Bacterial Kidney Disease.pptx
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Chronic systemic bacterial disease of fish of the family Salmonidae, Caused by Renibacterium salmoninarum Called as BKD, White Boil Disease, Dee Disease, Salmonid Kidney Disease, Serious infection of cultured and Wild Salmonids, Occurs in both Freshwater and Marine Water
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Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS) is caused by infection with viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV), which is a rhabdovirus that infects both farmed and wild fish species. VHS causes hemorrhaging and high mortality in infected fish. The virus is transmitted horizontally between fish via contaminated water. While there is no approved vaccine, control methods focus on surveillance and culling infected populations to prevent transmission.
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2. Branchiomycosis (gill rot) infects gill tissues and is caused by Branchiomyces fungi. Infected fish have difficulty breathing and their gills may appear red.
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This document discusses branchiomycosis, also known as gill rot, which is a fungal disease caused by Branchiomyces sanguinis and Branchiomyces demigrans. It affects the gill tissues of many freshwater fish species. The fungi penetrate the gills, causing obstruction, congestion, and necrosis. Infected fish exhibit weakened movement, respiratory distress, and pale or red discolored gills. The disease spreads rapidly in warm water and can cause high mortality rates in affected fish populations. Treatment involves strict sanitation, drying and disinfecting infected ponds, and treating diseased fish with antifungal medications like malachite green.
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KHV is a double stranded DNA virus that causes Koi Herpes Virus Disease (KHVD) in common carp and koi carp. It can cause high mortality rates of up to 100% and symptoms include skin lesions, gill necrosis, and organ damage. The virus can remain latent and outbreaks typically occur in spring/autumn at 16-25°C. KHV is detected via cellular changes, PCR, and in-situ hybridization showing intranuclear inclusions. Controls include hygiene and an experimental vaccine, though no widely available vaccine currently exists.
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Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome
EUS is an infection of freshwater and estuarine fish caused by the oomycete fungi Aphanomyces invadans. It is an epizootic disease affecting many fish in an area simultaneously. EUS causes ulceration of the skin and erosion of tissue, particularly on the tail and head. Advanced cases show necrosis in internal organs. Control involves stopping water flow, removing infected fish, applying lime or calcium hydroxide to raise pH, and introducing fresh water after 3 weeks. CIFA has also developed a medicine called CIFAX to treat and prevent EUS.
Diseases of fishe
Like humans and other animals, fish suffer from diseases and parasites. Fish defences against disease are specific and non-specific. Non-specific defences include skin and scales, as well as the mucus layer secreted by the epidermis that traps microorganisms and inhibits their growth. If pathogens breach these defences, fish can develop inflammatory responses that increase the flow of blood to infected areas and deliver white blood cells that attempt to destroy the pathogens.
Specific defences are specialised responses to particular pathogens recognised by the fish's body, that is adaptative immune responses.[3] In recent years, vaccines have become widely used in aquaculture and ornamental fish, for example vaccines for furunculosis in farmed salmon and koi herpes virus in koi.[4][5]
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This document discusses parasitic diseases of fish. It covers various protozoan parasites like Ichthyophthirius multifilis and Epistylis sp. that can infect fish skin and gills. It also discusses metazoan parasites like monogenean trematodes of the genus Dactylogyrus and Gyrodactylus that attach to fish gills and skin, and nematodes of the genus Contracaecum that can infect fish intestines and other tissues. The life cycles of these parasites are described along with the diseases they can cause in fish like emaciation, decreased growth and survival. Methods for specimen collection and examination for parasites are also outlined.
Fungal diseases of shrimp
This document provides information on major fungal diseases that affect shrimp farming. It discusses three main diseases: larval mycosis caused by fungi like Lagenidium and Sirolpidium which infect shrimp larvae; black gill disease caused by the fungus Fusarium solani which causes black spots on gills and lesions; and aflatoxicosis or "red disease" caused by toxins produced by Aspergillus fungi contaminating feed which causes reddening and death of infected shrimp. Prevention and treatment methods are outlined for each disease.
Mycobacteriosis
Mycobacterium marinum is ubiquitous and is found worldwide in bodies of fresh water, brackish water and salt water.
Protozoan disease
This seminar discusses protozoan diseases that affect fishes. It is divided into three categories: 1) Flagellated protozoans like Ichthyobodo necatur, which attaches to gills of fish causing necrosis; 2) Ciliated protozoans like Ichthyophthirius multifilis and Trichodina sp. that live on gills and skin and can cause white spots; and 3) Myxozoans like Myxobolus cerebralis, which causes whirling disease in salmonids by destroying the inner ear. Key life cycles and symptoms are described for important diseases. Control involves prevention, chemotherapy, or raising water temperature for treatment.
Costiosis / Ichthyobodosis
Costiosis, also known as blue slime disease, is caused by the protozoan parasite Ichthyobodo necator. The parasite infects fish through the skin and gills, attaching and feeding on epithelial cells. This causes skin irritation and hyperplasia, increased mucus production, and respiratory distress in the fish. Heavily infected fish appear lethargic with damaged fins and are often unable to swim normally. The parasite can be diagnosed by examining skin or gill biopsies microscopically. Treatment involves salt baths, formalin baths, or raising water temperature above 30 degrees Celsius to kill the parasites. Proper tank management can also help prevent outbreaks.
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Streptococcus are gram positive cocci that can form chains or pairs. They are classified based on oxygen requirements, hemolysis on blood agar, and Lancefield grouping. Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A) causes a variety of suppurative and toxin-mediated diseases like pharyngitis, impetigo, scarlet fever, and toxic shock syndrome. It produces virulence factors like M protein and enzymes. Laboratory diagnosis involves culture, gram stain, bacitracin sensitivity testing, and CAMP testing to differentiate streptococcal species.
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Bacterial Kidney Disease.pptx
- 1. BACTERIAL KIDNEY DISEASE Jadhav Amit W. Division of Aquaculture AQC-MA-09-03
- 2. Introduction 2 ▰ Chronic systemic bacterial disease of fish of the family Salmonidae ▰ Caused by Renibacterium salmoninarum ▰ Called as BKD, White Boil Disease, Dee Disease, Salmonid Kidney Disease ▰ Serious infection of cultured and Wild Salmonids ▰ Occurs in both Freshwater and Marine Water ▰ First occurs in early 1930s in wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in Scotland
- 3. 3 Renibacterium salmoninarum Small, Gram positive, PAS positive , Non-sporing bacteria Non-motile, Rod shaped Grows best at 15-18c usually occurs in pairs Poor survival outside host Phylum:Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Family: Micrococcaceae Genus: Renibacterium
- 4. Place your screenshot here 4 ▰ Host :- Salmon, Trout, Char ▰ Ability to enter and survive in phagocytic cells and eggs of its hosts. ▰ Costly problem in seawater Atlantic salmon farms and farmed rainbow trouts ▰ Not restricted to cultivated fish. The condition has been found in naturally spawning salmonid populations. Spawning rash
- 5. All Areas of World Where Salmonids occur and Farmed 5 Japan Australia. Europe North America South America
- 6. Gross signs :- ▰ Due to the slow-growing nature of the bacteria it may take several months before disease signs appear. ▰ No obvious external signs ▰ anemia-having pale gills ▰ Abdominal Distention – Accumulation of ascitic fluid ▰ Skin blisters, shallow ulcers , Hemorrhages 6
- 7. Clinical Signs :- 7 Major target organ is kidney which has white nodular masses. But lesions are also found in heart , spleen and liver. These lesions are initially whitish & may have a red hyperaemic rim but eventually they can become large caseous nodule granulomata.
- 8. 8 Clinical Signs kidney and liver granulomas diphtheritic membrane on liver swollen spleen heart granulomas
- 9. 9 Histology granulomas in the posterior kidney of juvenile chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha with BKD. Hematoxylin and eosin stain Gram-stained histological section of pancreatic tissue of a juvenile chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha with systemic BKD
- 10. 10 Diagnosis Procedure Sample Collection (Collection of kidney tissue) Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) inoculated onto agar plates or stored in RNAlater medium Positive PCR test Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Technique (IFAT)
- 11. 11 Laboratory test methods A. Culture on agar plates:- swab is taken from the kidney inoculated onto culture plates of Medium (Muller Hinton Cysteine Agar (MHCA), Selective Kidney Disease Medium (SKDM).) incubated at 15°C for up to Growth on plates is observed, a range of confirmatory tests are conducted.
- 12. 12 B. Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay Recommended by the World Animal Health Organisation (OIE) as a screening method for BKD Small piece of fish kidney tissue is collected in a sterile dry tube Test is designed to detect the presence of an antigen of Renibacterium salmoninarum, known as the P57 protein A colorless substrate is added and is used to detect the presence of the antigen-antibody complex If this complex is present a colour change will be observed by the action of the antibody linked with the enzyme.
- 13. 13
- 14. 14 Polymerase Chain Reaction A rapid, reliable procedure for detection • primers for PCR:- p57 protein (major soluble antigen) of R. salmoninarum • Forward primer -5-GCGCGGATCCAAAATAAAAAAAATTTTAGCGCTG-3 • reverse primer -5-GCGCGGATCCTTGGCAGGACCATCTTTGT-3 • expected PCR product is 376 bp long,
- 15. 15 Arrowheads indicate positions of the expected 383 base pair conventional PCR (top) and 320 bp nested-PCR (bottom) products
- 16. Transmission Horizontal disease transmission occur via the water, skin abrasions or ingestion of infected food. Vertical transmission from parent to progeny via the egg , it resides in the yolk, protected from antiseptics.
- 17. 17 Treatment There are no proven therapy that can equivocally cure fish of BKD. Only Erythromycin thiocyanate were effective prophylactically against BKD. Oral Erythromycin appears to reduce severity of outbreaks but has not been proven to cure fish of infection. Injection of Erytromycin base into female broodstock before spawning reduces the incidence of infected eggs( b/w 9 & 56 days before spawning) Eggs should also be treated with potentiated iodine antiseptic after spawning.
- 18. Now in India ! 18