B5.2 syllabus statements
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The document outlines learning objectives for understanding transport in humans. It describes the circulatory system as tubes with a pump and valves to ensure one-way blood flow. It also describes double circulation with low-pressure circulation to the lungs and high-pressure circulation to body tissues. Key parts of the heart are defined along with coronary heart disease. The effect of physical activity on pulse rate is a learning goal. Blood vessels serving major organs are listed, and the structures and functions of arteries, veins and capillaries are outlined. Components of blood and their functions are identified.
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transport
2. What is the average daily fluid intake for an adult? What are the sources of intake?
3. Explain the factors that stimulate water intake through the thirst mechanism.
4. What are the four routes of fluid output? What is the average daily fluid output for an adult?
5. Describe how volume and composition of body fluids is regulated. Discuss body systems
involved and hormonal influences.
6. Electrolyte (Include normal value), What does it do/what system does it effect? How is it
regulated? a. Potassium b. Sodium c. Magnesium d. Calcium
7. What are three ways a nurse can evaluate fluid and electrolyte status without a providers
order?
8. What are the key components of a focused assessment to determine fluid and electrolyte
balance?
9. Explain labs and diagnostics that specifically measure fluid and electrolyte balance.
10. Describe lifespan considerations r/t f/e balance: a. Very young b. Very old c. pregnant
Exemplar 6.B F/E Imbalances:
11. What is the difference between fluid volume deficit (FVD) and dehydration?
12. Describe the pathophysiology and etiology of FVD and how is it classified.
13. Describe the specific types of dehydration: a. Isotonic dehydration b. Hypotonic dehydration
c. Hypertonic dehydration
14. What is third spacing?
15. What are the multisystem effects of fluid volume deficit?
16. Discuss lifespan considerations for children and older adults with fluid volume deficit.
17. List priority nursing diagnoses, expected patient outcomes, and related nursing interventions
for an individual with a fluid volume deficit.
18. List 3 teaching points when caring for an individual with fluid volume deficit.
19. Describe the pathophysiology and etiology of fluid volume excess (FVE).
20. Can fluid volume excess, hypervolemia, and edema be used interchangeably? Why or why
not?
21. What is edema?
22. Describe how the following clinical conditions cause edema: a. Increased blood hydrostatic
pressure b. Decreased blood colloid osmotic pressure c. Increased interstitial fluid osmotic
pressure d. Blocked lymphatic drainage
23. What are the multisystem effects of fluid volume excess?
24. Compare the assessment findings with fluid imbalance: a. Blood pressure (Fluid deficit and
Fluid excess) b. Heart rate (Fluid deficit and Fluid excess) c. Pulse amplitude (Fluid deficit and
Fluid excess) d. Respirations (Fluid deficit and Fluid excess) e. Jugular vein (Fluid deficit and
Fluid excess) f. Edema (Fluid deficit and Fluid excess) g. Skin turgor (Fluid deficit and Fluid
excess) h. Output (Fluid deficit and Fluid excess) i. Urine specific gravity (Fluid deficit and
Fluid excess) j. Weight (Fluid deficit and Fluid excess)
25. D.
Human circulatory system
The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The heart pumps blood through a closed system of arteries, veins, and capillaries. Blood carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products as it circulates throughout the body, allowing for gas and nutrient exchange, immune function, temperature regulation, and more. The circulatory system is vital for sustaining life.
Blood and coagulation
This document provides an overview of blood and its components. It discusses the properties, functions and composition of blood. The key components discussed in detail include red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, coagulation and bleeding disorders. Red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets (formed elements) and plasma make up whole blood. Coagulation is the process by which blood changes from a liquid to a gel forming a clot. Bleeding disorders can be caused by issues with blood vessels, platelets, coagulation factors or fibrinolysis. Periodontal manifestations of various blood disorders are also summarized.
Body fluids- CSF, Lymph and Blood
This document provides information about three main body fluids: blood, lymph, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). It describes in detail the composition and functions of blood, including the different blood cells, plasma constituents, coagulation process, and pH regulation. Blood delivers nutrients and oxygen to tissues while removing waste. The coagulation cascade involves platelet activation and two pathways - the tissue factor (extrinsic) pathway and contact activation (intrinsic) pathway - that ultimately result in fibrin formation and clotting. Lymph and CSF are also briefly mentioned.
Vp watch2002
I. This document discusses various animal models that have been used to study atherosclerosis and plaque rupture, including quail, pigeons, chickens, dogs, monkeys, pigs, rats, rabbits, and mice. It provides details on the types of lesions developed and similarities to human disease for each model.
II. The double knockout LDL/apoE mice are highlighted as offering improvements in studying clinical complications of atherosclerosis like human heart disease. However, it is unclear how closely they model vulnerable plaques.
III. Questions are raised about how closely the coagulation systems of these animal models resemble humans and whether any model fully captures repeated plaque ruptures and the role of aging in natural history as seen in humans.
225 animal models of heart attack part 2
I. This document discusses various animal models that have been used to study atherosclerosis and plaque rupture, including quail, pigeons, chickens, dogs, monkeys, pigs, rats, rabbits, and mice. It provides details on the characteristics of atherosclerotic lesions developed in each model.
II. It focuses on newer models, including a rabbit model that allows induced plaque rupture and a double knockout LDL/apoE mice model that spontaneously develops extensive coronary lesions and myocardial infarctions at a young age, more closely mimicking human coronary artery disease.
III. However, it notes that while these models improve study of clinical atherosclerosis complications, it remains unclear how closely their plaque pathophysiology and coagulation systems resemble
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Prefix Multiple Standard form
centi (cm) 1 cm = 0.01 m x 10-2
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- 1. 08/09/13 B5 TransportationB5 Transportation 5.2 Transport in humans5.2 Transport in humans Syllabus statementsSyllabus statements
- 2. 5.2 Transport in humans5.2 Transport in humans 1. Describe the circulatory system as a system of tubes with a pump and valves to ensure one-way flow of blood. 2. Describe double circulation in terms of a low pressure circulation to the lungs and a high pressure circulation to the body tissues and relate these differences to the different functions of the two circuits.
- 3. 5.2 Transport in humans5.2 Transport in humans 3. Describe the structure of the heart including the muscular wall and septum, atria, ventricles, valves and associated blood vessels. 5. Describe the function of the heart in terms of muscular contraction and the working of the valves.
- 4. 5.2 Transport in humans5.2 Transport in humans 4. Describe coronary heart disease in terms of the blockage of coronary arteries and state the possible causes (diet, stress and smoking) and preventive measures. 6. Investigate the effect of physical activity on pulse rate. 7. Investigate, state and explain the effect of physical activity on pulse rate.
- 5. 5.2 Transport in humans5.2 Transport in humans 8. Name the main blood vessels to and from the heart, lungs, liver and kidney. 9. Describe the structure and functions of arteries, veins and capillaries. 10. Explain how structure and function are related in arteries, veins and capillaries.
- 6. 5.2 Transport in humans5.2 Transport in humans 11. Identify red and white blood cells as seen under the light microscope on prepared slides, and in diagrams and photomicrographs. 12. List the components of blood as red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma.
- 7. 5.2 Transport in humans5.2 Transport in humans 13. State the functions of blood: •red blood cells – haemoglobin and oxygen transport; •white blood cells – phagocytosis and antibody formation; •platelets – causing clotting (no details); •plasma – transport of blood cells, ions, soluble nutrients, hormones and carbon dioxide.
- 8. 5.2 Transport in humans5.2 Transport in humans 14. Describe the immune system in terms of antibody production, tissue rejection and phagocytosis.
- 9. 5.2 Transport in humans5.2 Transport in humans 14. Describe the immune system in terms of antibody production, tissue rejection and phagocytosis.
- 10. 5.2 Transport in humans5.2 Transport in humans 14. Describe the immune system in terms of antibody production, tissue rejection and phagocytosis.