first aid management

1. LIST OF MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
Dr. Anjalatchi Muthukumaran MD(AM),
Ph.D (N) MBA (HA), MA (Soc)
Vice Principal Cum Nursing Superintendent
Era College Of Nursing , ELMCH,EU

2. List of medical emergencies
• Breathing problems
• Choking
• Allergic reactions

3. General principles
• General Principles Emergency first aid is
immediate first aid with the aim of
saving the patient’s life.
• The victim’s breathing and blood
circulation are secured with emergency
first aid.
• Emergency first aid must be given
without delay, because the first few
minutes are crucial for the patient’s
survival

4. Criteria to check the medical
emergencies
• 1. Assessment of the situation-What has
happened Safety hazards at the scene
(electrocution, fire, gases)
• 2. Protect yourself from danger and save the
patient-Use protective clothing or other safety
equipment Eliminate safety hazards (e.g.,
switch off electric current, air the room)

5. • 3.Assess the condition of the patient-check the
consciousness, verbal response, body movements etc
• Patient is breathing-Make sure that respiratory tract
stays open
• Patient is not breathing-
• Open respiratory tract
• • remove any foreign objects
• • tilt head backwards Start cardiac massage
• • press 30 times Start mouth-to-mouth respiration
• • blow twice, check that the patient’s chest rises
• • if the chest does not rise, check the position of the
head Check the pulse or signs of circulation; if there
are none, continue resuscitation
• • rhythm of resuscitation: press 30 times, blow twice

6. 4. Patient is bleeding
• Stop bleeding
• raise the limb
• press the wound with hands using dressings
• if necessary, bind the wound with a pressure
bandage

7. 5.Patient is in shock
• Determine the cause of shock
• bleeding
• allergy

8. 6.Shock caused by bleeding
• Place the patient on his/her back,
• levate lower limbs
• Start intravenous infusion

9. 7.Allergic shock
• Administer adrenaline (1 mg/ml) 0.5–1.0 ml

10. First aider quick response

11. First Things First
• Always perform first aid in the following order
• 1. Restore Breathing: A person becomes brain
dead in 6 minutes if breathing is not restored
• 2. Stop Severe Bleeding: Without blood,
oxygen cannot get to the vital organs of a
person’s body

13. • 3. Treat Shock: A victims mind and body must
work together in order to be healthy. Never
overlook shock situations, be they mental or
physical
• 4. Call advanced medical help immediately:
Always realize that you are providing a stop-gap
function to an injured person. Always obtain
trained medical assistance as soon as possible. It
also is good first aid practice to have even minor
wounds checked when expert medical assistance
is available

14. Positioning of Casualty
• Casualty Positioning-Once you've
treated the injury or illness you are
not quite out of the woods until
further help arrives
• In that time, correct positioning of
the casualty can aid recovery in the
same way that poor positioning can
very easily aggravate the injury or
exacerbate the condition. Here are a
few positions to consider.

16. Look, listen, feel

17. Other position

18. Log Roll Position /techniques

19. Assess the breathing problems

20. Check the airways

21. Check the breathing

22. Check the pulse recognize and feel to
count

24. Compression of heart

25. Resuscitation process

26. Quick response of first Aider

27. Complications of CPR
• Fractures of ribs or the sternum from chest
compression.
• Gastric insufflations from excessive artificial
respiration.

28. Choking
• Choking occurs when a foreign object lodges
in the throat or windpipe, blocking the flow of
air.
• In adults, a piece of food often is the culprit.
Young children often swallow small objects.
Because choking cuts off oxygen to the brain,
give first aid as quickly as possible.

29. Sign and symptoms
• The universal sign for choking is hands
clutched to the throat. If the person doesn't
give the signal, look for these indications:
• Inability to talk
• Difficulty breathing or noisy breathing
• Squeaky sounds when trying to breathe
• Cough, which may either be weak or forceful
• Skin, lips and nails turning blue or dusky
• Skin that is flushed, then turns pale or bluish
in color
• Loss of consciousness

30. First Aid Treatment
• If the person is able to cough forcefully, the person should
keep coughing.
• If the person is choking and can't talk, cry or laugh
forcefully, the American Red Cross recommends a "five-
and-five" approach to delivering first aid:
• Give 5 back blows. Stand to the side and just behind a
choking adult. For a child, kneel down behind. Place one
arm across the person's chest for support. Bend the person
over at the waist so that the upper body is parallel with the
ground. Deliver five separate back blows between the
person's shoulder blades with the heel of your hand.
• Give 5 abdominal thrusts. Perform five abdominal thrusts
(also known as the Heimlich maneuver).
• Alternate between 5 blows and 5 thrusts until the
blockage is dislodged.

31. Choking problems reliving techniques

32. abdominal thrusts techniques
• To perform abdominal thrusts (Heimlich maneuver) on
someone else:
• Stand behind the person. Place one foot slightly in
front of the other for balance. Wrap your arms around
the waist. Tip the person forward slightly. If a child is
choking, kneel down behind the child.
• Make a fist with one hand. Position it slightly above
the person's navel.
• Grasp the fist with the other hand. Press hard into the
abdomen with a quick, upward thrust — as if trying to
lift the person up.
• Perform between six and 10 abdominal thrusts until
the blockage is dislodged.

33. Handout

34. Allergic reaction
• A life-threatening allergic reaction
(anaphylaxis) can cause shock, a sudden drop
in blood pressure and trouble breathing.
• In people who have an allergy, anaphylaxis can
occur minutes after exposure to a specific
allergy-causing substance (allergen).
• In some cases, there may be a delayed
reaction or anaphylaxis may occur without an
apparent trigger.

35. Reasons for develop allergic
Some common anaphylaxis triggers include:
• Medications/injection/drug/gases etc
• Foods such as peanuts, tree nuts, fish and
shellfish
• Insect stings from bees, yellow jackets, wasps,
hornets and fire ants

36. Allergic reactions symptoms and sign
• Symptoms of a severe allergic
reaction (anaphylaxis)
• Symptoms of a severe allergic
reaction include:
• difficult or noisy breathing
• swelling of the tongue
• swelling or tightness in the throat
• wheeze or persistent cough
• difficulty talking or hoarse voice
• persistent dizziness or collapse
• pale and floppy (young children)
• abdominal pain, vomiting – these are
signs of anaphylaxis for insect allergy.
• Signs of mild to
moderate allergic
reaction include:
• swelling of the lips, face
and eyes
• hives or welts
• tingling mouth
• abdominal pain,
vomiting – these are
signs of anaphylaxis for
insect allergy.

37. Signs

38. Flow chart for allergic reaction

39. Emergency first aid for severe allergic
reactions
• A severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) is life-
threatening and requires urgent action.
• Lay the person flat – do not allow them to stand or
walk.
• Give adrenaline injector (such as EpiPen® or Anapen®).
• Phone an ambulance – call for (108 ).
• Phone family or emergency contact.(if victim response)
• Further adrenaline may be given if there is no response
after 5 minutes.
• Transfer person to hospital for at least 4 hours of
observation.

40. Inj.adrenaline inject techniques

41. Continued
• If in doubt, give adrenaline injector.
• Commence CPR (cardiopulmonary
resuscitation) at any time if person is
unresponsive and not breathing normally.

42. First aid for anaphylaxis
• If a person’s symptoms and signs suggest anaphylaxis you should
follow their Anaphylaxis Action Plan or take the following steps:Lay
victim flat, do not stand or walk, if breathing is difficult, allow to
sit
• Prevent further exposure to the triggering agent if possible
• Administer adrenaline through auto-injector:
• Child less than 5 years – 0.15 mg intramuscular injection.
• Older than 5 years – 0.3mg intramuscular injection
• Call an ambulance
• Administer oxygen and / or asthma medication for respiratory
symptoms
• Further adrenaline should be given if no response after 5 minutes
• If breathing stops follow resuscitation and life support
procedures.

43. Thank you for patience listening