infestation with or disease caused by Clonorchis sinensis
invades bile ducts of the liver after ingestion in uncooked fish and when present in large numbers causes severe systemic reactions
local names, definition, etiology,epidemiology lifecycle, pathogenesis, clinical findings, necropsy finding, diagnosis,treatment, control and prevention
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local names, definition, etiology,epidemiology lifecycle, pathogenesis, clinical findings, necropsy finding, diagnosis,treatment, control and prevention
Escherichia coli species are components of the
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In what parts of the world if fascioliasis found?
How do people get infected with fascioliasis?
What are the signs and symptoms of Fasciola infection, and when do they begin?
How is Fasciola infection diagnosed?
Can Fascioliasis be treated?
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diagnosis
epidemiology
managment
Clonorchis sinensis
Prepared by:
Shafqat Hussain
Taxonomy
Kingdome : Animalia
Phylum : Platyhelminths
Class : Trematoda
Order : Opisthorchiida
Family : Opisthorchiidae
Genus : Clonorchis
Species : C. sinensis
Introduction
•
Clonorchis is also known as the Chinese or oriental liver fluke.
Clonorchis is a liver fluke parasite (trematode or worm) that can
infect the liver, gallbladder, and bile duct.
food born parasite
Host
Definitive Hosts
First intermediate host must always be a snail, mainly
Parafossarulus manchouricus
Life cycle
•
Clonorchis sinensis eggs are discharged in the biliary ducts and in
the stool in an embryonated state
Eggs are ingested by a suitable snail (P. manchouricus)
intermediate host
Eggs release miracidia
which go through several developmental stages (sporocysts, rediae, and
cercariae).
The cercariae are released from the snail and, after a short period
of free-swimming time in water, they come in contact and
penetrate the flesh of freshwater fish, where they encyst as
metacercariae
Infection of humans occurs by ingestion of under cooked, salted,
pickled, or smoked freshwater fish
After ingestion, the metacercariae excyst in the duodenum
and ascend the biliary tract through the ampulla of Vater
Maturation takes approximately one month. The adult flukes
(measuring 10 to 25 mm by 3 to 5 mm) reside in small and
medium sized biliary ducts.
they lay eggs in intestine
the embryonated eggs release in stool.
The eggs are embryonated and contain the larvae called miracidia.
The sporocyst resembles a hollow and simple sac.
Oftentimes, the developing rediae are visible inside the sac.
Redia - At this larval stage, it retains a very simple worm structure.
In some ways, it still resembles a sac.
Pathogenesis
Liver flukes infect the liver, gallbladder, and bile duct in humans.
inflammation in biliary epithelium
Laboratory Findings
Blood routine test: eosinophilia, anemia in severe infection
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3. Introduction
● infestation with or disease caused by Clonorchis sinensis
● invades bile ducts of the liver after ingestion in uncooked fish and
when present in large numbers causes severe systemic reactions
4. Etiology
● Clonorchis is a liver fluke parasite (trematode or worm) - Chinese
fluke/Liver fluke
● It was discovered by British physician James McConnell at the
Medical College Hospital in Calcutta (Kolkata) in 1874
● 3 hosts freshwater snail → Fish →mammals
● life span of the Chinese fluke in the host body can reach 40 years
5. Epidemiolo
gy
● 15 million people are infected with C sinensis, predominantly in east
Asia →China, South Korea, northern Vietnam, and parts of Russia
● China has the biggest share with an estimated 13 million people
infected with the parasite
● Clonorchiasis is a major public health problem in South Korea, with an
estimated 1·2 million people infected with C sinensis
● About 1 million people are infected with C sinensis in Vietnam
● 3000 people in the far east of Russia are reported to be infected with C
sinensis
● Clonorchiasis coexists in opisthorchiasis-endemic areas of Thailand
● Male > females
● prevalence increases with age , highest in the 50–59-year age
6.
7. Lu et al. Infectious Diseases of Poverty (2018) 7:28
8. Life cycle (1) Eggs enter the water environment from faeces
(2) eggs are ingested by specific freshwater snails, the first
intermediate host
(3) cercariae released from the snail
(4) cercariae infect specific freshwater fish, the second
intermediate host;
(5) cercariae encyst in the subcutaneous tissues or muscles
of the fish to form metacercariae
(6) metacercariae are ingested by man (and other hosts)
through consumption of raw or undercooked fish, and excyst
as juvenile flukes in the duodenum;
(7) hermaphroditic adult C sinensis predominantly found in
intrahepatic bile ducts
9.
10. Pathogenesis
1
mechanical
obstruction of
the bile ducts by
the worms
2
narrowing of the
bile ducts by
adenomatous
hyperplasia
cause an
obstruction
3
bile stagnation,
and bile pigment
deposition→sto
nes
→cholestasis→
sec bacterial
infection (E.coli)
4
Cholecystitis
→stones in gall
bladder
5
Hepatomegaly
of
predominantly
left lobe , Left
hepatic duct
>>> right
hepatic duct
6
excretory-
secretory
products (ESPs)
→inflammation
and promote
proliferation,
and they
suppress
apoptosis
7
↑ MCM7 protein
:- oncogenesis
11. Clinical
features
● related to worm burden
● With ↓ infection intensity → asymptomatic or mild
symptoms - subfebrility, minor eosinophilia with normal
white blood cell count
● ↑ infection intensity often show unspecific symptoms, such
as itching of the skin, rash asthenia, nausea, indigestion,
headache, dizziness, vertigo, abdominal discomfort,
diarrhoea, or RUQ pain
● Typical physical signs of C sinensis infection are jaundice,
hepatomegaly, and liver tenderness
● Chronic infection results in various complications in the
liver and biliary systems, mainly cholelithiasis (common ),
cholangitis, and cholecystitis
● liver abscess and pancreatitis may occur
12. Clinical fetaures
● Developmental retardation in children with heavy infection
● children often present with inappetence, diarrhoea, malnutrition,
anaemia, and hepatomegaly
● incidence of cholangiocarcinoma 25 per 100000 in female and 35
per 100 000 in male individuals
13.
14. Diagnosis
● the most common is epidemiological anamnesis , ultrasound, CT
● The detection of eggs in stool is the gold standard for diagnosis of C sinensis infection (4 weeks
)
● Eggs may be also detected in bile and gall bladder
● Kato-Katz method is the most widely used technique ,consecutive samples needed
● vegetative resonance testing ???
● Immunodiagnosis for clonorchiasis not sensitive and specific
● Non - specific = Bilirubin, ALT, AST , ALP , eosinophilia
15.
16.
17.
18. TREATME
NT
● Praziquantel is the only recommended
drug for treatment of clonorchiasis
● 25mg/kg praziquantel tid for 1 or 2
consecutive days is usually given, which
can be highly efficacious
● S/E :- dizziness, headache, and
abdominal pain
● Albendazole can be given 10mg/kg for 7
days
● dose of 400 mg tribendimidine achieved
cure rates of 44–50%
19. Preventio
n
● avoiding raw or undercooked freshwater
fish
● Lightly salted, smoked, or pickled fish
can contain infectious parasites
● Cook fish adequately (to an internal
temperature of at least 145° F [~63° C]
● high-endemicity areas , praziquantel (75
mg/kg) was given in selective
chemotherapy twice per year or through
mass drug administration once per year
20. RESOURCE
S
● www. Cdc. com
● Clonorchiasis ,Men-Bao Qian, Jürg
Utzinger, Jennifer Keiser, Xiao-Nong
Zhou
● Korean J. Parasitol. Vol. 45, No. 2: 77-
85, June 2007