7. 77
What is the difference between clinical death and biological death?
When the heart stops pumping the lungs stop breathing, the
person is in a state of clinical death. Usually, this is measured from
the moment the cessation of heart and lung functions begin.
Most often the time table is 0 to 4 minutes. In this instance,
remaining oxygen in the blood can still supply the brain with
enough oxygen without brain damage. However after 4 minutes, the
oxygen remaining in the blood will be used up and there is already
the possibility that brain damage will occur. At this point in time,
the person is said to be in the state of biological death.
To summarized:
CLINICAL DEATH (0-4 minutes) - occurs from the time the person
stops breathing and the heart stops pumping.
BIOLOGICAL DEATH (4 minutes onwards) - brain damage may
occur at this point.
8. 88
signs of clinical death are-
1.respiratory arrest.
2.cardiac arrest.
3.coma
signs of biological death are-
1.rhomboid eyes
2.cold temperature of the body
3.body becomes stiff
4.foul smell of the body
9. The stepsThe steps
99
Above allAbove all
Safety first
to you
to other
to the casualty
• make sure that no one elso
gets hurt. You will not be able to
help if you are also a casualty
• only proceed if it is safe to do
so.
14. 1414
RESPOND
-
is the casualty consious?
• Gently shake the casualty and ask : 'Can you hear
me?' , 'What is your name?'
• If the casualty is conscious,check for and manage
bleeding and other injuries
• If the casualty is unconscious,he/she should be
turned on the side.
15. 1515
Unconsciousness is when a person is unable to respond to people
and activities. Often, this is called a coma or being in a comatose
state.
Unconsciousness or any other sudden change in mental status
must be treated as a medical emergency.
Causes
Unconsciousness can be caused by nearly any major illness or injury, as
well as substance abuse and alcohol use.
Brief unconsciousness (or fainting) is often caused by dehydration,
low blood sugar, or temporary low blood pressure. However, it can also be
caused by serious heart or nervous system problems.
19. 1919
The main aim of checking theThe main aim of checking the
airway is to ensure that there isairway is to ensure that there is
nothing lodged that cannothing lodged that can
prevent the casualty fromprevent the casualty from
breathing.breathing.
The first step is to check theThe first step is to check the
airway by opening the mouthairway by opening the mouth
and look for any objects in theand look for any objects in the
mouthmouth..
These objects couldThese objects could
include food, blood, vomit,include food, blood, vomit,
teeth or tongueteeth or tongue..
20. Causes for chocking and ApneaCauses for chocking and Apnea
2020
I. Foreign object
II. Aspiration
III. Relaxed tongue base
IV. Allergic reaction
Choking & aspiration
Brain death
Airway obstruction
Cardiac standstill
22. 2222
Obstructed airway (choking)
Partially obstructed airway with good air exchange:Partially obstructed airway with good air exchange:
victim can make some sounds; may be able to speak
and cough
Partially obstructed airway with poor exchange:Partially obstructed airway with poor exchange: victim
cannot speak, may be wheezing or coughing weakly
Fully obstructed airway:Fully obstructed airway: victim cannot make any
sounds
The most common cause of an airway obstruction in a
conscious person is food or a foreign object.
The most common cause of an airway obstruction in
an unconscious person is the tongue.
23. 2323
• Adult choking - The Heimlich maneuverAdult choking - The Heimlich maneuver
1. Ask the victim: : “Are you choking?”
2. If the victim nods yes, ask them “Would you like my help?”
3. If they say “NO”, do not help them. If they say yes, you may
help them.
4. Position yourself by placing one of your legs between the legs
of your victim. Give 5 abdominal thrusts and continue as
needed.
5. For a pregnant or obese person, perform chest thrusts.
6. Repeat thrusts until the object is expelled and the obstruction
is relieved OR the victim becomes unresponsive/unconscious.
27. 2727
BREATHING
• look for the chest rising and falling.
•listen for the sound of breathing
if the casualty is breathing , ensure that he/she
is in a stable side position. Check for and
managed bleeding and other injuries.
if the casualty is not breathing . turn onto the
back and commence EAR (expired air
resuscitation) , giving 5 full breaths in 10 seconds.
29. 2929
EAR (mouth-to-mouth resuscitation)
• Knee beside the casualty.
• Keep the casualty's head tilted back.
• Pinch the casualty's nostrils with your fingers or seal with your cheek.
• Lift the jaw forward with your other hand.
• Take a deep breath and open your mouth wide.
• Place your mouth firmly over the casualty's mouth making an airtight
seal.
• Breath into the casualty's mouth.
• Remove your mouth and turn your head to observe the chest fall and
listen or feel for exhaled air.
• If the chest does not rise and fall , check head tilt position first , then
check for and clear foreign objects in the airway.
• Give 5 full breaths in 10 seconds , then check the carotid (neck) pulse
for 5 seconds. If pulse is present, continue EAR at the rate of 15
breaths per minute.
31. 3131
CIRCULATION
•feel the pulse at the neck (carotid pulse)
•if pulse is present , continue EAR at the rate of 15 breaths per
minute. Check breathing anf the pulse after 1 minute, then after every
2 minutes
•if pulse is not present, commence CPR (cardiopulmonary
resuscitation)
•check breathing and the pulse after 1 minute , then after every2
minutes. If the pulse returns, continue EAR. If breathing returns , turn
the casualty to a stable side position. Check for and manage shock,
bleeding and other injuries
•seek medical aid.
35. ““spot “ Finding the : Adultsspot “ Finding the : Adults
3535
1. Find the rib cage
2. Then find the Xyphoid
36. ““spot “ Finding the : Adultsspot “ Finding the : Adults
3636
3. Place the palm of hand two fingers above
Xyphoid
4. Place second hand over
first, lock elbows
37. ““spot “ Finding the : Adultsspot “ Finding the : Adults
3737
Locked
elbows
Locked fingers
Body 90
degrees
49. Infant and ChildInfant and Child
Incidents involving infants or childrenIncidents involving infants or children
may havemay have two patients...two patients...
4949
...an ill or injured...an ill or injured childchild and anand an
emotional and upsetemotional and upset parent.parent.
50. Newborn:Newborn:
The term for a pediatric patient from birth toThe term for a pediatric patient from birth to
1 month of age.1 month of age.
5050
52. Infant:Infant:
A pediatric patient greater than 1 monthA pediatric patient greater than 1 month
of age, but less than a year.of age, but less than a year.
5252
57. Infant C.P.RInfant C.P.R
(0 to 1 year old)(0 to 1 year old)
The same scheme, with some differencesThe same scheme, with some differences
Check consciousnessCheck consciousness
AAirway openingirway opening
BBreathing(1:3)reathing(1:3)
CCirculation(1:5)irculation(1:5)
5757
61. ““spot “ Finding the : Infantsspot “ Finding the : Infants
One finger below theOne finger below the
nipple linenipple line
Compressions: withCompressions: with
two fingerstwo fingers
120 per minute120 per minute
6161
