Booklet that I made for criminological theories revision, using resources from the internet. These theories include:
* Classical Theory
* Functionalist Crime Theories (includes Durkheim and Merton)
* Marxist Theory
* Right realism
* Left realism
* Labelling (Interactionism)
* Individualistic theories (learning theories, psychological theories and psychodynamic theories)
* Eysenck's theory
* Family crime theories
* Neurophysiological (brain damage)
* Neurochemical
* Kohlberg's moral development
* Behaviourist theory
Booklet that I made for criminological theories revision, using resources from the internet. These theories include:
* Classical Theory
* Functionalist Crime Theories (includes Durkheim and Merton)
* Marxist Theory
* Right realism
* Left realism
* Labelling (Interactionism)
* Individualistic theories (learning theories, psychological theories and psychodynamic theories)
* Eysenck's theory
* Family crime theories
* Neurophysiological (brain damage)
* Neurochemical
* Kohlberg's moral development
* Behaviourist theory
This presentation covers the main pointers to remember while studying the schools of criminology. Compiling together in simple language, I've created a friendly presentation to help you associate the school with its salient features.
*Please open in Microsoft PPT for high definition and best effects :)
This presentation covers the main pointers to remember while studying the schools of criminology. Compiling together in simple language, I've created a friendly presentation to help you associate the school with its salient features.
*Please open in Microsoft PPT for high definition and best effects :)
Lecture-1, Crime and Criminal, types of crime, classification of crimeManzoor86
In this lecture, I will explain the definition of crime , elements of crime, classification and types of crime.
What is crime and its elements
what is crime and types of crime
Defining crime is very important in CSS criminology for competitive examination. In today's lecture, I will teach the aspirants about crime, various definitions of crime, elements of crime and will discuss actus Reus, Mens Rea and will explain the elements of crime. We will also discuss classification of crime and understand infractions, misdemeanors and felonies. In the later part of the lecture, I will discuss types of crime and will explain crime against person, crime against property, inchoate crime, statuary crime, white collar crime, organized crime and cyber crime.
The HeartObjectives· Identify the anatomical structures of the.docxrtodd33
The Heart
Objectives
· Identify the anatomical structures of the cardiovascular system
· Explain how blood flows through the heart, lungs, and body
· Describe the electrical conduction system of the heart
· Explain the cardiac cycle, including how the cardiovascular system contributes to the homeostasis of the body
Assignment Overview
This practice exercise allows students to review the structure and function of the heart.
Deliverables
An annotated resource list of learning tools from the Internet
Step 1 Access and review the online activity:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5tUWOF6wEnk#action=share
Step 2 Access and review the online activity:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H04d3rJCLCE#action=share
Step 3 Access and review the online activity:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fZT9vlbL2uA&feature=youtu.be
Step 4 Using the Internet, search for additional learning aids from reputable sources.
Using the Internet, search for additional learning aids from reputable sources. These can be animations, videos, diagrams, or any other type of resource that you find useful in your studies. Find at least one resource for each of the following topics:
· Heart anatomy
· The electrical conduction system of the heart
· Blood flow through the heart
· Blood flow through the body
· The cardiac cycle
Step 5 Write a brief summary of each topic.
For each topic listed in Step 4, write a brief summary paragraph that explains the major highlights of the topic and briefly explains why you think the resource you have found will help in learning the material. Cite the resource appropriately.
Step 6 Submit your answers.
When you have completed the assignment, save a copy for yourself in an easily accessible place and submit a copy to your instructor using the
ACC 150
THE LEGAL ENVIRONMENT OF BUSINESS
With Doreen Smith, Esquire
Chapter 8
GENERAL PRINCIPLESWhat is a Tort?
Civil wrong that interferes with one’s property or person. A common tort is a negligence action which often impact a business (such as a slip and fall action or car accident).Torts distinguished from crimes/contracts
Crime arises from violation of public duty, whereas tort arises from violation of private duty. Same act can be both a crime and a tort.
A breach of contract action is not a tort.
CIVIL VS. CRIMINAL CASECriminalBurden of Proof—beyond a reasonable doubtCase brought by governmentGuilty person would pay a fine, serve time in prison or receive the death penalty CivilBurden of Proof—By the preponderance of the evidenceCase brought by a private partyA Defendant may pay damages for what they did wrong.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES
Types of Torts:Intentional (see below for specific torts)Civil wrong that results from intentional conduct. This a a category of torts that includes assault, battery and defamation.Negligence Civil wrong that results from careless conductStrict LiabilityCivil wrong for which there is absolute liability because the activity is inherently dangerous
INTENTIONAL T.
CHAPTER 7 Criminal Law and CybercrimeNew York Police Departmen.docxbissacr
CHAPTER 7 Criminal Law and Cybercrime
New York Police Department, Times Square, New York City
Criminal cases make up a large portion of cases tried in U.S. courts. Criminal cases are bought against persons for violating federal, state, and local laws. Suspected criminals are given many rights by the U.S. Constitution and state constitutions. Parties in the United States are free from unreasonable searches and seizures of evidence, and any evidence obtained illegally is considered tainted evidence and cannot be used in court. People who are suspected of a criminal act may assert their right of privilege against self-incrimination and may choose not to testify at any pretrial proceedings or at trial. Parties have a right to a public trial by a jury of their peers. In addition, if convicted of a crime, the criminal is free from cruel and unusual punishment.
Learning Objectives
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
1. List and describe the essential elements of a crime.
2. Describe criminal procedure, including arrest, indictment, arraignment, and the criminal trial.
3. Identify and define business and white-collar crimes.
4. List and describe cybercrimes.
5. Explain the constitutional safeguards provided by the Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution.
Chapter Outline
1. Introduction to Criminal Law and Cybercrime
2. Definition of a Crime
1. CONTEMPORARY ENVIRONMENT • Criminal Acts as the Basis for Tort Actions
3. Criminal Procedure
4. Common Crimes
1. ETHICS • Murder Conviction Upheld on Appeal
5. Business and White-Collar Crimes
1. BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT • Corporate Criminal Liability
6. Cybercrimes
1. DIGITAL LAW • The Internet and Identity Theft
2. Case 7.1 • United States v. Barrington
7. Fourth Amendment Protection From Unreasonable Search and Seizure
1. Case 7.2 • U.S. SUPREME COURT CASE • Navarette v. California
2. Case 7.3 • U.S. SUPREME COURT CASE • Maryland v. King
3. Case 7.4 • U.S. SUPREME COURT CASE • Riley v. California and United States v. Wurie
8. Fifth Amendment Privilege Against Self-Incrimination
1. Case 7.5 • Ragland v. Commonwealth of Kentucky
9. Other Constitutional Protections
1. GLOBAL LAW • France Does Not Impose the Death Penalty
“It is better that ten guilty persons escape than that one innocent suffer.”
—Sir William Blackstone Commentaries on the Laws of England (1765)
Introduction to Criminal Law and Cybercrime
For members of society to coexist peacefully and for commerce to flourish, people and their property must be protected from injury by other members of society. Federal, state, and local governments’ criminal laws are intended to afford this protection by providing an incentive for persons to act reasonably in society and imposing penalties on persons who violate the laws.
There can be no equal justice where the kind of trial a man gets depends on the amount of money he has.
Justice Black
Griffin v. Illinois 351 U.S. 12, 76 S.Ct. 585, 1956 U.S. Lexis 1059 (1956)
The Uni.
Car Accident Injury Do I Have a Case....Knowyourright
Every year, thousands of Minnesotans are injured in car accidents. These injuries can be severe – even life-changing. Under Minnesota law, you can pursue compensation through a personal injury lawsuit.
How to Obtain Permanent Residency in the NetherlandsBridgeWest.eu
You can rely on our assistance if you are ready to apply for permanent residency. Find out more at: https://immigration-netherlands.com/obtain-a-permanent-residence-permit-in-the-netherlands/.
WINDING UP of COMPANY, Modes of DissolutionKHURRAMWALI
Winding up, also known as liquidation, refers to the legal and financial process of dissolving a company. It involves ceasing operations, selling assets, settling debts, and ultimately removing the company from the official business registry.
Here's a breakdown of the key aspects of winding up:
Reasons for Winding Up:
Insolvency: This is the most common reason, where the company cannot pay its debts. Creditors may initiate a compulsory winding up to recover their dues.
Voluntary Closure: The owners may decide to close the company due to reasons like reaching business goals, facing losses, or merging with another company.
Deadlock: If shareholders or directors cannot agree on how to run the company, a court may order a winding up.
Types of Winding Up:
Voluntary Winding Up: This is initiated by the company's shareholders through a resolution passed by a majority vote. There are two main types:
Members' Voluntary Winding Up: The company is solvent (has enough assets to pay off its debts) and shareholders will receive any remaining assets after debts are settled.
Creditors' Voluntary Winding Up: The company is insolvent and creditors will be prioritized in receiving payment from the sale of assets.
Compulsory Winding Up: This is initiated by a court order, typically at the request of creditors, government agencies, or even by the company itself if it's insolvent.
Process of Winding Up:
Appointment of Liquidator: A qualified professional is appointed to oversee the winding-up process. They are responsible for selling assets, paying off debts, and distributing any remaining funds.
Cease Trading: The company stops its regular business operations.
Notification of Creditors: Creditors are informed about the winding up and invited to submit their claims.
Sale of Assets: The company's assets are sold to generate cash to pay off creditors.
Payment of Debts: Creditors are paid according to a set order of priority, with secured creditors receiving payment before unsecured creditors.
Distribution to Shareholders: If there are any remaining funds after all debts are settled, they are distributed to shareholders according to their ownership stake.
Dissolution: Once all claims are settled and distributions made, the company is officially dissolved and removed from the business register.
Impact of Winding Up:
Employees: Employees will likely lose their jobs during the winding-up process.
Creditors: Creditors may not recover their debts in full, especially if the company is insolvent.
Shareholders: Shareholders may not receive any payout if the company's debts exceed its assets.
Winding up is a complex legal and financial process that can have significant consequences for all parties involved. It's important to seek professional legal and financial advice when considering winding up a company.
Military Commissions details LtCol Thomas Jasper as Detailed Defense CounselThomas (Tom) Jasper
Military Commissions Trial Judiciary, Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. Notice of the Chief Defense Counsel's detailing of LtCol Thomas F. Jasper, Jr. USMC, as Detailed Defense Counsel for Abd Al Hadi Al-Iraqi on 6 August 2014 in the case of United States v. Hadi al Iraqi (10026)
Agrarian Reform Policies in the Philippines: a quiz
Crimes and punishment
1.
2. Basic Principles of Criminal Liability
LIABILITY
PENAL/CRIMINAL REMEDIAL/CIVIL
Purpose
to punish the wrongdoer to enforce the rights of the plaintiff
.
e.g. If ‘X’ has agreed to work in ‘Y’ office for
five years, and fails to so ,the courts do not
consider it expedient to compel ‘X’ to do so .
Of course ‘Y’ has other remedies against X.
Thus ‘Y ‘ may be able to claim damages from X
or he may be able to obtain an injunction
e.g. If ‘A’ intentionally shoots at ‘B’
and kills him . He has killed ‘B’ with
the motive of eliminating political
rival.
In this case ; The act of shooting is
done with an intension .
Thus ‘B’ must be held criminally
liable.
3. Crime is a violation of public rights and duties due to the whole community .
1) No one is held criminally liable unless he had done an act which is expressly forbidden under the criminal law.
2) There is no liability under criminal law for omissions, unless there is a duty imposed by law to do the act
An act to amount to a crime must conform to the following two cardinal principles of criminal liability:-
Concept of Crime and Punishment
4. Sir William Blackstone -
Any act
committed or omitted
in violation of public law forbidding
or commanding it.
Two Component of Crimes are (i) Actus Reus (Guilty Act) -Physical element
(ii) Mens rea (Guilty Mind) -Mental element
CRIME
Thus , CRIME = An act +commission or omission + which is forbidden by law
5. ESSENTIALS ELEMENS OF CRIME
•“Actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea” = an act does not make a
. .
. defendant guilty without a Guilty mind.
•Exception:-Beside this being the cardinal principal of is subject
. following exception:-
•
•i. when there is Strict Liability.
•ii. When it is difficult to prove mens rea
•iii. when act is of Public Nuisance
•iv. Act is of criminal form but at in fact only a summary mode
of enforcing a civil right.
•v. When act is subject to Maxim of “ Ignorance of law is no
excuse”
MENS
REA
6. ACTUS
REA
•An Act may be :-
1. Positive /Negative i.e. Commission or omission
2.Internal / External i.e. Act of body or Act of Mind
3.Intentional/Unintentional i.e. foreseen or Desired /not .
. Foreseen & Desired
Act made up of three factors:-
1. its origin in some mental or bodily activity.
2. its circumstances
3. its consequences
If any of these three is prohibited by law then the act is crime
7. STAGES IN COMMISSION OF CRIME
1) INTENTION / CONTEMPLATION
(Mere intension ,not followed by act NOT PUNISHABLE )
2) PREPARATION:-
Arranging or devising means or measures necessary for the
commission of an offence .
(NOT PUNISHBLE unless otherwise provided by law )
8. 3)ATTEMPT :-
A guilty Intention to commit an offence.
Some act done towards the commission of crime
Actual offence not committed.
(Attempt is PUNISHABLE either under specific provision in that respect or under Sec.511 )
4) COMMISSION:-
last stage Crime is successfully committed.
(Consequences of the crime are materialized.)
Continue…
9. Intention (desire to bring about certain consequences or desire to do an act.)
Motive ( the reason or ground of an action.)
Knowledge (awareness of the consequences.)
Recklessness ( foresees the consequences of his conduct, does not desire it,
but is quite indifferent to the consequences.)
Negligence (want of care and protection which a reasonable man would
have taken under the particular circumstances.)
The Penal Liability Arises when there is :
10. The Measure Of Criminal liability
ELEMENTS TO BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT IN DETERMINING THE APROPRIATE MEASURE OF
PUNISHMENT :-
1) The motive behind the crime :- Greater the motive for any offence, the greater
is the punishment
2) The magnitude of the offence:-Other things being equal , the greater the sum
of evil consequences ; greater . should
be it punishment.
3) Character of the offender :- worse the character of offender worst should be
the punishment .
11. KINDS OF PUNISHMENT
INTERMIDIATE
SSENTENCE
SOLISITARY
CONFINEMENT FINEDEPORTAION
CAPITAL
PUNISHMENT
CORPORAL
PUNISHMENT
IMPRISONMENT
Period of
imprisonment not
FIXED .It is till the
until the accused
show improvement.
Isolation
from society
1)SIMPLE
2)REGOUROUS
Modulation
Flogging ,
Torture i.e.
BARBARIC
PUNISHMENT
Elimination
from
the country .
DEATH
SNTENCE
12. FOREFETURE OF PROPERTY
ABOLISED EXCEPT IN CERTAIN CASES
Continue…
1) Committing ( plundering / robbery) depredation on territories of any
power at peace with the State attracts this Punishment.
-Sec 126
2)Whosoever knowingly receives property taken as above mentioned or in
waging war against any Asiatic Power at peace with the State forfeits such
property .
-Sec 127
3)A public servant ,who improperly purchases property ,which by virtue of
his office he is legally prohibited from purchasing forfeits such property.
. -Sec 168
13. OBJECT OF PUNISHMENT
DETERRENT
PREVENTIVE
REFORMATIVE
RETRIBUTIVE
COMPENSATION
Preventing crime by the infliction of an exemplary sentence
Giving warning to
the society
Disabling criminal
from doing
further crime
Preventing crime by disabling the criminal
e.g. a thief’s hands would be cut off,.
Strengthening a
character of a
person
Preventing crime by reeducating and reshaping personality
of criminal
compensation to
Victim
An end in itself An evil should be returned for evil / An eye for an eye and
a tooth for a tooth
A victim should get compensation
14. Conclusion:-
Because ;
1)No theory of punishment is a complete answer by itself ,and;
2)All the above theories are not mutually exclusive.
A perfect penal code = judicious combination of these various purposes of punishment