This document summarizes a study on the influence of fines content and geo-grid reinforcement on the engineering properties of subgrade soil. Laboratory tests were conducted on two types of subgrade soil with varying fines content and three types of geo-grids varying in aperture size and tensile strength. Index tests, compaction tests, unconfined compressive strength tests, and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests were performed on unreinforced and geo-grid reinforced soil samples under both unsoaked and soaked conditions. The results showed that geo-grid reinforcement improved the strength properties of both soils, including increasing the unsoaked and soaked CBR values. However, soaking reduced the CBR, strength, and increased the
Physical Modelling Of Improving Bearing Capacity For Foundations By Geo FabricsIOSR Journals
The objective of the research paper is to develop a new model by which we can improve the bearing
capacity of foundation by using geo fabrics. The primary design concerns for a foundation engineer are bearing
capacity and settlement. The soil reinforcement technique of the geo synthetic has been taken into account for
developing such a model that can be used to reduce excessive settlements on soft soils and prevent the
foundation from failing. Hence, this paper summarizes the physical and numerical simulation to verify the
results to enhance the performance of the foundation.
Review Paper on Study on Properties of Black Cotton Soil using Stone Dust and...ijtsrd
Soil is basic and important element in Civil Engineering field. Stability of every structure depends on the type and characteristics of foundation which in turn depends on the type of soil. Many problems irrupt if expansive soil, Natural soil is to be used in foundation, because of its shrinkage and swelling properties. There are many methods to make natural soil stable for various constructions. Natural soil is comfortable for road work, compared to other types of soil. There are two ways to enhance the quality of sub grade soil “Replacement of soil†or “Soil stabilizationâ€. Soil stabilization can be done chemically or mechanically. Chemical stabilization is carried out by adding different chemicals in suitable proportion, while Mechanical stabilization is achieved by addition of admixtures which helps to improve the properties of soil. Wankhade Ashutosh Purushottam | Pratiksha Malviya "Review Paper on Study on Properties of Black Cotton Soil using Stone Dust and Sisal Fiber" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23537.pdf
Prediction Models for Estimation of California Bearing Ratio for Cohesive Soilijtsrd
Cohesive soils are well known for their low strength properties. Thus, they are inappropriate for geotechnical works. Soils may be stabilized to increase strength and durability. Stabilization with cement is a common treatment technology. The present study examines the strength of cement stabilized soil. The laboratory tests were carried out in order to study the strength of california bearing ratio (CBR). Nine clayey soils with different properties were mixed with various amounts of cement content (3, 6, 9 and 12%) and compacted at the optimum moisture content and maximum dry density. Soaked or unsoaked condition of soil affects the CBR value. The test results show that unsoaked CBR before stabilization ranges between 2.78% and 10.22% which that of its corresponding soaked samples range between 1.01% and 9.5%. After stabilization, the values of unsoaked CBR range between 3.08% and 47%. The maximum values of unsoaked CBR are within 10.8% to 47%. So it can be used as sub-base condition. The conventional CBR testing method is expensive and time consuming. The laboratory test results were used for the development of regression based model to predict unsoaked and soaked CBR values for natural and cement stabilized soil. Aye Aye Myat | Nyan Myint Kyaw | Htay Win"Prediction Models for Estimation of California Bearing Ratio for Cohesive Soil" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd12819.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/12819/prediction-models-for-estimation-of-california-bearing-ratio-for-cohesive-soil/aye-aye-myat
Effect of Bearing Capacity of Strip Footing on Reinforced Double Layer Soil S...IJERA Editor
This research was performed to investigate the effect of bearing capacity of strip footing on geogrid reinforced sand overlay on stabilized expansive soil (i.e. double layer soil system) and check the different parameters contributing to their performance using laboratory model tank tests. The parameters investigated in this study include H/B (thickness of top sandy layer to width of footing) u/B (location of the 1st layer of reinforcement to width of footing), h/B (vertical spacing between consecutive geogrid layers to width of footing), b/B (length of the geogrid layer to width of footing). The effect of different H/B ratios and geogrid reinforcement N values on the bearing capacity ration (BCR) and settlement reduction ratio (SRR) were also investigated. The results show that bearing capacity increases significantly with increasing the H/B ratio as well as number of geogrid layers. The bearing capacity for the soil increases with an average of 12.35% using H/B equal to0.5 and the bearing capacity increases with an average of 35.76%, 75.56% & 230.83% while using H/B equal to 1.0, 1.5 & 2.0. It also found that the use of sandy layers over flyash mixed clayey soil has a considerable effect on the bearing capacity characteristics and the use of geogrid layers in the granular overlay has remarkable effect on Bearing capacity ratio (BCR) & Settlement reduction ratio (SRR).
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
CIVIL SEMINAR REPORT :USE OF GEOGRIDS IN FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT. Geogrids can also prevent aggregate penetration into the subgrade, depending on the ability of the geogrid to confine and prevent lateral displacement of the base/sub-base. However, the geogrid does not prevent intrusion of subgrade soils up into the base/sub-base course,...
flexible pavement ppt
flexible pavement vs rigid pavement
rigid pavement
flexible pavement materials
flexible pavement design
flexible pavement of road construction
types of rigid pavements
flexible pavement construction
interesting civil engineering topics
civil engineering topics for presentation
civil seminar topics ppt
civil engineering seminar topics 2018
best seminar topics for civil engineering
seminar topics pdf
seminar topics for mechanical engineers
seminar topic for civil engineering pdf
Physical Modelling Of Improving Bearing Capacity For Foundations By Geo FabricsIOSR Journals
The objective of the research paper is to develop a new model by which we can improve the bearing
capacity of foundation by using geo fabrics. The primary design concerns for a foundation engineer are bearing
capacity and settlement. The soil reinforcement technique of the geo synthetic has been taken into account for
developing such a model that can be used to reduce excessive settlements on soft soils and prevent the
foundation from failing. Hence, this paper summarizes the physical and numerical simulation to verify the
results to enhance the performance of the foundation.
Review Paper on Study on Properties of Black Cotton Soil using Stone Dust and...ijtsrd
Soil is basic and important element in Civil Engineering field. Stability of every structure depends on the type and characteristics of foundation which in turn depends on the type of soil. Many problems irrupt if expansive soil, Natural soil is to be used in foundation, because of its shrinkage and swelling properties. There are many methods to make natural soil stable for various constructions. Natural soil is comfortable for road work, compared to other types of soil. There are two ways to enhance the quality of sub grade soil “Replacement of soil†or “Soil stabilizationâ€. Soil stabilization can be done chemically or mechanically. Chemical stabilization is carried out by adding different chemicals in suitable proportion, while Mechanical stabilization is achieved by addition of admixtures which helps to improve the properties of soil. Wankhade Ashutosh Purushottam | Pratiksha Malviya "Review Paper on Study on Properties of Black Cotton Soil using Stone Dust and Sisal Fiber" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23537.pdf
Prediction Models for Estimation of California Bearing Ratio for Cohesive Soilijtsrd
Cohesive soils are well known for their low strength properties. Thus, they are inappropriate for geotechnical works. Soils may be stabilized to increase strength and durability. Stabilization with cement is a common treatment technology. The present study examines the strength of cement stabilized soil. The laboratory tests were carried out in order to study the strength of california bearing ratio (CBR). Nine clayey soils with different properties were mixed with various amounts of cement content (3, 6, 9 and 12%) and compacted at the optimum moisture content and maximum dry density. Soaked or unsoaked condition of soil affects the CBR value. The test results show that unsoaked CBR before stabilization ranges between 2.78% and 10.22% which that of its corresponding soaked samples range between 1.01% and 9.5%. After stabilization, the values of unsoaked CBR range between 3.08% and 47%. The maximum values of unsoaked CBR are within 10.8% to 47%. So it can be used as sub-base condition. The conventional CBR testing method is expensive and time consuming. The laboratory test results were used for the development of regression based model to predict unsoaked and soaked CBR values for natural and cement stabilized soil. Aye Aye Myat | Nyan Myint Kyaw | Htay Win"Prediction Models for Estimation of California Bearing Ratio for Cohesive Soil" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd12819.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/12819/prediction-models-for-estimation-of-california-bearing-ratio-for-cohesive-soil/aye-aye-myat
Effect of Bearing Capacity of Strip Footing on Reinforced Double Layer Soil S...IJERA Editor
This research was performed to investigate the effect of bearing capacity of strip footing on geogrid reinforced sand overlay on stabilized expansive soil (i.e. double layer soil system) and check the different parameters contributing to their performance using laboratory model tank tests. The parameters investigated in this study include H/B (thickness of top sandy layer to width of footing) u/B (location of the 1st layer of reinforcement to width of footing), h/B (vertical spacing between consecutive geogrid layers to width of footing), b/B (length of the geogrid layer to width of footing). The effect of different H/B ratios and geogrid reinforcement N values on the bearing capacity ration (BCR) and settlement reduction ratio (SRR) were also investigated. The results show that bearing capacity increases significantly with increasing the H/B ratio as well as number of geogrid layers. The bearing capacity for the soil increases with an average of 12.35% using H/B equal to0.5 and the bearing capacity increases with an average of 35.76%, 75.56% & 230.83% while using H/B equal to 1.0, 1.5 & 2.0. It also found that the use of sandy layers over flyash mixed clayey soil has a considerable effect on the bearing capacity characteristics and the use of geogrid layers in the granular overlay has remarkable effect on Bearing capacity ratio (BCR) & Settlement reduction ratio (SRR).
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
CIVIL SEMINAR REPORT :USE OF GEOGRIDS IN FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT. Geogrids can also prevent aggregate penetration into the subgrade, depending on the ability of the geogrid to confine and prevent lateral displacement of the base/sub-base. However, the geogrid does not prevent intrusion of subgrade soils up into the base/sub-base course,...
flexible pavement ppt
flexible pavement vs rigid pavement
rigid pavement
flexible pavement materials
flexible pavement design
flexible pavement of road construction
types of rigid pavements
flexible pavement construction
interesting civil engineering topics
civil engineering topics for presentation
civil seminar topics ppt
civil engineering seminar topics 2018
best seminar topics for civil engineering
seminar topics pdf
seminar topics for mechanical engineers
seminar topic for civil engineering pdf
Experimental and Analytic Study of the Uplift capacity of a horizontal plate ...Samirsinh Parmar
Plate anchors, Ground anchors, uplift capacity, reinforced soil, model study, Anchors in Reinforced soil, Analytical Study on anchors in reinforced soil.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Theoretical Behaviourof Soil Stability Using Geo Grids.ijceronline
The subgrade of any pavement plays an important role in load bearing and support of traffic in the form of foundation. The present scenario describes that use of geogrid is used to stabilize a soft soil of highway subgrade so that a firm working platform could be provided for pavement construction.It is found that geo-grids placed at 3/5 the distance from the base shows higher CBR value than when placed at 2/5 and 4/5 distances from the base.The first objective of the study is to be the evaluation of the soil properties like particle size, liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity index to identify as a soft soil. Second objective of the study is to, improve the bearing capacity of soft soil by using flyash, lime, lime/flyash as a admixture and geogrids as a reinforcement. California Baring Ratio (CBR) and Unconfined Compression (UCC) tests were conducted in the laboratory on the soil
Investigating the modifications in properties of clayey soil utilizing ppc fo...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Road improvement is one of the significant parts of developing foundation which is growing at a quick rate; the development of roads is of real concern in India as it elevates access to monetary and social administrations, creating horticultural income and productivity employment. In India the greatest impediment to give a complete system of road framework is the constrained funds accessible to build road by the conventional method. The nearby accessible soil is not satisfactory for supporting the reiteration of high business vehicles on consistent road width results into weakening of roads. Clay soils change fundamentally in volume with change in water substance are the reason for distortions to structures that incurs cost taxpayers several billion rupees every year in the India. This paper manages a research facility examination of soil as CL as per Indian Standard (1498 – 1970). To the untreated soil adjustments utilizing the doses of 1 and 2 % PPC are carried out. At first the tests are directed to focus physical & engineering properties of natural soil by directing research center tests furthermore to assess the change in properties by the addition of stabilizers to be utilized as a part of pavement design for economy.
Keywords: Cement, Soil Stabilization, strength, moisture content.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
Pullout Behavior of Geotextiles: Numerical PredictionIJERA Editor
The mechanism of soil-geosynthetic interaction is usually complex and depends on the nature of the reinforcement, as well as on the characteristics of the surrounding soil. The strength parameters of the interface are the key for the design of reinforced soil slopes. Usually, these parameters are defined from laboratory pullout tests. The absence of test results implies on conservative assumptions and higher costs. The possibility of using computer programs for analyzing the load transfer mechanism arises as an attractive design tool. This paper presents the numerical simulation of pullout tests, conducted in large equipments. The numerical predictions of the load and displacement distribution along the geosynthetic length were compared to instrumented test results, available in the literature. The analyses revealed to be satisfactory and consistent with the experimental results. Thus, it becomes possible to reduce the uncertainties in the design of the anchorage length for the reinforcement by previously performing studies with computer programs that simulates stress x strain behavior of geotechnical problems.
Performance Study of Square Footing Resting Over Geo-Grid Reinforced SandIJERA Editor
Decreasing availability of good construction sites and increasing construction activities for infrastructural developments throughout the world has forced the civil engineers to utilize unsuitable sites or weak soil. So for sustainable infrastructural development, there is a need to utilize these type of unsuitable land by the use of ground improvement techniques. There are different ground improvement techniques to stabilize the poor ground in which soil reinforcement is an effective and reliable technique. The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of the geo-grid reinforcement on the bearing capacity of sand. The model tests have been conducted using square footing at u/B=0.25 & 0.55. The average relative density kept up throughout all the tests is 65%. The sand is reinforced by multiple layers (1, 2, 3 & 4) of geo-grid. The ultimate bearing capacity of sand with square footing was computed by load-settlement curve. By these load-settlement curve, an appreciable increase in bearing capacity of sand was observed as the depth to the first layer of reinforcement increased. The optimum depth of placement of the first layer was 0.5B.
The use of geo-grids in reinforced concrete sets a new dimension for employing
geo synthetics as reinforcement in structural concrete. The aim of the present study is
to investigate the use of geo-grid as a strengthening material to one way reinforced
concrete slabs. The experimental program contains testing of six RC slab
strengthened with different type of Geo-Grid and one reference slab. The specimens
have been tested under two line loads. Experimental results indicate that geo-grid
may be an effective alternative material for strengthening of reinforced concrete slabs
as compared to conventional confining techniques. Finally, A Finite Element model
(FEM) has been developed using ANSYS program to analyze the tested slabs, then the
experimental and theoretical results were compared.
Experimental and Analytic Study of the Uplift capacity of a horizontal plate ...Samirsinh Parmar
Plate anchors, Ground anchors, uplift capacity, reinforced soil, model study, Anchors in Reinforced soil, Analytical Study on anchors in reinforced soil.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Theoretical Behaviourof Soil Stability Using Geo Grids.ijceronline
The subgrade of any pavement plays an important role in load bearing and support of traffic in the form of foundation. The present scenario describes that use of geogrid is used to stabilize a soft soil of highway subgrade so that a firm working platform could be provided for pavement construction.It is found that geo-grids placed at 3/5 the distance from the base shows higher CBR value than when placed at 2/5 and 4/5 distances from the base.The first objective of the study is to be the evaluation of the soil properties like particle size, liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity index to identify as a soft soil. Second objective of the study is to, improve the bearing capacity of soft soil by using flyash, lime, lime/flyash as a admixture and geogrids as a reinforcement. California Baring Ratio (CBR) and Unconfined Compression (UCC) tests were conducted in the laboratory on the soil
Investigating the modifications in properties of clayey soil utilizing ppc fo...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Road improvement is one of the significant parts of developing foundation which is growing at a quick rate; the development of roads is of real concern in India as it elevates access to monetary and social administrations, creating horticultural income and productivity employment. In India the greatest impediment to give a complete system of road framework is the constrained funds accessible to build road by the conventional method. The nearby accessible soil is not satisfactory for supporting the reiteration of high business vehicles on consistent road width results into weakening of roads. Clay soils change fundamentally in volume with change in water substance are the reason for distortions to structures that incurs cost taxpayers several billion rupees every year in the India. This paper manages a research facility examination of soil as CL as per Indian Standard (1498 – 1970). To the untreated soil adjustments utilizing the doses of 1 and 2 % PPC are carried out. At first the tests are directed to focus physical & engineering properties of natural soil by directing research center tests furthermore to assess the change in properties by the addition of stabilizers to be utilized as a part of pavement design for economy.
Keywords: Cement, Soil Stabilization, strength, moisture content.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
Pullout Behavior of Geotextiles: Numerical PredictionIJERA Editor
The mechanism of soil-geosynthetic interaction is usually complex and depends on the nature of the reinforcement, as well as on the characteristics of the surrounding soil. The strength parameters of the interface are the key for the design of reinforced soil slopes. Usually, these parameters are defined from laboratory pullout tests. The absence of test results implies on conservative assumptions and higher costs. The possibility of using computer programs for analyzing the load transfer mechanism arises as an attractive design tool. This paper presents the numerical simulation of pullout tests, conducted in large equipments. The numerical predictions of the load and displacement distribution along the geosynthetic length were compared to instrumented test results, available in the literature. The analyses revealed to be satisfactory and consistent with the experimental results. Thus, it becomes possible to reduce the uncertainties in the design of the anchorage length for the reinforcement by previously performing studies with computer programs that simulates stress x strain behavior of geotechnical problems.
Performance Study of Square Footing Resting Over Geo-Grid Reinforced SandIJERA Editor
Decreasing availability of good construction sites and increasing construction activities for infrastructural developments throughout the world has forced the civil engineers to utilize unsuitable sites or weak soil. So for sustainable infrastructural development, there is a need to utilize these type of unsuitable land by the use of ground improvement techniques. There are different ground improvement techniques to stabilize the poor ground in which soil reinforcement is an effective and reliable technique. The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of the geo-grid reinforcement on the bearing capacity of sand. The model tests have been conducted using square footing at u/B=0.25 & 0.55. The average relative density kept up throughout all the tests is 65%. The sand is reinforced by multiple layers (1, 2, 3 & 4) of geo-grid. The ultimate bearing capacity of sand with square footing was computed by load-settlement curve. By these load-settlement curve, an appreciable increase in bearing capacity of sand was observed as the depth to the first layer of reinforcement increased. The optimum depth of placement of the first layer was 0.5B.
The use of geo-grids in reinforced concrete sets a new dimension for employing
geo synthetics as reinforcement in structural concrete. The aim of the present study is
to investigate the use of geo-grid as a strengthening material to one way reinforced
concrete slabs. The experimental program contains testing of six RC slab
strengthened with different type of Geo-Grid and one reference slab. The specimens
have been tested under two line loads. Experimental results indicate that geo-grid
may be an effective alternative material for strengthening of reinforced concrete slabs
as compared to conventional confining techniques. Finally, A Finite Element model
(FEM) has been developed using ANSYS program to analyze the tested slabs, then the
experimental and theoretical results were compared.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
An Experimental Study on strength behavior of Pavement using jute geo textile IJERA Editor
This experimental investigation studies the benefits of reinforcing the various sub grade soils in flexible pavement. Three types of soils A, B and C and a particular type of Jute geo textile material were selected for the study. Fundamental properties of soils like specific gravity, liquid limit, plastic limit and optimum moisture content were determined on unreinforced soils; California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test and Unconfined Compression (UCC) Strength test were also conducted on unreinforced and reinforced soils. The optimum quantity of jute geo textile was arrived based on the results from CBR test, other parameters such as modulus of elasticity and failure stress were ascertained from the results of UCC test. Using the optimum geo textile content, the thickness of pavement required over the three types of sub grade soils with and without reinforcement was determined based on the guidelines specified in IRC 37-2001. A comparative analysis was carried out to identify the economy in the material due to the effect of reinforcing the soils with jute geo textile. Subsequently cost benefit analysis of reinforced and unreinforced pavement was also done to ascertain the economic viability of fibre material. From the result analysis it was observed there is a significant material save of about 25% per every km of pavement
Stabilization of pavement subgrade by using fly ash reinforced with geotextileeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Performance Study on California Bearing Ratio Values using Geosyntheticsijtsrd
The main use of geosynthetics or geofabrics is ensured in any given geotechnical engineering work or application. Mahendra Kumar | Ajeet Singh "Performance Study on California Bearing Ratio Values using Geosynthetics" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38634.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/38634/performance-study-on-california-bearing-ratio-values-using-geosynthetics/mahendra-kumar
A comparative study between traditional method and mix design with industrial...Premier Publishers
Generally bituminous pavements face problems like cracks, rutting, depression and corrugation during it’s period of service. In this paper, we attempted various method of experiments both in traditional and mix design with bi products and therefore a comparative study has been made for extracting the finest results for the betterment of highway pavements (flexible) and for that our key elements were fly ash, geo-polymer and pieces of waste conveyer belt, added to bitumen for increasing the strength and overall capacity of pavements. Fly ash added to bitumen in the penetration test has shown improvement of 52 mm which was 40mm traditionally. Whereas, geo polymer and bitumen give the result of 74mm penetration. Ductility test with fly ash showed 37.23cm, very rigid. But geo-polymer and bitumen gave the result of 75.77cm. For increasing the bearing capacity of base soil we added pieces of waste conveyer belts and CBR value has shown the increment of 35% from 30%. So, those results convey that, the waste materials and bi products have enough quality to increase the strength and flexibility of pavements which will further help to the construction workers and engineers for maintaining and repairing flexible pavements which last long.
A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service AttacksIJERD Editor
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks became a massive threat to the Internet. Traditional
Architecture of internet is vulnerable to the attacks like DDoS. Attacker primarily acquire his army of Zombies,
then that army will be instructed by the Attacker that when to start an attack and on whom the attack should be
done. In this paper, different techniques which are used to perform DDoS Attacks, Tools that were used to
perform Attacks and Countermeasures in order to detect the attackers and eliminate the Bandwidth Distributed
Denial of Service attacks (B-DDoS) are reviewed. DDoS Attacks were done by using various Flooding
techniques which are used in DDoS attack.
The main purpose of this paper is to design an architecture which can reduce the Bandwidth
Distributed Denial of service Attack and make the victim site or server available for the normal users by
eliminating the zombie machines. Our Primary focus of this paper is to dispute how normal machines are
turning into zombies (Bots), how attack is been initiated, DDoS attack procedure and how an organization can
save their server from being a DDoS victim. In order to present this we implemented a simulated environment
with Cisco switches, Routers, Firewall, some virtual machines and some Attack tools to display a real DDoS
attack. By using Time scheduling, Resource Limiting, System log, Access Control List and some Modular
policy Framework we stopped the attack and identified the Attacker (Bot) machines
Hearing loss is one of the most common human impairments. It is estimated that by year 2015 more
than 700 million people will suffer mild deafness. Most can be helped by hearing aid devices depending on the
severity of their hearing loss. This paper describes the implementation and characterization details of a dual
channel transmitter front end (TFE) for digital hearing aid (DHA) applications that use novel micro
electromechanical- systems (MEMS) audio transducers and ultra-low power-scalable analog-to-digital
converters (ADCs), which enable a very-low form factor, energy-efficient implementation for next-generation
DHA. The contribution of the design is the implementation of the dual channel MEMS microphones and powerscalable
ADC system.
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...IJERD Editor
-A composite beam is composed of a steel beam and a slab connected by means of shear connectors
like studs installed on the top flange of the steel beam to form a structure behaving monolithically. This study
analyzes the effects of the tensile behavior of the slab on the structural behavior of the shear connection like slip
stiffness and maximum shear force in composite beams subjected to hogging moment. The results show that the
shear studs located in the crack-concentration zones due to large hogging moments sustain significantly smaller
shear force and slip stiffness than the other zones. Moreover, the reduction of the slip stiffness in the shear
connection appears also to be closely related to the change in the tensile strain of rebar according to the increase
of the load. Further experimental and analytical studies shall be conducted considering variables such as the
reinforcement ratio and the arrangement of shear connectors to achieve efficient design of the shear connection
in composite beams subjected to hogging moment.
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’IJERD Editor
Gold has been extracted from northeast Africa for more than 5000 years, and this may be the first
place where the metal was extracted. The Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) is an exposure of Precambrian
crystalline rocks on the flanks of the Red Sea. The crystalline rocks are mostly Neoproterozoic in age. ANS
includes the nations of Israel, Jordan. Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Somalia.
Arabian Nubian Shield Consists of juvenile continental crest that formed between 900 550 Ma, when intra
oceanic arc welded together along ophiolite decorated arc. Primary Au mineralization probably developed in
association with the growth of intra oceanic arc and evolution of back arc. Multiple episodes of deformation
have obscured the primary metallogenic setting, but at least some of the deposits preserve evidence that they
originate as sea floor massive sulphide deposits.
The Red Sea Hills Region is a vast span of rugged, harsh and inhospitable sector of the Earth with
inimical moon-like terrain, nevertheless since ancient times it is famed to be an abode of gold and was a major
source of wealth for the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt. The Pharaohs old workings have been periodically
rediscovered through time. Recent endeavours by the Geological Research Authority of Sudan led to the
discovery of a score of occurrences with gold and massive sulphide mineralizations. In the nineties of the
previous century the Geological Research Authority of Sudan (GRAS) in cooperation with BRGM utilized
satellite data of Landsat TM using spectral ratio technique to map possible mineralized zones in the Red Sea
Hills of Sudan. The outcome of the study mapped a gossan type gold mineralization. Band ratio technique was
applied to Arbaat area and a signature of alteration zone was detected. The alteration zones are commonly
associated with mineralization. The alteration zones are commonly associated with mineralization. A filed check
confirmed the existence of stock work of gold bearing quartz in the alteration zone. Another type of gold
mineralization that was discovered using remote sensing is the gold associated with metachert in the Atmur
Desert.
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
The paper addresses the importance of welding design to prevent corrosion at steel. Welding is
used to join pipe, profiles at bridges, spindle, and a lot more part of engineering construction. The
problems happened associated with welding are common issues in these fields, especially corrosion.
Corrosion can be reduced with many methods, they are painting, controlling humidity, and also good
welding design. In the research, it can be found that reducing residual stress on the welding can be
solved in corrosion rate reduction problem.
Preheating on 500oC and 600oC give better condition to reduce corosion rate than condition after
preheating 400oC. For all welding groove type, material with 500oC and 600oC preheating after 14 days
corrosion test is 0,5%-0,69% lost. Material with 400oC preheating after 14 days corrosion test is 0,57%-0,76%
lost.
Welding groove also influence corrosion rate. X and V type welding groove give better condition to reduce
corrosion rate than use 1/2V and 1/2 X welding groove. After 14 days corrosion test, the samples with
X welding groove type is 0,5%-0,57% lost. The samples with V welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is
0,51%-0,59% lost. The samples with 1/2V and 1/2X welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is 0,58%-
0,71% lost.
Router 1X3 – RTL Design and VerificationIJERD Editor
Routing is the process of moving a packet of data from source to destination and enables messages
to pass from one computer to another and eventually reach the target machine. A router is a networking device
that forwards data packets between computer networks. It is connected to two or more data lines from different
networks (as opposed to a network switch, which connects data lines from one single network). This paper,
mainly emphasizes upon the study of router device, it‟s top level architecture, and how various sub-modules of
router i.e. Register, FIFO, FSM and Synchronizer are synthesized, and simulated and finally connected to its top
module.
Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a component within the flexible ac-transmission system (FACTS) family, called
distributed power-flow controller (DPFC). The DPFC is derived from the unified power-flow controller (UPFC)
with an eliminated common dc link. The DPFC has the same control capabilities as the UPFC, which comprise
the adjustment of the line impedance, the transmission angle, and the bus voltage. The active power exchange
between the shunt and series converters, which is through the common dc link in the UPFC, is now through the
transmission lines at the third-harmonic frequency. DPFC multiple small-size single-phase converters which
reduces the cost of equipment, no voltage isolation between phases, increases redundancy and there by
reliability increases. The principle and analysis of the DPFC are presented in this paper and the corresponding
simulation results that are carried out on a scaled prototype are also shown.
Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVRIJERD Editor
Power quality has been an issue that is becoming increasingly pivotal in industrial electricity
consumers point of view in recent times. Modern industries employ Sensitive power electronic equipments,
control devices and non-linear loads as part of automated processes to increase energy efficiency and
productivity. Voltage disturbances are the most common power quality problem due to this the use of a large
numbers of sophisticated and sensitive electronic equipment in industrial systems is increased. This paper
discusses the design and simulation of dynamic voltage restorer for improvement of power quality and
reduce the harmonics distortion of sensitive loads. Power quality problem is occurring at non-standard
voltage, current and frequency. Electronic devices are very sensitive loads. In power system voltage sag,
swell, flicker and harmonics are some of the problem to the sensitive load. The compensation capability
of a DVR depends primarily on the maximum voltage injection ability and the amount of stored
energy available within the restorer. This device is connected in series with the distribution feeder at
medium voltage. A fuzzy logic control is used to produce the gate pulses for control circuit of DVR and the
circuit is simulated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Study on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive ManufacturingIJERD Editor
Additive manufacturing process, also popularly known as 3-D printing, is a process where a product
is created in a succession of layers. It is based on a novel materials incremental manufacturing philosophy.
Unlike conventional manufacturing processes where material is removed from a given work price to derive the
final shape of a product, 3-D printing develops the product from scratch thus obviating the necessity to cut away
materials. This prevents wastage of raw materials. Commonly used raw materials for the process are ABS
plastic, PLA and nylon. Recently the use of gold, bronze and wood has also been implemented. The complexity
factor of this process is 0% as in any object of any shape and size can be manufactured.
Spyware triggering system by particular string valueIJERD Editor
This computer programme can be used for good and bad purpose in hacking or in any general
purpose. We can say it is next step for hacking techniques such as keylogger and spyware. Once in this system if
user or hacker store particular string as a input after that software continually compare typing activity of user
with that stored string and if it is match then launch spyware programme.
A Blind Steganalysis on JPEG Gray Level Image Based on Statistical Features a...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a blind steganalysis technique to effectively attack the JPEG steganographic
schemes i.e. Jsteg, F5, Outguess and DWT Based. The proposed method exploits the correlations between
block-DCTcoefficients from intra-block and inter-block relation and the statistical moments of characteristic
functions of the test image is selected as features. The features are extracted from the BDCT JPEG 2-array.
Support Vector Machine with cross-validation is implemented for the classification.The proposed scheme gives
improved outcome in attacking.
Secure Image Transmission for Cloud Storage System Using Hybrid SchemeIJERD Editor
- Data over the cloud is transferred or transmitted between servers and users. Privacy of that
data is very important as it belongs to personal information. If data get hacked by the hacker, can be
used to defame a person’s social data. Sometimes delay are held during data transmission. i.e. Mobile
communication, bandwidth is low. Hence compression algorithms are proposed for fast and efficient
transmission, encryption is used for security purposes and blurring is used by providing additional
layers of security. These algorithms are hybridized for having a robust and efficient security and
transmission over cloud storage system.
Application of Buckley-Leverett Equation in Modeling the Radius of Invasion i...IJERD Editor
A thorough review of existing literature indicates that the Buckley-Leverett equation only analyzes
waterflood practices directly without any adjustments on real reservoir scenarios. By doing so, quite a number
of errors are introduced into these analyses. Also, for most waterflood scenarios, a radial investigation is more
appropriate than a simplified linear system. This study investigates the adoption of the Buckley-Leverett
equation to estimate the radius invasion of the displacing fluid during waterflooding. The model is also adopted
for a Microbial flood and a comparative analysis is conducted for both waterflooding and microbial flooding.
Results shown from the analysis doesn’t only records a success in determining the radial distance of the leading
edge of water during the flooding process, but also gives a clearer understanding of the applicability of
microbes to enhance oil production through in-situ production of bio-products like bio surfactans, biogenic
gases, bio acids etc.
Gesture Gaming on the World Wide Web Using an Ordinary Web CameraIJERD Editor
- Gesture gaming is a method by which users having a laptop/pc/x-box play games using natural or
bodily gestures. This paper presents a way of playing free flash games on the internet using an ordinary webcam
with the help of open source technologies. Emphasis in human activity recognition is given on the pose
estimation and the consistency in the pose of the player. These are estimated with the help of an ordinary web
camera having different resolutions from VGA to 20mps. Our work involved giving a 10 second documentary to
the user on how to play a particular game using gestures and what are the various kinds of gestures that can be
performed in front of the system. The initial inputs of the RGB values for the gesture component is obtained by
instructing the user to place his component in a red box in about 10 seconds after the short documentary before
the game is finished. Later the system opens the concerned game on the internet on popular flash game sites like
miniclip, games arcade, GameStop etc and loads the game clicking at various places and brings the state to a
place where the user is to perform only gestures to start playing the game. At any point of time the user can call
off the game by hitting the esc key and the program will release all of the controls and return to the desktop. It
was noted that the results obtained using an ordinary webcam matched that of the Kinect and the users could
relive the gaming experience of the free flash games on the net. Therefore effective in game advertising could
also be achieved thus resulting in a disruptive growth to the advertising firms.
Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...IJERD Editor
-LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region[5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits.
Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...IJERD Editor
LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region [5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits. The supported simulation
is done through PSIM 6.0 software tool
Amateurs Radio operator, also known as HAM communicates with other HAMs through Radio
waves. Wireless communication in which Moon is used as natural satellite is called Moon-bounce or EME
(Earth -Moon-Earth) technique. Long distance communication (DXing) using Very High Frequency (VHF)
operated amateur HAM radio was difficult. Even with the modest setup having good transceiver, power
amplifier and high gain antenna with high directivity, VHF DXing is possible. Generally 2X11 YAGI antenna
along with rotor to set horizontal and vertical angle is used. Moon tracking software gives exact location,
visibility of Moon at both the stations and other vital data to acquire real time position of moon.
“MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to Extract Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chrom...IJERD Editor
Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR), also known as Microsatellites, have been extensively used as
molecular markers due to their abundance and high degree of polymorphism. The nucleotide sequences of
polymorphic forms of the same gene should be 99.9% identical. So, Microsatellites extraction from the Gene is
crucial. However, Microsatellites repeat count is compared, if they differ largely, he has some disorder. The Y
chromosome likely contains 50 to 60 genes that provide instructions for making proteins. Because only males
have the Y chromosome, the genes on this chromosome tend to be involved in male sex determination and
development. Several Microsatellite Extractors exist and they fail to extract microsatellites on large data sets of
giga bytes and tera bytes in size. The proposed tool “MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to extract
Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chromosome” can extract both Perfect as well as Imperfect Microsatellites from large
data sets of human genome „Y‟. The proposed system uses string matching with sliding window approach to
locate Microsatellites and extracts them.
Importance of Measurements in Smart GridIJERD Editor
- The need to get reliable supply, independence from fossil fuels, and capability to provide clean
energy at a fixed and lower cost, the existing power grid structure is transforming into Smart Grid. The
development of a smart energy distribution grid is a current goal of many nations. A Smart Grid should have
new capabilities such as self-healing, high reliability, energy management, and real-time pricing. This new era
of smart future grid will lead to major changes in existing technologies at generation, transmission and
distribution levels. The incorporation of renewable energy resources and distribution generators in the existing
grid will increase the complexity, optimization problems and instability of the system. This will lead to a
paradigm shift in the instrumentation and control requirements for Smart Grids for high quality, stable and
reliable electricity supply of power. The monitoring of the grid system state and stability relies on the
availability of reliable measurement of data. In this paper the measurement areas that highlight new
measurement challenges, development of the Smart Meters and the critical parameters of electric energy to be
monitored for improving the reliability of power systems has been discussed.
Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powderIJERD Editor
One of the major environmental concerns is the disposal of the waste materials and utilization of
industrial by products. Lime stone quarries will produce millions of tons waste dust powder every year. Having
considerable high degree of fineness in comparision to cement this material may be utilized as a partial
replacement to cement. For this purpose an experiment is conducted to investigate the possibility of using lime
stone powder in the production of SCC with combined use GGBS and how it affects the fresh and mechanical
properties of SCC. First SCC is made by replacing cement with GGBS in percentages like 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and
by taking the optimum mix with GGBS lime stone powder is blended to mix in percentages like 5, 10, 15, 20 as
a partial replacement to cement. Test results shows that the SCC mix with combination of 30% GGBS and 15%
limestone powder gives maximum compressive strength and fresh properties are also in the limits prescribed by
the EFNARC.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Student information management system project report ii.pdf
B1080817
1. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 10, Issue 8 (August 2014), PP.08-17
Influence of fines (%) and geo-grid reinforcement on engineering
properties of subgrade -A lab Study
Unnam Rajesh1, V K Chakravarthi2
1Post Graduate Student, Department of Civil Engineering, GMR Institute of Technology, Rajam, AP, India.
2Sr. Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, GMR Institute of Technology, Rajam, AP, India.
Abstract: - Subgrade soil and its properties are very important in the design of road pavement structure. The
subgrade function is to give adequate support to the pavement from beneath. The strength of week subgrade
need to be enhanced from longevity perspective Reinforcing weaker soils using geo-synthetics like geo-grids to
improve its strength is popular in many civil engineering projects namely, highway pavements, air field
construction etc. Recently geogrid has gained increasing acceptance in road construction. The geogrid improves
the ability to obtain compaction in overlying aggregates, while reducing the amount of material required be
removing and replacing. In the present study engineering performance for soil subgrades reinforced with
different types of geogrids varying in aperture sizes. Laboratory tests are conducted on the reinforced
subgrades. The lab tests include index & engineering properties.Soaked and unsoaked CBR tests are carried out
on unreinforced and reinforced samples. The results obtained have shown possible usage of geogrid in
improving soaked CBR performance which or otherwise is very low.
8
Keywords: - subgrade, geo-grid, Reinforcement, CBR
I. INTRODUCTION
A. Problems Associated with soft soils:
In most cases the pavements shows rutting, potholes, cracks, and settlements at various locations especially in
rainy seasons. The performance and service-life of the pavement mostly depend on the stiffness and strength of
the subgrade soil. While selecting the materials for the sub-base and base course of the pavement road engineer
must assist the subgrade characteristics. Hence, the evaluation of subgrade strength assumes great importance
in pavement design.
B. Utilization of geogrid: case studies
Geosynthetics are man-made plastic products shaped in many forms (i.e. grids, textiles, nets and cells)
that possess and may contribute significant tensile strength to the bottom portion of a highway pavement
section. Geosynthetics are having many Civil Engineering applications like (i.e. separation of the soil layers,
reinforcement for the subgrade soil, for drainage works, reinforced steep slopes etc).Geosynthetics are important
for Highway constructions. The strength of the subgrade soil will be increased by reinforced with Geosynthetics.
The thickness of the pavement will be reduced due to Geosynthetics reinforced soft subgrades.
Geosyntheics (Geogrids) with high tensile strength used in combination with soil of high compressive
strength have been found to be effective in the design of many civil engineering applications. In the recent
years, enormous amount of laboratory studies have been carried out to understand the effectiveness of
Geosynthetics when used in combination with soil especially for the applications in paved and unpaved roads
(Choudary & Gill (2011), Latha & Asha (2010), Ziaie et al. (2011). Several design methods for paved and
unpaved roads based on CBR value are available in literature. The improvement in CBR value of soil by using
geogrids has been studied by many researchers (Sujatha & Balaji (2012), Monther Abdelhadi et al. (2013),
Pradeep singh & Gill (2012), Sarika et al. (2011). A few researchers have carried out laboratory studies on
improvement on reinforced CBR (Amin et al. (2011), Nagrale et al. (2010) & Naeini (2009). Senthil kumar
et al. (2012) has suggested a laboratory method for the design of geotextile reinforced unpaved roads by
conducting modified CBR tests. The reinforcement is used at the interface of the soil and aggregate layers. A
few researchers have carried out laboratory studies on waste material mix composite systems like soil-fly ash-geogrid,
soil-lime-Geogrid, and soil-pond ash-geogrid (Ambika et al. (2013), Garendra et al. (2012). Few
complex situations with soft subgrade can be solved by providing stiffer aggregate layer over soft subgrade and
the problem of mixing of subgrade with aggregate can be avoided with separator geotextile (Chakravarthi et
al. (2013)).
2. Influence of fines (%) and geo-grid reinforcement on engineering properties of subgrade -A lab Study
Geo-grid Nomenclature Tensile strength (kN/ m)
MD and CD
SG 40X40 SG1 40 27.4
SG 30X30 SG2 30 20.5
SG 15X15 SG3 15 10.2
9
C. Scope and objective of present study:
The objective of present study is to suggest usage of geo-grids as reinforcement for improvement of
weak subgrades & quantification vis-à-vis type of geo-grid and testing conditions. The scope of work includes
testing of different soils for their engineering properties using three types of grids under different test conditions.
The soils are chosen based on their plasticity and geo-grids are based on their tensile capacity & aperture size.
Studies are carried out with and without geo-grid on soil samples and engineering properties namely,
compaction characteristics. Unconfined compressive strength and CBR value are determined. The details of test
procedure, preparation of specimens and results obtained are presented in the subsequent headings.
II. EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
Experimental studies are carried out for determination of index and engineering properties of
soil subgrades. The engineering properties are determined on subgrade samples in lab. Details of materials used,
procedure of preparation & testing of geogrid reinforced specimen in lab are described in the headings A to D.
The test are carried out as per IS 2720 (part 4, 5, 7, 10 and 16).
A. Material used:
Two types of locally available soil samples predominantly clay of varying in fines (%) content &
Plasticity characteristics and three types of Geo-grids (STRATA make) varying in aperture size, allowable
tensile capacity are used in the present study. The geo-grids are manufactured by STRATA GEO SYSTEMS
(INDIA) Pvt. Ltd, MUMBAI. The soil properties and details of geogrid are presented subsequent sections.
Table I: Details of Geogrids (source; STRATA)
B. Details of tests and parameters studied:
Creep limit
Strength (kN/m)
Laboratory tests are conducted to determine index properties, gradation, proctor compaction
Tests and CBR. The tests are carried out as per IS 2720 (part 4, 5, 7, 10 and 16).
The following parameters are determined in experimental study
Atterberg limits ( liquid and plastic limit)
Fines (%) content
Optimum moisture content (OMC), and maximum dry density(MDD)
Unconfined compressive strength, qu
CBR(unsoaked & soaked) for unreinforced & reinforced samples
C. Preparation of sample and conduct of Unconfined compressive strength test:
The test is conducted on samples maintaining moisture content, density obtained at optimum conditions and
soaking conditions (soaked CBR). The samples are prepared maintaining density and moisture content as
obtained from compaction test using constant volume moulds. Cylindrical samples prepared of size 38mm dia
and 76mm height are tested in loading frame. The load and deformation data is recorded. A Graph is plotted
against vertical stress and axial strain. The Unconfined compressive strength of the soil is reported from the
graph. The test is conducted for samples of soil-1 and soil-2.
D. Preparation of sample and conduct of CBR test:
CBR tests are conducted on unreinforced and reinforced soil samples in the lab. Initially soil is
compacted in mould maintaining optimum conditions of density & moisture content. CBR test is performed in
loading frame. The mould with soil is later soaked for 4 days in water and the tests is repeated. The process is
adopted for soil-1 and soil-2. A Single layer of geogrid is placed at mid height of soil in mould while
compacting in CBR mould and the test is conducted. The mould with geogrid placed soil is kept for soaking and
test is repeated. The same procedure is followed with different geo- grids for soil-1 and soi-2 respectively. Using
typical cross section of specimen with geogrid reinforcement and test setup for CBR in lab is shown in fig. I &
3. Influence of fines (%) and geo-grid reinforcement on engineering properties of subgrade -A lab Study
fig. II respectively. For all the samples, moisture content and density is measured after soaking and recorded for
comparison. The nomenclature adopted for denoting CBR values are tabulated in table-II and that of moisture
content in table-III.
Table II: Details of CBR notations adopted for various testing conditions
10
Soil type
Testing
condition
Soil-1 Soil-2
Unsoaked
Soaked
Unsoaked
Soaked
Unreinforced
soil
Cs1
Css1
Cs2
Css2
Soil+ Geogrid-1
(SG-1)
C 1
s1
C 1
ss1
C 1
s2
C 1
ss2
Soil+ Geogrid-2
( SG-2)
C 2
s1
C 2
ss1
C 2
s2
C 2
ss2
Soil+ Geogrid-3
( SG-3)
C 3
s1
C 3
ss1
C 3
s2
C 3
ss2
Table III: Notation for moisture content of samples after soaking
Testing
condition
Notation
Unreinforced soil ωss
Soil+ Geogrid-1
(SG-1)
ω 1
ss
Soil+ Geogrid-2
( SG-2)
ω 2
ss
Soil+ Geogrid-3
( SG-3)
ω 3
ss
H/2
H
Surcharge
Geogrid Reinforcement
Soil
150 mm
(a) (b)
Fig I: a) Cross-section of sample with geo-grid for conducting Lab CBR test
b) Placing and position of the geo-grid in CBR mould during preparation
4. Influence of fines (%) and geo-grid reinforcement on engineering properties of subgrade -A lab Study
(a) (b)
Fig II: (a)Preparation of sample by author for conducting CBR test (b)Author is performing CBR test
III. PRESENTATION OF TEST RESULTS
In the experimental study tests are carried out on geogrid reinforced soil with varying geogrid and soil type.
Results of tests obtained are presented and discussed in the subsections A, B, C and D as detailed below.
11
A. Presentation of Properties of soils:
Two types of soil samples are tested in the lab and index & engineering properties are determined. The
index and engineering properties are presented in table-IV. The index properties indicate the soils are low in
compressibility and having fines (%) 63.73 and 58.78 respectively. Compaction test graphs are presented in fig.
III & IV. The compaction tests showed the OMC is less for soil-2 due to low fines content. However the density
is almost same for both the soils.
Table IV: Details of index and engineering properties of Soils
Properties Soil-1 Soil-2
Specific Gravity 2.65 2.7
Liquid limit (%) 45.50 36.9
Plastic limit (%) 22.15 18.14
Plasticity index (%) 23.35 18.76
Fines (%) 63.73 58.68
IS Classification CI CI
OMC (%), ω 15.61 13.21
Maximum dry density γd
(kN/ m3 )
17.9 17.36
UCS, qu{unsoaked} ( kPa) 89.21 113.24
UCS, qu {soaked} ( kPa) 50.76 71.78
CBR (%) {unsoaked} 3.37 4.83
CBR (%) {soaked} 1.82 1.91
5. Influence of fines (%) and geo-grid reinforcement on engineering properties of subgrade -A lab Study
MDD : 17.9 kN/ cu.m
OMC: 15.61 (%)
Fig 1II: OMC & MDD Graph for Soil-1
MDD : 17.63 kN/ cu.m
OMC: 13.21 (%)
Fig IV: OMC & MDD Graph for Soil-2
18.50
18.00
17.50
17.00
16.50
16.00
15.50
15.00
17.80
17.60
17.40
17.20
17.00
16.80
16.60
16.40
B. Presentation UCS test results on soils:
UCS test is conducted on cylindrical samples of size 38mm dia x 76 mm height in UCS testing machine. As
discussed in section II the test is conducted on samples with different conditions of moisture content. For test
two trials are conducted on each sample and the average is reported. The stress-strain curve for the soil samples
is presented in fig. V to VIII. The results are presented in table-IV. UCS is found to vary from 89 to 51 kPa and
113 to 72 kPa for soil-1 and soil-2 unsoaked and soaked samples respectively.
12
16.20
10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00
Dry Density, Kn/m3
Water Content %
14.50
10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00
Dry Density, kN/m3
Water Content %
6. Influence of fines (%) and geo-grid reinforcement on engineering properties of subgrade -A lab Study
Fig V: UCS (unsoaked) graph for Soil-1
Fig VI: UCS (soaked) graph for Soil-1
Fig VII: UCS (unsoaked) graph for Soil-2
13
7. Influence of fines (%) and geo-grid reinforcement on engineering properties of subgrade -A lab Study
Fig VIII: UCS (soaked) graph for Soil-2
C. Presentation of CBR results of soil subgrades:
Results of CBR tests are presented in table-V and in graphs fig. IX to XII. From the test results, as
expected the soaked CBR is less than unsoaked CBR. The CBR value is found to decrease from 3.37 .to 1.82
upon soaking for soil-1. The response of soil-2 is similar. For soil-2 CBR value decreased from 4.83 to 1.91
after soaking.
From the table it is also observed that the trend is same using reinforcement. CBR is found to decrease
from 6.11 to 3.92, 5.38 to 3.46, and 4.75 to 3.29 for soil-1 and 8.76 to 5.01, 8.30 to 4.28, and 7.67 to 4.01 for
soil-2 respectively after soaking.
The effect of soaking is evident from table- VI. It can be seen that both types of soils exhibited
moisture absorption. The absorption is more in s-1 than s-2. The moisture content is increased from 15.61 to
21.14, 20.68, 20.51 and 20.64 for soil-1 and from 13.21 to 18.75, 18.36, 18.96 and 18.64 for soil-2 respectively.
This illustrates the reduction in CBR after soaking.
Table V: Presentation of CBR results
Parameter Soil-1 Soil-2
Cs 3.37 4.83
C 1
14
s
6.11 8.76
C 2
s
5.38 8.30
C 3
s
4.75 7.67
Css 1.82 1.91
C 1
ss 3.92 5.01
C 2
ss
3.46 4.28
C 3
ss
3.29 4.01
Fig IX: CBR Graph for soil-1 (unsoaked & soaked condition)
8. Influence of fines (%) and geo-grid reinforcement on engineering properties of subgrade -A lab Study
Fig X: CBR Graph for soil-2 (unsoaked & soaked condition)
Table VI: Presentation of moisture content of soil before and after soaking
Parameters Soil-1 Soil-2
ω 15.61 13.21
ωss 21.14 18.75
ω 1
ss 20.68 18.36
i/ Cs1 Cs2
i/ Css1
Cs2
i/ Css1 Css2
15
ω 2
ss 20.15 18.96
ω 3
ss 20.64 18.64
Fig XI: Variations of CBR (%) value for Geo-grid tensile strength
10
8
6
4
2
D. Presentation of CBR Performance ratio effect of reinforcement:
The engineering performance of both types of soils and improvement using three types of geogrids is
studied through the following factors determined as shown in table VII.
Table VII: Details of Performance factors
Soil type
Performance ratio
Soil-1 Soil-2
RFi Cs1
i/ Cs2
Rfsi Cs1
i/ Css2
Rfssi Css1
i/ Css2
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
CBR (%)
Geo-grid tensile strength (kN/m)
s-2
s-1
s-2 soaked
s-1 soaked
9. Influence of fines (%) and geo-grid reinforcement on engineering properties of subgrade -A lab Study
Where i=0 represents unreinforced sample and i=1, 2 and 3 represents reinforced sample with various
Parameter Soil1 Soil2
RF0 1 1
RF1
1.81 1.81
RF2 1.59 1.72
RF3 1.40 1.59
Rfs0 1.85 2.52
Rfs1
3.35 4.58
Rfs2 2.95 4.34
Rfs3 2.60 4.01
Rfss0 1 1
Rfss1 2.15 2.62
Rfss2 1.90 2.24
Rfss3 1.79 2.09
16
grids.
The performance ratios as detailed in table VII are computed and presented in table VIII. It is observed
that the CBR of soil samples is greatly affected due to soaking and improved due to reinforcement. The
performance ratio with reinforcement is improved from 1.85 to 3.35, 2.95, and 2.6 for soil-1 and 2.5 to 4.58, 4.34
and 4.01 for soil-2 respectively tested in unsoaked condition.
It is noted that an improved performance in soaked CBR for both soils compared with
unsoaked results. While the improvement is 1.4 to 1.8 in unsoaked specimens, the corresponding improvement is
1.79 to 2.15 in the case of soaked specimens.
The presence of fines (%) has a significant role in the improvement. The geogrid contributed in
improving soaked CBR performance from 1 to 2.15, 1.9 and 1.79 for soil-1 and 1.8 and 1 to 2.62, 2.24 and 2.09
respectively for soil-2. When compared the results of soil-2 with soil-1 the performance in soil-2 is more that of
soil-1. The presence of more fines (%) content and high absorption of moisture in soaking in soil-1 has affected
the improvement to that of soil-2.
Table VIII: Presentation of performance ratio
Fig XII: Variation of Performance Ratio with Geo-grid
IV. CONCLUSIONS
[1]. The soil plasticity and percent fines influences index properties, compaction characteristics and
CBR.
[2]. It is concluded that the moisture absorbing by soil depends on the amount of fines. From the
response of geogrid-soil interaction it is concluded that geo-grid reinforcement is more effective in
soil-2 than soil-1 due to the lower amount of fines (%)
[3]. Unconfined compressive strength affected by amount of fines (%) content and moisture
10. Influence of fines (%) and geo-grid reinforcement on engineering properties of subgrade -A lab Study
absorption. A decrease in UCS due to moisture.
[4]. The performance of soils in soaking condition can be improved using geo-grid. A maximum
improvement up to 2.3 times and minimum of 1.7 is possible with geo-grid for the soaked
performance.
[5]. The results of improvement are functions of soil plasticity, moisture absorption and interaction of
Rajesh Unnam is presently pursuing M.Tech in Transportation Engineering in
Department of Civil Engineering, GMR Institute of Technology, Rajam, AP, India.
Prior to joining he had 6 months of Industry experience.
17
grid with soil.
REFERENCES
[1] Ambika Kuity, Tapas Kumar Roy, “Utilization of geo grid mesh for improving the soft sub-grade
layer with waste material mix compositions”, 2ndConference of Transportation Research Group
of India (2nd CTRG), Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 104 (2013) 255 – 263.
[2]. Amin Chegenizadeh, Prof. Hamid Nikraz “CBR test on Reinforced clay” Curtin University of
Technology, Perth, Australia Pan-Am CGS Geotechnical Conference (2011).
[3], Chakravarthi,V.K, Jyotsna.B, 2013, Efficacy of overlying coarse aggregate and Geosynthetic
separator on CBR value for soft subgrade of varying plasticity - a lab study” IJRET: International
Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, Vol.2 , Issue 12, December 2013, pp: 749-755,
eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308.
[4]. Evangelin Ramani Sujatha, Vignesh Balaji Jayaraman, Vijay R “Improving the Strength of
Sub-grade using Geo-grids”. International Journal of Emerging trends in Engineering and
Development, ISSN 2249-6149 Issue 2, Vol.2 (March-2012).
[5]. Latha and Asha “Modified CBR tests on Geosynthetic Reinforced Soil-aggregates System”
Indian Geotechnical Conference – 2010, GEO trends December 16–18, 2010 IGS Mumbai Chapter &
IIT Bombay.
[6]. Pardeep Singh, K.S.Gill “CBR Improvement of Clayey Soil with Geo-grid Reinforcement”,
International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering.(ISSN 2250-2459, Volume
2, Issue 6, June 2012).
[7]. Sarika “Improvement of Flexible Pavement with Use of Geogrid” Geotechnical Conference
2011.
[8]. Senthil Kumar.P, Rajkumar.R, “Effect of Geotextile on CBR Strength of Unpaved Road with
Soft Sub grade”, Vol. 17 [2012], Bund EDJE.
BIOGRAPHIES
V.K. Chakravarthi, is currently associated as Senior Associate Professor in Department of
Civil Engineering at GMR Institute of Technology, Rajam, A.P, India. He has a total 19
years of experience in Industrial projects and academics