses the differences between porous and non-porous surfaces for fingerprint development. Fingerprints deposited on non-porous surfaces like glass or plastic do not absorb residues, which can be developed using powder methods or cyanoacrylate fuming. Fingerprints on porous surfaces like paper or cardboard allow residue absorption, requiring chemical methods like ninhydrin or iodine fuming to react with residues below the surface. Key differences are how long residues remain, appropriate development techniques, and advantages/disadvantages of each method for different surface types.
Physical Examination Of Tyre Marks
This document discusses the physical examination of tyre marks in forensic investigations. It describes the different types of tyre marks including yaw marks, scrub marks, and skid marks. It outlines the characteristics and identification process for tyre marks, including width, tread pattern, and circumstances. The document explains that tyre marks can be photographed, casted, or examined at a crime scene and provides their forensic significance in helping to identify vehicles and tracing criminal activity.
PAINT EVIDENCE COLLECTION
Paints are very common evidence found in hit and run cases, burglary cases and many other cases. The collection of paint evidence has been explained in this presentation
Microcrystalline Test for drugs
This document discusses microcrystalline testing for drugs. The test identifies specific drugs based on the unique shape and color of crystals formed when a drug sample is mixed with a specific reagent under a microscope. An example is provided where cocaine produces X-shaped crystals when reacted with gold chloride. The test has advantages of being cheap, simple, rapid and sensitive. However, it requires an expert to perform and interpret and can destroy important drug samples.
Introduction to PCR technique
This document introduces the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. It explains that PCR is used to amplify a small segment of DNA across many orders of magnitude, generating thousands to millions of copies of a particular sequence. The principle of PCR involves denaturing DNA, annealing primers to the DNA, and extending the DNA via polymerase. Key instrumentation is used to perform PCR. The document concludes that PCR has significant forensic applications like identifying human remains and developing genetic fingerprints from crime scene samples.
History OF DNA typing
This document provides an overview of the history of forensic DNA typing. It discusses how in 1980, Ray White described the first polymorphic RFLP marker and in 1985, Alec Jeffreys discovered multilocus VNTR probes. It then outlines some of the major developments in DNA typing techniques between 1985-1998, including the first use of PCR in 1985 and the FBI starting their DNA casework in 1988. The document also provides brief descriptions of the principles, steps, techniques, advantages, disadvantages and applications of DNA typing.
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GAIT PATTERN ANALYSIS
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FORENSIC BIOMETRIC
Biometrics refers to the automatic identification of a person based on physiological or behavioral characteristics. Passwords, PINs, and keys are not very reliable for identification since they can be forgotten, shared, stolen, or easily guessed. Biometric identification uses unique physical traits like fingerprints, iris scans, voice recognition, or hand geometry that cannot be lost or shared to reliably identify individuals. As biometric technology advances, it may replace traditional identification methods and provide more secure access to sensitive information, banking, government systems, and commercial applications.
fingerprint characteristics
This document summarizes the key characteristics of fingerprints. It discusses how fingerprints develop in the womb, the three main fingerprint patterns (arch, loop, and whorl), and the ridge and minutia details that make each fingerprint unique. It also outlines the three main types of fingerprints that can be found at crime scenes: patent prints formed through transfers of colored materials, latent prints through sweat or oil, and plastic prints on pliable surfaces.
Fiber & Examination of fibers
Fibers are associative evidence that can link a suspect to a crime scene based on the principle of exchange. Fibers may be important evidence in crimes involving personal contact and should be collected visually using clean tools or tape lifting and preserved in paper envelopes. Key characteristics of fibers examined include diameter, cross section, color, and location. Analysis methods include microscopy and chemical analysis to determine if a questioned fiber belongs to a known fabric. Fibers can indicate an individual's presence but are not unique like fingerprints or DNA.
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ESDA is a tool used in questioned document cases. But how it works?
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Bailable offence
- 3. CONTENTS • Introduction • MeaningofBAIL • WhatisOffencemeaning • Non-bailable offence • Bailableoffence
- 4. Offences are divided into twoclassifications that include Non-Bailable and Bailable offences. If thepunishmentof theoffencesis roughlyabout threeyears,thentheyare calledBailableoffence. Thesevereoffences suchasCulpableHomicide, Murder, and Rape are called as Non-Bailable offence. INTRODUCTION
- 5. MEANING OF BAIL When it comes to bail, it is a tool used for ensuring the existence of accused when requiredbyacourt.ItdoesnotdescribethistermBail. Mostsignificantly,Bailisone of the agreements in that an individual makes an accurately written undertaking to court for appearing before it. It is when complying and required with certain conditionsmentionedin anagreement.Apersonassuresfor payingsomepenaltyif she/he failsto obeytheconditionsandtermsof anagreement.
- 6. WHAT IS OFFENCES? Offence means any act or omission made punishable by any law for the time being in force. If an act that causes the violation of certain rights of other people or causes harm to other individuals and they are very dangerous and also affect the entire society, then they are considered as offences. CrPC Section 2(n) describes the offences in the following manner. It also includes the act on behalf of that complaints are made under Section 20 of the Cattle-trespass Act, 1871.
- 7. NON-BAILABLE OFFENCES Thenon-bailable offensesaretheoffencesin thattheallocationof Bailistruly not asubjectof right. In thiscondition,the accused person hasto immediatelyapplyto acourt.Itisthediscretionof thecourt for allocatingthebailor not. BailableoffencesareCognizable offences.ThecourtactuallyrefusesthisBailduring certain conditionsthat include: The“BailBond”isnot duly executed If offensescommittedaresinglethatimposesthepunishment of life imprisonment or deathlike “Rape”or “Murder”or the accusedindividualsaretried to abscondand theyhavedoubtful credentials.
- 9. In this kind of offence, the allocation of bail is a subject of right. This kind of bail may be offered by the court or police officerswhoarehavingthe custodyof blamed. Bailable offences are non-cognizable offences. When it comes to Bail Bond of Bailable offence, it includes certain conditionsand termswhicharelisted below: • The accused individual will never leave the protective border of the state with no permission of police officers or court. • Theaccusedindividualsshallprovide their presencebefore the policeofficers regularly. • The accused individual will never tamper with the evidence whatsoever, measured by the police department during the investigationprocess. BAILABLE OFFENCES
- 10. Lorem ipsum dolor sitamet,consectetur adipiscingelit, seddo eiusmodtempor incididunt ut labore etdolore magna aliqua. Utenim ad minim Examples: Section144(IPC)BeingapartofanyunlawfulAssembly. Section 154 (IPC) Occupier or owner of the land on that illegalassemblyisconducted. Section158(IPC) Armed,riotingwithanydeadly weapon.
- 11. The quantum of punishment is high in Non- Bailable offences which may extend to Life Imprisonment. Whereas, bail cannot be claimed as right and court or the police officer has discretiontograndbailafterconsideringfacts andcircumstancespfeachcase.ProvisionforNon- Bailableoffenceisgiven u/s 437ofCrPC. CONCLUSION
- 12. THANK YOU